This page is one of a series listing English translations of notableLatin phrases, such asveni, vidi, vici andet cetera. Some of the phrases are themselves translations ofGreek phrases, asancient Greekrhetoric andliterature started centuries before the beginning ofLatin literature inancient Rome.[1]
| Latin | Translation | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| e causa ignota | of unknown cause | Often used inmedicine when the underlying disease causing a symptom is not known.See alsoidiopathic. | ||
| E pluribus unum | out of many, one | Literally, out of more (than one), one. The former national motto of theUnited States, which "In God We Trust" later replaced; therefore, it is still inscribed on many U.S. coins and on theU.S. Capitol. Also the motto ofS.L. Benfica. Less commonly written asex pluribus unum | ||
| ecce Agnus Dei | behold the lamb of God | John the Baptist exclaims this after seeingJesus[2] | ||
| ecce ancilla domini | behold the handmaiden of the Lord | From Luke 1:38 in theVulgate Bible. Name of anoil painting byDante Gabriel Rossetti and motto ofBishopslea Preparatory School. | ||
| ecce homo | behold the man | From theGospel of John in theVulgate19:5(Douay-Rheims), wherePontius Pilate speaks these words as he presentsJesus, crowned with thorns, to the crowd. It is also the title ofNietzsche'sautobiography and of the theme music byHoward Goodall for theITV comedyMr. Bean, in which the full sung lyric isEcce homo qui est faba ("Behold the man who is a bean"). | ||
| ecce panis angelorum | behold the bread of angels | From theCatholichymnLauda Sion; occasionally inscribed near the altar of Catholic churches; it refers to theEucharist, the Bread of Heaven; theBody of Christ. See also:Panis angelicus. | ||
| editio princeps | first edition | The first published edition of a work. | ||
| Ego sum | I am | Phrase from theGospel of John as atitle of Jesus (based on theKoine Greek termἐγώ εἰμιEgo eimi) | ||
| ego te absolvo | I absolve you | Part of the formula ofCatholic sacramentalabsolution, i. e., spoken by apriest as part of theSacrament of Penance(see alsoabsolvo). | ||
| ego te provoco | I challenge you | Used as a challenge; "I dare you". Can also be written aste provoco. | ||
| eheu fugaces labuntur anni | Alas, the fleeting years slip by | FromHorace'sOdes, 2, 14 | ||
| ejusdem generis | of the same kinds, class, or nature | Fromthe canons of statutory interpretation inlaw. When more general descriptors follow a list of many specific descriptors, the otherwise wide meaning of the general descriptors is interpreted as restricted to the same class, if any, of the preceding specific descriptors. | ||
| eluceat omnibus lux | let the light shine out from all | The motto ofSidwell Friends School | ||
| emeritus | veteran | Retired from office. Often used to denote an office held at the time of one's retirement, as an honorary title, e. g.professor emeritus andprovost emeritus. Inclusion in one's title does not necessarily denote that the honorand is inactive in the pertinent office. | ||
| emollit mores nec sinit esse feros | a faithful study of the liberal arts humanizes character and permits it not to be cruel | FromOvid,Epistulae ex Ponto (II, 9, 48). Motto ofUniversity of South Carolina. | ||
| ens causa sui | existing because of oneself | Or "being one's own cause". Traditionally, a being that owes its existence to no other being, henceGod or a Supreme Being(see alsoPrimum Mobile). | ||
| ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem | by the sword she seeks a serene repose under liberty | Motto of the U.S. state ofMassachusetts, adopted in 1775. | ||
| entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem | entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity | Occam's razor or Law of Parsimony; arguments which do not introduce extraneous variables are to be preferred in logical argumentation. | ||
| entitas ipsa involvit aptitudinem ad extorquendum certum assensum | reality involves a power to compel certain assent | A phrase used in modern Western philosophy on the nature of truth. | ||
| eo ipso | by that very (act) | Technical term inphilosophy andlaw. Similar toipso facto. Example: "The fact that I am does noteo ipso mean that I think." From the Latinablative form ofid ipsum ("that thing itself"). | ||
| eo nomine | by that name | |||
| epicuri de grege porcum | A pig from the herd (or sty) ofEpicurus | FromHorace,Epistles | ||
