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Explorers Program

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(Redirected fromExplorers program)
Ongoing NASA space exploration program

An Explorer mission observesSagittarius A*, theMilky Way's centralblack hole, flaring.

TheExplorers Program[1] is aNASA exploration program that provides flight opportunities for physics,geophysics,heliophysics, andastrophysics investigations from space. Launched in 1958,Explorer 1 was the first spacecraft of the United States to achieve orbit. Over 90 space missions have been launched since. Starting withExplorer 6, it has been operated by NASA, with regular collaboration with a variety of other institutions, including many international partners.

Launchers for the Explorers Program have includedJuno I,Juno II, variousThor,Scout,Delta andPegasus launch vehicles, andFalcon 9.

The program has three classes: Medium-Class Explorers (MIDEX), Small Explorers (SMEX), and University-Class Explorers (UNEX), with select Missions of Opportunity operated with other agencies.

History

[edit]

Early Explorer satellites

[edit]
Launch of Explorer 1 on the Juno I launch vehicle.
Explorer 1, the first Earth satellite orbited by the United States

The Explorers Program began as aU.S. Army proposal (Project Orbiter) to place a "civilian"artificial satellite into orbit during theInternational Geophysical Year (IGY). Although that proposal was rejected in favor of theU.S. Navy'sProject Vanguard, which made the first sub-orbital flightVanguard TV0 in December 1956, theSoviet Union's launch ofSputnik 1 on 4 October 1957 (and the resulting "Sputnik crisis") and the failure of theVanguard 1 launch attempt resulted in the Army program being funded to match the Soviet space achievements.Explorer 1 was launched on the Juno I on 1 February 1958, becoming the first U.S. satellite, as well as discovering theVan Allen radiation belt.

Four follow-up satellites of the Explorer series were launched by the Juno I launch vehicle in 1958, of whichExplorer 3 andExplorer 4 were successful, whileExplorer 2 andExplorer 5 failed to reach orbit.[2] The Juno I vehicle was replaced by theJuno II in 1959.

Continuation of the Explorers Program

[edit]

With the establishment of NASA in 1958, the Explorers Program was transferred to NASA from theU.S. Army. NASA continued to use the name for an ongoing series of relatively small space missions, typically an artificial satellite with a specific science focus.Explorer 6 in 1959 was the first scientific satellite under the project direction of NASA'sGoddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) inGreenbelt, Maryland.[3][4]

TheInterplanetary Monitoring Platform (IMP) was launched in 1963 and involved a network of eleven Explorer satellites designed to collect data on space radiation in support of theApollo program. The IMP program was a major step forward in spacecraftelectronics design, as it was the first space program to useintegrated circuit (IC) chips andMOSFETs (MOS transistors).[5][6] The IMP-A (Explorer 18) in 1963 was the first spacecraft to use IC chips, and the IMP-D (Explorer 33) in 1966 was the first to use MOSFETs.[5]

List ofInterplanetary Monitoring Platform (IMP) missions
MissionPhotoSatelliteLaunch DateDecay DateNotes
ExplorerIMP
IMP-1Explorer 18IMP-A27 November 1963, 02:30 UTC[7]December 30, 1965First use ofintegrated circuits in a spacecraft. First satellite in IMP-A/-B/-C design series.
IMP-2Explorer 21IMP-B4 October 1964, 03:45 UTC[7]January 1, 1966Second satellite in IMP-A/-B/-C design series.
IMP-3Explorer 28IMP-C29 May 1965, 12:00 UTC[7]4 July 1968Third satellite in IMP-A/-B/-C design series.
AIMP-1Explorer 33IMP-D1 July 1966, 16:02 UTC[7]In orbitFirst use ofMOSFET integrated circuits in a spacecraft, similar design to IMP-E. Originally intended to orbit the Moon, but placed in an elliptical high orbit instead.
IMP-4Explorer 34IMP-F24 May 1967, 14:05 UTC[7]May 3, 1969Similar design to IMP-G.
AIMP-2Explorer 35IMP-E19 July 1967, 14:19 UTC[7]After June 24, 1973Similar design to IMP-D. Positioned inSelenocentric orbit.
IMP-5Explorer 41IMP-G21 June 1969, 08:47 UTC[7]December 23, 1972Similar design to IMP-F.
IMP-6Explorer 43IMP-I13 March 1971, 16:15 UTC[7]October 2, 1974First spacecraft in IMP-I/-H/-J series.
IMP-7Explorer 47IMP-H23 September 1972, 01:20 UTC[7]In orbitSecond spacecraft in IMP-I/-H/-J series.
IMP-8Explorer 50IMP-J26 October 1973, 02:26 UTC[7]In orbitThird spacecraft in IMP-I/-H/-J series, remained in service until 2006

