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Extortion is the practice of obtaining benefit (e.g., money or goods) throughcoercion. In most jurisdictions it is likely to constitute acriminal offence.Robbery is the simplest and most common form of extortion, although making unfounded threats in order to obtain an unfair business advantage is also a form of extortion.[citation needed]
Extortion is sometimes called the "protection racket" because the racketeers often phrase their demands as payment for "protection" from (real or hypothetical) threats from unspecified other parties; though often, and almost always, such "protection" is simply abstinence of harm from the same party, and such is implied in the "protection" offer. Extortion is commonly practiced byorganized crime. In some jurisdictions, actually obtaining the benefit is not required to commit the offense, and making athreat ofviolence which refers to a requirement of a payment of money or property to halt future violence is sufficient to commit the offense.[1] Exaction refers not only to extortion or the demanding and obtaining of something through force,[2][better source needed] but additionally, in its formal definition, means the infliction of something such aspain and suffering or making somebody endure something unpleasant.[3][better source needed]
The termextortion is often used metaphorically to refer tousury or toprice-gouging, though neither is legally considered extortion. It is also often used loosely to refer to everyday situations where one person feels indebted against their will, to another, in order to receive an essential service or avoid legal consequences. Neither extortion nor blackmail requires a threat of a criminal act, such as violence, merely a threat used to elicit actions, money, or property from the object of the extortion. Such threats include the filing of reports (true or not) of criminal behavior to the police, revelation of damaging facts (such as pictures of the object of the extortion in a compromising position), etc.[1][citation needed]
In lawextortion can refer topolitical corruption, such asselling one's office orinfluence peddling,[4] but in general vocabulary the word usually first brings to mind blackmail or protection rackets. The logical connection between the corruption sense of the word and the other senses is that to demand bribes in one's official capacity is blackmail or racketeering in essence (that is, "you need access to this resource, the government restricts access to it through my office, and I will charge you unfairly and unlawfully for such access").[5] Extortion is also known asshakedown, and occasionallyexaction.
Extortion is distinguished fromrobbery. In robbery, whether armed or not, the offender takes property from the victim by the immediate use of force or fear that force will be immediately used. Extortion, which is not limited to the taking of property, involves the verbal or writteninstillation of fear that something will happen to the victim if they do not comply with the extortionist's will. Another key distinction is that extortion always involves a verbal or written threat,[1] whereas robbery may not. InUnited States federal law, extortion can be committed with or without the use of force and with or without the use of a weapon. Violation of many state extortion statutes constitutes "racketeering activity" under Section 1961 of the federal Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, 18 USC
Inblackmail, which always involves extortion, the extortionist threatens to reveal information about a victim or their family members that is potentially embarrassing, socially damaging, or incriminating unless a demand for money, property, or services is met.[6]
In theUnited States, extortion may also be committed as afederal crime across a computer system, phone, by mail, or in using any instrument ofinterstate commerce. Extortion requires that the individual sent the message willingly and knowingly as elements of the crime. The message only has to be sent (but does not have to reach the intended recipient) to commit the crime of extortion.
InEngland and Wales extorting property and money bycoercion is the offence ofblackmail which covers any "unwarranted demand with menaces" including physical threats. See section 21 of theTheft Act 1968 plus sections 29 and 30 of theLarceny Act 1916. A group of people may also be committingconspiracy.
Extortion is a common law crime in Scotland of using threat of harm to demand money, property or some advantage from another person. It does not matter whether the demand itself is legitimate (such as for money owed) as the crime can still be committed when illegitimate threats of harm are used.[7][8]
Cyber extortion is when an individual or group uses the internet as a mean of demanding some sort of material gain.[vague][9] The group or individual usually sends a company a threatening email stating that they have received confidential information about their company and will exploit a security leak or launch an attack that will harm the company's network. The message sent through the email usually demands money in exchange for the prevention of the attack.[10][11]
In March 2008, Anthony Digati was arrested on federal charges of extortion through interstate communication. Digati put $50,000 into a variable life insurance policy byNew York Life Insurance Company and wanted a return of $198,303.88. When the firm did not comply, he threatened to send out six millionspam emails. He registered a domain in February 2008 that contained New York Life's name in the URL to display false public statements about the company and increased his demand to $3 million.[12] According to prosecutors, Digati's intent was not to inform or educate but he wanted to "damage the reputation of New York Life and cost the company millions of dollars in revenue,".[13] New York Life contacted theFederal Bureau of Investigation and Digati was apprehended.
On February 15, 2011, Spanish police apprehended a man who attempted to blackmailNintendo over customer information he had stolen. The man stole personal information about 4,000 users and emailed Nintendo Ibérica, Nintendo's Spanish division, and accused the company of data negligence. He threatened the company that he would make the information public and complain to the Spanish Data Agency if his demands were not met. After Nintendo ignored his demands, he published some of the information on an Internet forum. Nintendo notified authorities and the man was arrested inMálaga. No information has been revealed as to what the man demanded from Nintendo.[14]
On February 7, 2019,Jeffrey P. Bezos, owner ofAmazon andThe Washington Post and currently one of theworld's wealthiest people, accused theNational Enquirer and its parent companyAmerican Media, Inc., of attempting to extort him by threatening to reveal nude pictures of him unless he publicly stated that he "[has] no knowledge or basis for suggesting that AMI's coverage was politically motivated or influenced by political forces." This threat was in response to Bezos investigating the tabloid for publishing details about his relationship withLauren Sanchez, which led to Bezos and his wife Mackenzie announcing their divorce[15] on January 9 of that year. Bezos refused and posted the threat onMedium.[16]
On October 21, 2020, the news sources reported that roughly 40,000 patient records had been stolen from theFinnish private health care providerVastaamo.[17][18][19] The extorters demanded 40 bitcoins — roughly 450,000 euros at thetime — or the stolen patient data would be published. The extorters published 100 patient records a day on aTor message board to add pressure for their demands. The leaked patient records contained patients' full names, home addresses, social security numbers, and the therapists' and doctors' notes from each session.[18] After the extortion of the company failed, the extorters sent victims an email demanding they pay either 200 euros within 24 hours or 500 euros in 48 hours in order to avoid publishing their sensitive personal data.[20] The company's security practices were found to be inadequate: the sensitive data was not encrypted[21] and apparently the systemroot password was very weak.[22] The patient records were first accessed by intruders in November 2018, while the security flaws continued to exist until March 2019. The president of Finland described the cyber attack as "relentlessly cruel."[19]
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Note: Crimes vary byjurisdiction. Not all types are listed here. | ||
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| Against the public | ||
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| Againstjustice | ||
| Against animals | ||
| Sexual offenses | ||
| Inchoate offenses | ||
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