| equo ne credite | do not trust the horse | FromVirgil,Aeneid,II. 48–49; a reference to theTrojan Horse. | ||
| erga omnes | in relation to everyone | Used inlaw, especiallyinternational law, to denote a kind of universalobligation. | ||
| ergo | therefore | Denotes a logical conclusion(see alsocogito ergo sum). | ||
| errantis voluntas nulla est | the will of a mistaken party is void | Roman legal principle formulated byPomponius in theDigest of theCorpus Juris Civilis, stating that legal actions undertaken by man under the influence of error are invalid. | ||
| errare humanum est | to err is human | Sometimes attributed toSeneca the Younger, but not attested:Errare humanum est, perseverare autem diabolicum, et tertia non datur (To err is human; to persist [in committing such errors] is of the devil, and the third possibility is not given.) Several authors contemplated the idea before Seneca:Livy,Venia dignus error is humanus (Storie, VIII, 35) andCicero:is Cuiusvis errare: insipientis nullius nisi, in errore perseverare (Anyone can err, but only the fool persists in his fault) (Philippicae, XII, 2, 5). Cicero, being well-versed in ancient Greek, may well have been alluding toEuripides' playHippolytus some four centuries earlier.[3] 300 years laterSaint Augustine of Hippo recycled the idea in hisSermones, 164, 14:Humanum fuit errare, diabolicum est per animositatem in errore manere.[4] The phrase gained currency in the English language afterAlexander Pope'sAn Essay on Criticism of 1711: "To err is human, to forgive divine" (line 325). | ||
| erratum | error | I. e., mistake. Lists of errors in a previous edition of a work are often marked with the pluralerrata ("errors"). | ||
| eruditio et religio | scholarship and duty | Motto ofDuke University | ||
| esse est percipi | to be is to be perceived | Motto ofGeorge Berkeley for hissubjective idealist philosophical position that nothing exists independently of its perception by a mind except minds themselves. | ||
| esse quam videri | to be, rather than to seem | Truly being a thing, rather than merely seeming to be a thing. The motto of many institutions. FromCicero,De amicitia (On Friendship), Chapter 26. Prior to Cicero,Sallust used the phrase inBellum Catilinae, 54, 6, writing thatCatoesse quam videri bonus malebat ("preferred to be good, rather than to seem so"). Earlier still,Aeschylus used a similar phrase inSeven Against Thebes, line 592:ou gar dokein aristos, all' enai thelei ("he wishes not to seem the best, but to be the best"). Motto of the State of North Carolina. | ||
| est modus in rebus | there is measure in things | there is a middle or mean in things, there is a middle way or position; fromHorace,Satires1.1.106; see also:Golden mean (philosophy). According to Potempski and Galmarini (Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9471–9489, 2009) the sentence should be translated as: "There is an optimal condition in all things", which in the original text is followed bysunt certi denique fines quos ultra citraque nequit consistere rectum ("There are therefore precise boundaries beyond which one cannot find the right thing"). | ||
| esto perpetua | may it be perpetual | Said ofVenice, Italy, by the Venetian historianFra Paolo Sarpi shortly before his death.Motto of the U.S. state ofIdaho, adopted in 1867; ofS. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia, Sri Lanka; ofSigma Phi Society. | ||
| esto quod es | be what you are | Motto ofWells Cathedral School | ||
| et adhuc sub iudice lis est | it is still before the court | FromHorace,Ars Poetica (The Art of Poetry)1.78. | ||
| et alibi(et al.) | and elsewhere | A less common variant onet cetera ("and the rest") used at the end of a list of locations to denote unenumerated/omitted ones. | ||
| et alii,et aliae,et alia(et al.) | and others | Used similarly toet cetera ("and the rest") to denote names that, usually for the sake of space, are unenumerated/omitted.Alii ismasculine, and therefore it can be used to refer to men, or groups of men and women; the feminineet aliae is proper when the "others" are all female, but as with manyloanwords, interlingual use, such as in reference lists, is often invariable.Et alia is neuter plural and thus in Latin text is properly used only for inanimate, genderless objects, but some use it as a gender-neutral alternative.[5]APA style andMLA style uses et al. if the work cited was written by more than three authors;AMA style lists all authors if ≤6, and 3 + et al. if >6. AMA style forgoes the period (because it forgoes the period on abbreviations generally) and it forgoes the italic (as it does with other loanwords naturalized into scientific English); many journals that follow AMA style do likewise. | ||