Over the following two decades, NASA has launched over 50 Explorer missions,[8] some in conjunction to military programs, usually of an exploratory or survey nature or had specific objectives not requiring the capabilities of a major space observatory. Explorer satellites have made many important discoveries on: Earth'smagnetosphere and the shape of itsgravity field; thesolar wind; properties ofmicrometeoroids raining down on theEarth; ultraviolet, cosmic and X-rays from theSolar System and beyond;ionospheric physics;Solar plasma;solar energetic particles; andatmospheric physics. These missions have also investigated air density, radio astronomy,geodesy, andgamma-ray astronomy.[citation needed]

With decreases in NASA's budget, Explorer missions became infrequent in the early 1980s.[citation needed]

SMEX, MIDEX, and Student Explorers Programs

[edit]

In 1988, theSmall Explorer (SMEX) class was established with a focus on frequent flight opportunities for highly focused and relatively inexpensive space science missions in the disciplines of astrophysics and space physics.[9][10] The first three SMEX missions were chosen in April 1989 out of 51 candidates, and launched in 1992, 1996 and 1998[11] The second set of two missions were announced in September 1994 and launched in 1998 and 1999.[9]

This artificially colored view of M101 maps ultraviolet light as blue while visible light is red sinceUV light does not have a "color" (the eye stopping at about violet). This view was taken by the MIDEX-3Swift, which can also detect X-rays, and has contributed to the study ofgamma-ray bursts and other topics.

In the mid-1990s, NASA initiated theMedium-class Explorers (MIDEX) to enable more frequent flights. These are larger than SMEX missions and were to be launched aboard a new kind of medium-light class launch vehicle.[9] This new launch vehicle was not developed and instead, these missions were flown on a modifiedDelta II rocket.[12][13] The first announcement opportunity for MIDEX was issued in March 1995, and the first launch under this new class wasFUSE in 1999.[9]

In May 1994, NASA started theStudent Explorer Demonstration Initiative (STEDI) pilot program, to demonstrate that high-quality space science can be carried out with small, low-cost missions. Of the three selected missions, SNOE was launched in 1998 and TERRIERS in 1999, but the latter failed after launch. The STEDI program was terminated in 2001.[9] Later, NASA established theUniversity-Class Explorer (UNEX) program for much cheaper missions, which is regarded as a successor to STEDI.[14]

The Explorer missions were at first managed by the Small Explorers Project Office at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). In early 1999, that office was closed and with the announcement of opportunity for the third set of SMEX missions NASA converted the SMEX class so that each mission was managed by itsprincipal investigator, with oversight by the GSFC Explorer Project.[15] The Explorers Program Office at Goddard Space Flight Center, provides management of the many operational scientific exploration missions that are characterized by relatively moderate costs and small to medium-sized missions that are capable of being built, tested, and launched in a short time interval compared to larger observatories like NASA'sGreat Observatories.[16]

Excluding the launches, the MIDEX class has a current mission cap cost of US$250 million in 2018,[17] with future MIDEX missions being capped at US$350 million.[18] The cost cap for SMEX missions in 2017 was US$165 million.[19] UNEX missions are capped at US$15 million.[20] A sub-project calledMissions of Opportunity (MO) has funded science instruments or hardware components of onboard non-NASA space missions, and have a total NASA cost cap of US$70 million.[17][20]

Classes

[edit]

Medium-Class (MIDEX)

[edit]
List of MIDEX missions[21][22][23]
NameMIDEX
number
Explorer
number
Launch (UTC)Status
RXTEExplorer-6930 December 1995Ended in 2012 / Reentered on 30 April 2018
ACEExplorer-7125 August 1997Operational
FUSEMIDEX-0Explorer-7723 June 1999Ended in 2007
IMAGEMIDEX-1Explorer-7825 March 2000Lost contact in 2005. Partial contact reestablished in January 2018
WMAPMIDEX-2Explorer-8030 June 2001Ended in 2010
SwiftMIDEX-3Explorer-8420 November 2004Operational
FAMEMIDEX-4
Scheduled for 2004Cancelled in 2002 (cost)
THEMIS AMIDEX-5AExplorer-8517 February 2007Operational
THEMIS BMIDEX-5BExplorer-8617 February 2007Operational
THEMIS CMIDEX-5CExplorer-8717 February 2007Operational
THEMIS DMIDEX-5DExplorer-8817 February 2007Operational
THEMIS EMIDEX-5EExplorer-8917 February 2007Operational
WISE / NEOWISEMIDEX-6Explorer-9214 December 2009Mission operations Completed on 31 July 2024.[24] Reentered on 2 November 2024
TESSMIDEX-7Explorer-9518 April 2018Operational
ICONMIDEX-8Explorer-9611 October 2019Operational
SPHERExMIDEX-98 March 2025In development[25]
MUSEMIDEX-102027In development
HelioSwarmMIDEX-112028In development
UVEXMIDEX-122030In development

Small Explorers (SMEX)

[edit]

The Small Explorers class was implemented in 1989 specifically to fund space exploration missions that cost no more thanUS$120 million.[20][11] The missions are managed by the Explorers Project at theGoddard Space Flight Center (GSFC).[15]

The first set of three SMEX missions were launched between 1992 and 1998. The second set of two missions were launched in 1998 and 1999. These early missions were managed by the Small Explorers Project Office at Goddard Space Flight Center. In early 1999, that office was closed and with the announcement of opportunity for the third set of SMEX missions NASA converted the program so that each mission was managed by itsPrincipal Investigator, with oversight by the GSFC Explorers Project.[15]

NASA funded a competitive study of five candidate heliophysics Small Explorers missions for flight in 2022. The proposals were Mechanisms of Energetic Mass Ejection – eXplorer (MEME-X), Focusing Optics X-ray Solar Imager (FOXSI), Multi-Slit Solar Explorer (MUSE), Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites (TRACERS), and Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere (PUNCH).[26][27][28] In June 2019 NASA selected TRACERS and PUNCH for flight.[29]

List of SMEX missions[22][30]
NameSMEX
number
Explorer
number
Launch (UTC)End of
mission
Status
SAMPEXSMEX-1Explorer-683 July 199230 June 2004Reentered on 13 November 2012
FASTSMEX-2Explorer-7021 August 19964 May 2009
SWASSMEX-3Explorer-746 December 199821 July 2004
TRACESMEX-4Explorer-732 April 199821 June 2010
WIRESMEX-5Explorer-755 March 1999Spacecraft equipment failure; reentered on 10 May 2011
RHESSISMEX-6Explorer-815 February 2002April 2018Deorbited on 20 April 2023
GALEXSMEX-7Explorer-8328 April 2003May 2012Decommissioned on 28 June 2013
SPIDRSMEX-8
Scheduled for 2005Cancelled in 2003 due to poor instrument sensitivity[31]
Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM)SMEX-9Explorer-9025 April 2007Reentered on 19 August 2024
IBEXSMEX-10Explorer-9119 October 2008Operational
NuSTARSMEX-11Explorer-9313 June 2012Operational
IRISSMEX-12Explorer-9428 June 2013Operational
GEMSSMEX-13
Scheduled for 2014Cancelled in 2012 due to expected cost overruns[32]
Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE)SMEX-14Explorer-979 December 2021Operational
PUNCHSMEX-1512 March 2025[33]Launched[34]
TRACERSSMEX-16April 2025[35]In development
COSISMEX-17August 2027[36]In development
  • SAMPEX
    SAMPEX
  • RHESSI
    RHESSI
  • IBEX
    IBEX
  • IXPE
    IXPE

University-Class Explorers (UNEX)

[edit]
List of UNEX missions[37]
NameUNEX numberExplorer
number
Launch (UTC)Status
SNOEUNEX-1Explorer-7226 February 1998Ended in 2000
IMEXUNEX-2
Scheduled for 2003Cancelled before 2005 (cost)[38]
CHIPSUNEX-3Explorer-8212 January 2003Ended in 2008