| et cetera(etc., &c.) | and the rest | In modern usage, used to mean "and so on" or "and more". | ||
| et cum spiritu tuo | and with your spirit | The usual response to the phraseDominus vobiscum used in RomanCatholic liturgy, for instance at several points during theCatholic Mass.[6] Also used as a general form of greeting among and towards members of Catholic organisations. | ||
| et facere et pati fortia Romanum est | Acting and suffering bravely is the attribute of a Roman | The words ofGaius Mucius Scaevola whenLars Porsena captured him | ||
| et facta est lux | And light came to beor was made | FromGenesis, 1:3: "and there was light". Motto ofMorehouse College inAtlanta,Georgia, United States.See alsoFiat lux. | ||
| et hoc genus omne | and all that sort of thing | Abbreviated ase.h.g.o. orehgo | ||
| et in Arcadia ego | and inArcadia [am] I / I [am/exist] even in Arcadia | Phrased from the perspective of thepersonification of death to indicate death's reality under even the most blissful of circumstances, associated in classical times with the then-pastoral Arcadia region of thePeloponnese in Greece;see alsomemento mori; also the name of paintings and TV episodes – seeEt in Arcadia ego (disambiguation). | ||
| et lux in tenebris lucet | and light shines in the darkness | From theGospel of John 1.5,Vulgate. Motto of thePontifical Catholic University of Peru. See alsoLux in Tenebris, 1919 play byBertolt Brecht. | ||
| et nunc reges intelligite erudimini qui judicatis terram | "And now, O ye kings, understand: receive instruction, you that judge the earth." | From theBook of Psalms,II.x. (Vulgate)Archived 2016-03-06 at theWayback Machine,2.10 (Douay-Rheims). | ||
| et passim(et pass.) | and throughout | Used in citations after a page number to indicate that there is further information in other locations in the cited resource.See alsopassim. | ||
| et sequentes(et seq.) | and the following (masculine/feminine plural) | Alsoet sequentia ("and the following things":neut.), abbreviations:et seqq.,et seq., orsqq. Commonly used inlegal citations to refer tostatutes that comprise several sequential sections of acode of statutes (e. g.National Labor Relations Act,29U.S.C. § 159et seq.; New Jersey Prevention of Domestic Violence Act, N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2C:25-17et seq.). | ||
| et suppositio nil ponit in esse | and a supposition puts nothing in being | More usually translated as "Sayin' it don't make it so". | ||
| Et tu, Brute? | And you,Brutus? | Or "Even you, Brutus?" or "You too, Brutus?" Indicates betrayal by an intimate associate. FromWilliam Shakespeare,Julius Caesar, based on the traditional dying words ofJulius Caesar. However, these were almost certainly not Caesar's true last words:Plutarch quotes Caesar as saying inGreek, the language of the Roman elite at the time,καὶ σὺ τέκνον (Kaì sù téknon?), translated as "You too, (my) child?", quoting fromMenander. | ||
| et uxor(et ux.) | and wife | A legal term. | ||
| et vir | and husband | A legal term. | ||
| Etiam si omnes, ego non | Even if all others, I will never | Saint Peter toJesus, from theVulgate,Gospel of Matthew26:33;New King James Version:Matthew 26:33). | ||
| etsi deus non daretur | even if God were not a given | This sentence synthesizes a famous concept ofHugo Grotius (1625). | ||
| evoles ut ira breve nefas sit; regna | arise, that your anger may [only] be a brief evil; control [it] | A bilingualpalindrome, yielding its English paraphrase, "Anger, 'tis safe never. Bar it! Use love!" | ||
| ex abundanti cautela | out of an abundance of caution | Inlaw, describes someone taking precautions against a very remote contingency. "One might wear a belt in addition to bracesex abundanti cautela".[7] In banking, aloan in which thecollateral is more than the loan itself. Also the basis for the term "an abundance of caution" employed by United States PresidentBarack Obama to explain why the Chief Justice of theUS Supreme CourtJohn Roberts had to re-administer the presidential oath of office, and again in reference to terrorist threats. | ||