Missions of Opportunity (MO)

[edit]

Missions of Opportunity (MO) are investigations characterized by being part of a non-NASA space mission of any size and having a total NASA cost of under $55 million. These missions are conducted on a no-exchange-of-funds basis with the organization sponsoring the mission. NASA solicits proposals for Missions of Opportunity on SMEX, MIDEX and UNEX investigations.[39]

List of MO[37]
NameLauncher (mission)Launch (UTC)Status
HETE-2NASA (Explorer-79)9 October 2000Ended in 2008[40]
INTEGRALESA[41]17 October 2002Operational
Suzaku (Astro-E2)JAXA[42]10 July 2005Ended in 2015
TWINSNRO (USA-184;[43]
USA-200[44])
TWINS-1: 28 June 2006
TWINS-2: 13 March 2008
Operational
CINDIDoD (C/NOFS)[45]16 April 2008Ended in 2015
Hitomi (Astro-H)JAXA[46]17 February 2016Failed
NICERISS (CRS-11)3 June 2017Operational
GOLDSES (SES-14)25 January 2018Operational
XRISMJAXA6 September 2023Operational
AWEISS (CRS-29)December 2023Operational
GUSTONASA (high-altitude balloon)31 December 2023Ended on 26 February 2024[47]
SunRISENASA (Maxar satellite)2024In development[48][49]
EZIENASA,JHUAPL2024In development[50]
Solar-C EUVSTJAXAJuly 2028In development[51][52]
CASEESA (Cosmic VisionM4)2029In development[53][54]

Beacon Explorers

[edit]

Three satellites were planned in this series:Beacon Explorer-A,Beacon Explorer-B,Beacon Explorer-C.

GEOS series

[edit]

A series of three Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite (GEOS) were put in orbit:GEOS 1,GEOS 2,GEOS 3.

Launched spacecraft

[edit]

Explorers Program name numbers can be found in theNSSDC master catalog, typically assigned to each spacecraft in a mission. These numbers were not officially assigned until after 1975.[55]

Explorers Program satellites[8][56][57][58]
No.Name(s)Launch date (UTC)RocketMass (kg)Orbit regimeEnd of dataRe-entry
[59]
Mission/Notes
1Explorer 11 February 1958Juno I14MEO23 May 195831 March 1970First American satellite, third satellite to achieve orbit; discovered theVan Allen radiation belt; launched by theU.S. Army[60]
2Explorer 25 March 1958Juno I15FailedFailed to achieve orbit.[61]
3Explorer 326 March 1958Juno I14MEO27 June 195827 June 1958Energetic particle studies helped confirm the presence ofVan Allen radiation belt[62]
4Explorer 426 July 1958Juno I26MEO5 October 195823 October 1959Monitor charged particles inside Van Allen belts from nuclear detonations (duringOperation Argus)[63]
5Explorer 524 August 1958Juno I17failedPlanned in conjunction with Explorer 4, but launch failed[64]
Explorer S-1 (7X)16 July 1959Juno II42failedPlanned to measure Earth's radiation balance, but destroyed within seconds by range safety[65]
6Explorer 6 (S-2, Able 3)7 August 1959Thor-Able64HEO6 October 195912 July 1961Magnetosphere research and digital telemetry; first NASA launch, first Earth photo from orbit[66][67]
7Explorer 7 (S-1A)13 October 1959Juno II42LEO24 August 1961In orbitMicrometeoroids and energetic particle studies, first satellite to measure Earth's climate[68][69][70]
S-46A (IE-B)23 March 1960Juno II16failedAnalyze electron and proton radiation energies, failed to achieve orbit[71]
8Explorer 8 (S-30)3 November 1960Juno II41LEO27 December 196027 March 2012Measured atmospheric composition of the ionosphere[72]
S-564 December 1960Scout X-16failedAtmosphere density measurement, but failed to achieve orbit[73]
9Explorer 9 (S-56A)16 February 1961Scout X-136LEO9 April 19649 April 1964Atmospheric density measurements, first spacecraft placed in orbit by a solid-fuel rocket[74]
S-4524 February 1961Juno II34failedIonosphere research, but failed to achieve orbit[75]
10Explorer 10 (P 14)25 March 1961Thor-Delta79HEO25 March 19611 June 1968Investigated the magnetic field between the Earth and Moon[76]
11Explorer 11 (S 15)27 April 1961Juno II37LEO17 November 1961In orbitGamma ray astronomy[77]
S-45A25 May 1961Juno II34failedIonosphere research, failed to achieve orbit. Last Juno II launch.[78]
S-55 (satellite) (Meteoroid Satellite-A, Micrometeorite Explorer)30 June 1961Scout X-185failedMicrometeoroid research, failed to achieve orbit[79]
12EPE-A (S 3, Energetic Particle Explorer-A)16 August 1961Thor-Delta38HEO6 December 19611 September 1963Energetic particle research[80]
13Explorer 13 (S-55A)25 August 1961Scout X-186LEO28 August 196128 August 1961Micrometeoroid research; partial failure[81]
14EPE-B (Energetic Particle Explorer-B)2 October 1962Delta A40HEO11 August 19631 July 1966Energetic particle research[82]
15EPE-C (S-3B, Energetic Particle Explorer-C)27 October 1962Delta A44HEO30 January 196315 January 1978Energetic particle research[83]
16S-55B16 December 1962Scout X-3101LEO22 July 1963In orbitMicrometeoroid research[84]
17AE-A (S-6, Atmosphere Explorer-A)3 April 1963Delta B184LEO10 July 196324 November 1966Atmospheric research[85]
18IMP-A (IMP 1, Interplanetary Monitoring Platform-A)27 November 1963Delta C138HEO10 May 196530 December 1965Magnetospheric research[86]
19AD-A (Atmospheric Density-A)19 December 1963Scout X-48LEO10 May 198110 May 1981Atmospheric density measurements[87]
BE-A (Beacon Explorer-A, S-66A)19 March 1964Delta B114failedLaunch failure[88]
20IE-A (S 48, TOPSI, Ionosphere Explorer-A)25 August 1964Scout X-445LEO29 December 1965In orbitIonosphere research[89]
21IMP-B (IMP 2, Interplanetary Monitoring Platform-B)4 October 1964Delta C135HEO13 October 196530 January 1966Magnetospheric research[90]
22BE-B (Beacon Explorer-B, S-66B)10 October 1964Scout X-453LEOFebruary 1970In orbitIonospheric and geodetic research[91]
23S 55C6 November 1964Scout X-4134LEO7 November 196529 June 1983Micrometeoric research[92]
24AD-B (Atmospheric Density-B)21 November 1964Scout X-49MEO18 October 196818 October 1968Atmospheric density measurements[93]
25Injun 4 (IE-B, Ionosphere Explorer-B)21 November 1964Scout X-440LEODecember 1966In orbitIonospheric research[94]
26EPE-D (Energetic Particle Explorer-D)21 December 1964Delta C46MEO27 December 196723 August 2021High energy particle observations[95]
27BE-C (Beacon Explorer-C, S-66C)29 April 1965Scout X-461LEO20 July 1973In orbitMagnetospheric research[96]
28IMP-C (IMP 3, Interplanetary Monitoring Platform-C)29 May 1965Delta C128HEO12 May 19674 July 1968Magnetospheric research[97]
29GEOS 1 (GEOS-A, Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite-1)6 November 1965Delta E387LEO23 June 1978In orbitGeodetic Earth monitoring[98]