| ex abundantia enim cordis os loquitur | for out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh. | From theGospel of Matthew,XII.xxxiv (Vulgate),12.34 (Douay-Rheims) and theGospel of Luke,VI.xlv (Vulgate),6.45 (Douay-Rheims). Sometimes rendered withoutenim ("for"). | ||
| ex aequo | from the equal | Denoting "on equal footing", i. e., in a tie. Used for those two (seldom more) participants of a competition who demonstrated identical performance. | ||
| ex Africa semper aliquid novi | "(There is) always something new (coming) out of Africa" | Pliny the Elder,Naturalis Historia, 8, 42 (unde etiam vulgare Graeciae dictum semper aliquid novi Africam adferre[8]), a translation of the Greek «Ἀεὶ Λιβύη φέρει τι καινόν». | ||
| ex amicitia pax | peace from friendship | Often used on internal diplomatic event invitations. A motto sometimes inscribed on flags and mission plaques ofdiplomatic corps. | ||
| ex animo | from the soul | Sincerely. | ||
| ex ante | from before | Denoting "beforehand", "before the event", or "based on prior assumptions"; denoting a prediction. | ||
| Ex Astris Scientia | From the Stars, Knowledge | The motto of the fictionalStarfleet Academy ofStar Trek. Adapted fromex luna scientia, which in turn derived fromex scientia tridens. | ||
| ex cathedra | from the chair | A phrase applied to the declarations or promulgations of theCatholicSupreme Pontiff (Pope) when, preserved from the possibility of error by theHoly Spirit(seePapal infallibility), he solemnly declares or promulgates ("from the chair" that was the ancient symbol of the teacher and governor, in this case of the Church) a dogmatic doctrine on faith or morals as being contained in divine revelation, or at least being intimately connected to divine revelation. Used, by extension, of anyone who is perceived as speaking as though with supreme authority. | ||
| ex cultu robur | from culture [comes] strength | The motto ofCranleigh School,Surrey. | ||
| ex debito Justitia | justice, which cannot be denied | on King's writ, to be granted to the subject[9] | ||
| ex Deo | from God | |||
| ex dolo malo | fromfraud | "From harmful deceit";dolus malus is the Latin legal term denoting "fraud". The full legal phrase isex dolo malo non oritur actio ("an action does not arise from fraud"). When an action has its origin in fraud or deceit, it cannot be supported; thus, a court of law will not assist a man who bases his course of action on an immoral or illegal act. | ||
| ex duris gloria | From suffering [comes] glory | Motto of Rapha Cycling club(see alsoRapha (sportswear)) | ||
| ex facie | from the face | Idiomatically rendered "on the face of it". A legal term typically used to state that a document's explicit terms are defective absent further investigation. Also, "contemptex facie" meanscontempt of court committed outside of the court, as contrasted with contemptin facie. | ||
| ex factis jus oritur | the law arises from the facts | |||
| ex fide fiducia | from faith [comes] confidence | Motto ofSt George's College, Harare andHartmann House Preparatory School | ||
| ex fide fortis | from faith [comes] strength | Motto ofLoyola School inNew York City,New York, United States. | ||
| ex glande quercus | from the acorn the oak | Motto of theMunicipal Borough of Southgate,London,England,United Kingdom. | ||
| ex gratia | from kindness | More literally "from grace". Refers to someone voluntarily performing an act purely from kindness, as opposed to for personal gain or from being compelled to do it. Inlaw, anex gratia payment is one made without recognizing anyliability orobligation. | ||
| ex hypothesi | from the hypothesis | Denoting "by hypothesis" | ||
| ex ignorantia ad sapientiam; ex luce ad tenebras(e.i.) | from ignorance into wisdom; from light into darkness | Motto of the fictionalMiskatonic University in Arkham, Massachusetts, from theCthulhu Mythos | ||
| ex infra(e.i.) | "from below" | Recent academic notation denoting "from below in this writing".See alsoex supra. | ||
| ex juvantibus | from that which helps | The medical pitfall in which response to a therapeutic regimen substitutes proper diagnosis. | ||
| ex lege | from the law | |||
| ex libris | from the books | Precedes a person's name, denoting "from the library of" the nominate; also a synonym for "bookplate". | ||
| ex luna scientia | from the moon, knowledge | The motto of theApollo 13 lunar mission, derived fromex scientia tridens, the motto ofJim Lovell'salma mater, theUnited States Naval Academy | ||
| ex malo bonum | good out of evil | FromSaint Augustine of Hippo, "Sermon LXI", in which he contradicts the dictum ofSeneca the Younger inEpistulae morales ad Lucilium,87:22:bonum ex malo non fit ("good does not come from evil"). Also the alias of the song "Miserabile Visu" byAnberlin in the albumNew Surrender. | ||
| ex mea sententia | in my opinion | |||
| ex merito Justitiae[9] | from merit, justice / justice from merit | The measure of justice is from the merit of the deed. | ||
| ex mero motu | out of mere impulse, or of one's own accord | |||
| ex nihilo nihil fit | nothing comes from nothing | FromLucretius, and said earlier byParmenides; in conjunction with "creation":creatio ex nihilo – "creation out of nothing" | ||
| ex novo | anew | something that has been newly made or made from scratch(see alsode novo) | ||
| Ex Oblivione | from oblivion | The title of a short story byH. P. Lovecraft | ||
| ex officio | from the office | By virtue or right of office. Often used when someone holds one office by virtue of holding another: for example, thePresident of France is anex officioCo-Prince of Andorra. A common misconception is that allex officio members of a committee or congress may not vote; but in some cases they do. Inlawex officio can also refer to an administrative or judicial office taking action of its own accord; in the latter case the more common term isex proprio motu orex meru motu, for example to invalidate a patent or prosecute infringers of copyright.[10] | ||
| ex opere operantis | from the work of the one working | Theological phrase contrasted withex opere operato, referring to the notion that the validity or promised benefit of asacrament depends on the person administering it | ||
| ex opere operato | from the work worked | A theological phrase meaning that the act of receiving asacrament actually confers the promised benefit, such as abaptism actually and literally cleansing one'ssins. TheCatholic Church affirms that the source of grace is God, not just the actions or disposition of the minister or the recipient of the sacrament. | ||
| ex oriente lux | light from the east | Originally refers to the sun rising in the east, but alludes to culture coming from the Eastern world. Motto of several institutions. | ||
| ex oriente pax | peace comes from the east (i.e. from the Soviet Union) | Shown on the logo as used by East Germany'sCDU, a blue flag with two yellow stripes, a dove, and the CDU symbol in the center with the wordsex oriente pax. | ||
| ex parte | from a part | A legal term that means "by one party" or "for one party". Thus, on behalf of one side or party only. | ||
| ex pede Herculem | from his foot, so Hercules | From the measure of Hercules' foot you shall know his size; from a part, the whole. | ||
| ex post | from after | "Afterward", "after the event". Based on knowledge of the past. Measure of past performance | ||
| ex post facto | from a thing done afterward | Said of a law with retroactive effect | ||
| ex professo | from one declaring [an art or science] | Or 'with due competence'. Said of the person who perfectly knows his art or science. Also used to mean "expressly".[11] | ||
| ex rel., or,ex relatio | [arising] out of the relation/narration [of the relator] | The term is a legal phrase; the legal citation guide called theBluebook describesex rel. as a "procedural phrase" and requires using it to abbreviate "on the relation of", "for the use of", "on behalf of", and similar expressions. An example of use is in court case titles such asUniversal Health Services, Inc. v. United States ex rel. Escobar. | ||
| ex scientia tridens | from knowledge, sea power | TheUnited States Naval Academy motto. Refers to knowledge bringing men power over the sea comparable to that of thetrident-bearing Greek godPoseidon. | ||
| ex scientia vera | from knowledge, truth | The motto of the College of Graduate Studies atMiddle Tennessee State University. | ||
| ex silentio | from silence | In general, the claim that the absence of something demonstrates the proof of a proposition. Anargumentum ex silentio ("argument from silence") is an argument based on the assumption that someone's silence on a matter suggests ("proves" when a logicalfallacy) that person's ignorance of the matter or their inability to counterargue validly. | ||
| ex situ | out of position | opposite of "in situ" | ||
| ex solo ad solem | from the Earth to the Sun | The motto of theUniversity of Central Lancashire, Preston | ||