30SOLRAD 8 (SE-A)19 November 1965Scout X-457LEO5 November 1967In orbitSolar radiation monitoring (Cover for covertELINT mission)[99]
31DME-A (Direct Measurements Explorer)29 November 1965Thor-Agena B99LEO1 October 1969In orbitIonospheric research[100]
32AE-B (Atmosphere Explorer-B)25 May 1966Delta C1225LEOMarch 196722 February 1985Atmospheric research[101]
33IMP-D (AIMP 1, Interplanetary Monitoring Platform-D)1 July 1966Delta E1212HEO21 September 1971[102]In orbitMagnetospheric research
34IMP-F (IMP 4, Interplanetary Monitoring Platform-F)24 May 1967Delta E1163MEO3 May 19693 May 1969Magnetospheric research[103]
35IMP-E (AIMP 2, Interplanetary Monitoring Platform-E)19 July 1967Delta E1230Lunar24 June 1973Lunar orbitMagnetospheric research[104]
36GEOS 2 (GEOS-B, Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite-2)11 January 1968Delta E1469LEO1 July 1982In orbitGeodetic Earth monitoring[105]
37SOLRAD 9 (SE B)5 March 1968Scout B198LEO30 April 197416 November 1990Solar radiation monitoring
(Cover for covertELINT mission)[106]
38RAE-A (RAE 1, Radio Astronomy Explorer-A)4 July 1968Delta J602MEO(~1969)In orbitRadio astronomy[107]
39AD-C (Atmospheric Density-C)8 August 1968Scout B9LEO23 June 197122 June 1981Atmospheric density measurements[108]
40Injun 5 (Injun C, IE-C, Ionosphere Explorer-C)8 August 1968Scout B71LEOJune 1971In orbitMagnetospheric Research[109]
41IMP-G (IMP 5, Interplanetary Monitoring Platform-G)21 June 1969Delta E1145HEO23 December 197223 December 1972Magnetospheric research[110]
42Uhuru (SAS-A, SAS 1)12 December 1970Scout B142LEO4 January 19755 April 1979X-ray astronomy[111]
43IMP-H (IMP 7, Interplanetary Monitoring Platform-H)13 March 1971Delta M6635MEO2 October 19742 October 1974Magnetospheric research[112]
44SOLRAD 10 (SE-C, SOLRAD-C)8 July 1971Scout B260LEO30 June 197315 December 1979Solar radiation monitoring
(Cover for covertELINT mission)[113]
45SSS-A (S-Cubed A)15 November 1971Scout B52MEO30 September 197410 January 1992Magnetospheric research[114]
46MTS (Meteoroid Technology Satellite, METEC)[115]13 August 1972Scout D-190LEO4 November 19742 November 1979Micrometeoroids research[116]
47IMP-I (IMP 6, Interplanetary Monitoring Platform-I)23 September 1972Delta 1604635HEO31 October 1978In orbitMagnetospheric research[117]
48SAS-B (Small Astronomy Satellite-B, SAS 2)15 November 1972Scout D-1166LEO8 June 197320 August 1980X-ray astronomy[118]
49RAE-B (RAE 2, Radio Astronomy Explorer-B)10 June 1973Delta 1913328Lunar26 April 1977Presumed crashed into Moon sometime after August 1977[119]Radio astronomy[119]
50IMP-J (IMP 8, Interplanetary Monitoring Platform-J)26 October 1973Delta 1604371HEO7 October 2006In orbitMagnetospheric research[120]
51AE-C (Atmosphere Explorer-C)16 December 1973Delta 1900658LEO(12 December 1978)12 December 1978Atmospheric research[121]
52Hawkeye 1 (Injun-F, Injun 6, IE-D, Ionosphere Explorer-D)3 June 1974Scout E-123HEO28 April 197828 April 1978Magnetospheric research[122]
53SAS-C (Small Astronomy Satellite-C, SAS 3)7 May 1975Scout F-1197LEO7 April 19799 April 1979X-ray astronomy[123]
54AE-D (Atmosphere Explorer-D)6 October 1975Delta 2910681LEO29 January 197612 March 1976Atmospheric research[124]
55AE-E (Atmosphere Explorer-E)20 November 1975Delta 2910735LEO25 September 198010 June 1981Atmospheric research[125]
DADE-A (Dual Air Density Explorer-A)5 December 1975Scout F-140failedAtmospheric research; failed during launch[126]
DADE-B (Dual Air Density Explorer-B)5 December 1975Scout F-143failedAtmospheric research; failed during launch[127]
56ISEE-1 (ISEE-A)22 October 1977Delta 2914340HEO26 September 198726 September 1987Magnetospheric research; launched with ESA'sISEE-2; co-mission with ISEE 3[128]
57IUE26 January 1978Delta 2914669MEO30 September 1996In orbitUltraviolet astronomy[129]
58HCMM (AEM-A)26 April 1978Scout F117LEO30 September 1980December 22, 1981Thermal mapping of the Earth[130]
59ICE (ISEE 3, ISEE-C)12 August 1978Delta 2914390Sun–Earth L116 September 2014Heliocentric orbitMagnetospheric research; heliocentric mission, re-purposed in 1982 as a cometary probe (renamed International Cometary Explorer). First spacecraft to be placed at a libration point, and first one to perform a flyby of a comet.[131][67]
60SAGE (AEM-B)18 February 1979Scout D-1149LEO7 January 198211 April 1989Stratospheric aerosol and ozone data[132]
61MAGSAT (AEM-C)30 October 1979Scout G-1158LEO6 May 198011 June 1980Mapped the near surface magnetic field of the Earth[133]
62Dynamics Explorer 1 (DE-1)3 August 1981Delta 3913424MEO28 February 1991In orbitMagnetospheric research[134]
63Dynamics Explorer 2 (DE-2)3 August 1981Delta 3913420LEO19 February 198319 February 1983Magnetospheric research[135]