| ex supra(e.s.) | "from above" | Recent academic notation for "from above in this writing".See alsoex infra. | ||
| ex tempore | from [this moment of] time | "This instant", "right away" or "immediately". Also writtenextempore | ||
| Ex turpi causa non oritur actio | From a dishonorable cause an action does not arise | A legal doctrine which states that a claimant will be unable to pursue a cause of action if it arises in connection with his own illegal act. Particularly relevant in the law of contract, tort and trusts. | ||
| ex umbra in solem | from the shadow into the light | Motto ofFederico Santa María Technical University | ||
| ex undis | from the waves [of the sea] | motto in the coat of arms ofEemsmond | ||
| Ex Unitate Vires | union is strength, or unity is strength | Former motto ofSouth Africa | ||
| ex vi termini | from the force of the term | Thus, "by definition" | ||
| ex vita discedo, tanquam ex hospitio, non tanquam ex domo | I depart from life as from an inn, not as from home | Cicero,Cato Maior de Senectute (On Old Age) 23 | ||
| ex vivo | out of or from life | Used in reference to the study or assay of living tissue in an artificial environment outside the living organism. | ||
| ex voto | from the vow | Thus, in accordance with a promise. Anex voto is also an offering made in fulfillment of a vow. | ||
| ex vulgus scientia | from the crowd, knowledge | used to describe social computing, inThe Wisdom of Crowds and discourse referring to it. | ||
| excelsior | higher | "Ever upward!" Thestate motto of New York. Also a catchphrase used by Marvel Comics headStan Lee. | ||
| exceptio firmat (orprobat)regulam in casibus non exceptis | The exception confirms the rule in cases which are not excepted | A juridical principle which means that the statement of a rule's exception (e.g., "no parking on Sundays") implicitly confirms the rule (i.e., that parking is allowed Monday through Saturday). Often mistranslated as "theexception that proves the rule". | ||
| excusatio non petita accusatio manifesta | an excuse that has not been sought [is] an obvious accusation | More loosely, "he who excuses himself, accuses himself"—an unprovoked excuse is a sign of guilt. InFrench,qui s'excuse, s'accuse | ||
| exeat | s/he may go out | A formal leave of absence | ||
| exegi monumentum aere perennius | I have reared a monument more enduring than bronze | Horace,Carmina III:XXX:I | ||
| exempli gratia(e.g.) | for the sake of example, for example |
Exempli gratiā is usually abbreviated "e. g." or "e.g." (less commonly,ex. gr.). The abbreviation "e.g." is often interpreted (Anglicised) as 'example given'. The pluralexemplōrum gratiā to refer to multiple examples (separated by commas) is now not in frequent use; when used, it may be seen abbreviated as "ee.g." or even "ee.gg.", corresponding to the practice of doubling plurals in Latin abbreviations.E.g. is not usually followed by a comma in British English, but it often is in American usage.E.g. is often confused withi.e. (id est, meaning'that is' or'in other words').[12] Some writing styles give such abbreviations without punctuation, asie andeg.[a] | ||
| Exemplum virtutis | a model of virtue | |||
| exercitus sine duce corpus est sine spiritu | an army without a leader is a body without a spirit | On a plaque at the former military staff building of theSwedish Armed Forces | ||
| exeunt | they leave | Third-person plural present active indicative of the Latin verbexire; also seen inexeunt omnes, "all leave"; singular:exit. Typically used as a stage direction in plays which means that one or more actors should leave the stage. | ||
| experientia docet | experience teaches | This term has been used indermatopathology to express that there is no substitute for experience in dealing with all the numerous variations that may occur with skin conditions.[29] The term has also been used ingastroenterology.[30] It is also the motto ofSan Francisco State University. | ||
| experimentum crucis | experiment of the cross | Or "crucial experiment". A decisive test of a scientific theory. | ||
| experto crede | trust the expert | Literally "believe one who has had experience". An author's aside to the reader. | ||