64SME6 October 1981Delta 2310145LEO4 April 19895 March 1991Atmospheric research[136]
65AMPTE-CCE16 August 1984Delta 3924242MEO12 July 1989In orbitMagnetosphere research[137]
66COBE18 November 1989Delta 59202,206LEO23 December 1993In orbitMicrowave astronomy[138]
67EUVE (BERKSAT)7 June 1992Delta II 6920-X3,275LEO31 January 200130 January 2002Ultraviolet astronomy[139]
68SAMPEX3 July 1992Scout G-1158LEO30 June 2004[140]13 November 2012.[141]SMEX: magnetospheric research[142]
69RXTE30 December 1995Delta II 79203,200LEO3 January 201230 April 2018[143]MIDEX: X-ray astronomy[144]
70FAST21 August 1996Pegasus XL187LEO4 May 2009In orbitSMEX: auroral phenomena[145]
HETE 14 November 1996Pegasus XL128LEO7 April 2002Separation failure, mission relaunched as HETE 2[146]
71ACE25 August 1997Delta II 7920596Sun–Earth L1OperationalInL1 orbitMIDEX: solar/interplanetary/interstellar particle research[147]
72SNOE26 February 1998Pegasus XL120LEO13 December 200313 December 2003STEDI, UNEX: atmospheric research[148]
73TRACE2 April 1998Pegasus XL250LEO21 June 2010[149]In orbitSMEX: solar observatory[150]
74SWAS6 December 1998Pegasus XL288LEO1 September 2005In orbitSMEX: submillimeter astronomy[151]
75WIRE5 March 1999Pegasus XL250SSO30 September 2000[152]10 May 2011[153]SMEX, Infrared astronomy, primary mission failed due to loss of coolant[154]
76TERRIERS18 May 1999Pegasus XL120Polar LEO18 May 1999In orbitSTEDI: atmospheric research, satellite failed shortly after achieving orbit[155]
77FUSE23 June 1999Delta II 73201,400LEO18 October 2007In orbitMIDEX: ultraviolet astronomy[156]
78IMAGE25 March 2000Delta II 7326536Polar MEO18 December 2005[157]In orbitMIDEX: magnetospheric research[158]
79HETE-29 October 2000Pegasus-H124LEO28 March 2007[159]In orbitMO: UV, X-ray, and gamma ray astronomy[160]
80WMAP30 June 2001Delta II 7425-10840Sun–Earth L2October 2010[161]Heliocentric orbitMIDEX: microwave astronomy[162]
81RHESSI5 February 2002Pegasus XL230LEO16 August 2018DeorbitedSMEX: X-ray and gamma ray solar flare imaging[163]
INTEGRAL17 October 2002Proton-KBlok DM-24,000HEOOperationalIn orbitInternational: space telescope for observing gamma rays[164]
82CHIPSat13 January 2003Delta II 7320-1060LEO11 April 2008[165]In orbitUNEX: ultraviolet spectroscopy and astronomy[166]
83GALEX28 April 2003Pegasus XL280LEO28 June 2013[167]In orbitSMEX: ultraviolet astronomy[168]
84Swift20 November 2004Delta II 7320-10C1,470LEOOperationalIn orbitMIDEX: gamma ray astronomy[169]
Suzaku (Astro E2)10 July 2005M-V1,706LEO2 September 2015In orbitMO: instrument on JAXA's Suzaku mission[170]
TWINS A28 June 2006Delta IV M+(4,2)classifiedMolniyaOperationalIn orbitMO: payload on Trumpet-F/O-1 1 (USA-184)
85THEMIS A17 February 2007Delta II 792577HEOOperationalIn orbitMIDEX: magnetospheric research[171]
86THEMIS B (ARTEMIS P1)17 February 2007Delta II 792577LunarOperationalLunar orbitMIDEX; Magnetospheric research[172]
87THEMIS C (ARTEMIS P2)17 February 2007Delta II 792577LunarOperationalLunar orbitMIDEX: magnetospheric research[173]
88THEMIS D17 February 2007Delta II 792577HEOOperationalIn orbitMIDEX: magnetospheric research[174]
89THEMIS E17 February 2007Delta II 792577HEOOperationalIn orbitMIDEX: magnetospheric research[175]
90AIM25 April 2007Pegasus XL197SSOMarch 202319 August 2024SMEX:noctilucent cloud observation[176]
TWINS B13 March 2008Atlas V 411classifiedMolniyaOperationalIn orbitMO: payload on Trumpet-F/O-1 2 (USA-200)
CINDI16 April 2008Pegasus XL395LEO28 November 201528 November 2015MO: instruments onC/NOFS
91IBEX19 October 2008Pegasus XL107MEOOperationalIn orbitSMEX: mapping the boundary between the Solar System and interstellar space.[177]
92WISE14 December 2009Delta II 7320661LEOAugust 20242 November 2024MIDEX: infrared astronomy, NEOWISE extension. Discovered firstEarth trojan.[178]
93NuSTAR13 June 2012Pegasus XL350LEOOperationalIn orbitSMEX: high-energy X-ray astronomy[179]
94IRIS27 June 2013Pegasus XL183SSOOperationalIn orbitSMEX: solar UV astronomy[180]
Hitomi (NeXT, ASTRO-H)7 February 2016H-2A-2022,700LEO26 March 2016In orbitMO: X-ray instrument on JAXA's Hitomi, but spacecraft failed after initial checkouts[181]
NICER3 May 2017Falcon 9 FT372ISSOperationalISSMO: instrument on ISS forneutron star observations
GOLD25 January 2018Ariane 5 ECA37GEOOperationalIn orbitMO: instrument onSES-14 comsat for studying Earth–space boundary
95TESS18 April 2018Falcon 9 FT362HEOOperationalIn orbitMIDEX: survey for transiting exoplanets
96ICON11 October 2019Pegasus XL287LEOOperationalIn orbitMIDEX: ionospheric studies
97IXPE9 December 2021Falcon 9 Block 5330LEOOperationalIn orbitSMEX: X-ray studies
XRISM6 September 2023H-IIA 2022,300LEOOperationalIn orbitMO: instruments onJAXA's XRISM x-ray space telescope

Cancelled missions

[edit]
WISE was restarted after it was turned off
Explorer 6 on aThor-Able III launch in August 1959
ISEE-C in a dynamic test chamber, 1978

Many missions are proposed, but not selected. For example, in 2011, the Explorers Program received 22 full missions solicitations, 20 Missions of Opportunity, and 8 USPI.[182] Sometimes mission are only partially developed but must be stopped for financial, technological, or bureaucratic reasons. Some missions failed upon reaching orbit including WIRE and TERRIERS.[citation needed]

Examples of missions that were not developed or cancelled were:[58]

  • Owl 1 and 2 (cost, 1965)[183]
  • MSS A (Magnetic Storm Satellite, Explorer-A, 1970)[184][185]
  • CATSAT (STEDI 3) (cost)[38]
  • IMEX (UNEX 2) (cost)[38]
  • FAME (MIDEX 4)
  • SPIDR (SMEX 8) (technical, 2003)[38]
  • GEMS (SMEX 13)

Recent examples of conclusions of launched missions, cancelled due to budgetary constraints:

Launch statistics

[edit]

Number of launches per decade:[186]

Number of Explorer launches by decade
Decade
1950s
8
1960s
34
1970s
20
1980s
5
1990s
11
2000s
15
2010s
7
2020s
2

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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