| expressio unius est exclusio alterius | the expression of the one is the exclusion of the other | "Mentioning one thing may exclude another thing". A principle of legalstatutory interpretation: the explicit presence of a thing implies intention to exclude others; e.g., a reference in the Poor Relief Act 1601 to "lands, houses, tithes and coal mines" was held to exclude mines other than coal mines. Sometimes expressed asexpressum facit cessare tacitum (broadly, "the expression of one thing excludes the implication of something else"). | ||
| extra domum | [placed] outside of the house | Refers to a possible result of Catholic ecclesiastical legal proceedings when the culprit is removed from being part of a group like a monastery. | ||
| extra Ecclesiam nulla salus | outside the Church [there is] no salvation | This expression comes from theEpistle to Jubaianus, paragraph 21, written by SaintCyprian of Carthage, a bishop of the third century. It is often used to summarise the doctrine that the Catholic Church is absolutely necessary for salvation. | ||
| extra omnes | outside, all [of you] | It is issued by theMaster of the Papal Liturgical Celebrations before a session of thepapal conclave which will elect a newpope. When spoken, all those who are notcardinals, or those otherwise mandated to be present at the conclave, must leave theSistine Chapel. | ||
| extra territorium jus dicenti impune non paretur | he who administers justice outside of his territory is disobeyed with impunity | Refers toextraterritorial jurisdiction. Often cited inlaw of the sea cases on thehigh seas. | ||
| extrema ratio | extreme solution | last possibility, last possible course of action |
Notes
There is no consistent British style. For example,The Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors has "e.g." and "i.e." with points (periods);[14]Fowler's Modern English Usage takes the same approach,[15] and its newest edition is especially emphatic about the points being retained.[16]The Oxford Guide to Style (also republished inOxford Style Manual and separately asNew Hart's Rules) also has "e.g." and "i.e.";[17] the examples it provides are of the short and simple variety that often see the comma dropped in American usage as well. None of those works prescribe specifically for or against a comma following these abbreviations, leaving it to writers' own judgment.
Some specific publishers, primarily innews journalism, drop one or both forms of punctuation as a matter ofhouse style. They seem more frequently to be British than American (perhaps owing to theAP Stylebook being treated as ade facto standard across most American newspapers, without a UK counterpart). For example,The Guardian uses "eg" and "ie" with no punctuation,[18] whileThe Economist uses "eg," and "ie," with commas and without points,[19] as doesThe Times of London.[20] A 2014 revision toNew Hart's Rules states that it is now "Oxford style" to not use a comma aftere.g. andi.e. (which retain the points), "to avoid double punctuation".[21] This is a rationale it does not apply to anything else, and Oxford University Press has not consistently imposed this style on its publications that post-date 2014, includingGarner's Modern English Usage.
By way of US comparison,The New York Times uses "e.g." and "i.e.", without a rule about a following comma – like Oxford usage in actual practice.[22]The Chicago Manual of Style requires "e.g.," and "i.e.,".[23] TheAP Stylebook preserves both types of punctuation for these abbreviations.[24]
"British" and "American" are not accurate as stand-ins forCommonwealth andNorth American English more broadly; actual practice varies even among national publishers. The Australian government'sStyle Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers preserves the points in the abbreviations, but eschews the comma after them (it similarly drops the title'sserial comma before "and", which most UK and many US publishers would retain).[25]Editing Canadian English by theEditors' Association of Canada uses the periods and the comma;[26] so doesA Canadian Writer's Reference.[27] The government publicationThe Canadian Style uses the periods but not the comma.[28]
Style guides are generally in agreement that both abbreviations arepreceded by a comma or used inside a parenthetical construction, and are best confined to the latter and to footnotes and tables, rather than used in running prose.
References
Humanum fuit errare, diabolicum est per animositatem in errore manere.
Both should always be printed lower case roman with two points and no spaces.
Media related toLatin-language words and phrases at Wikimedia Commons