Powell defends his first major monetary easing at a press conference, September 2019.[1]
High up on his [President Biden's] list, will be dealing with the consequences of the biggest financial bubble in U.S. history. Why the biggest? Because it encompasses not just stocks but pretty much every other financial asset too. And for that, you may thank the Federal Reserve.
The everything bubble was not only notable for the simultaneous extremes in valuations recorded in a wide range of asset classes and the high level of speculation in the market,[7] but that its peak in 2021 occurred in a period ofrecession, high unemployment,trade wars, and political turmoil – leading to a realization that the bubble was a central bank creation,[3][8][9] with concerns on the independence and integrity of market pricing,[10][9][11] and on the Fed's impact onwealth inequality.[12][13][14]
In 2022, financial historianEdward Chancellor said "central banks' unsustainable policies have created an 'everything bubble', leaving the global economy with an inflation 'hangover'".[15] Rising inflation did ultimately force the Fed to tighten financial conditions during 2022 (i.e. raising interest rates and employingquantitative tightening), and by June 2022 theWall Street Journal wrote that the Fed had "pricked the Everything Bubble".[16] In the same month, financial journalistRana Foroohar told theNew York Times, "Welcome to the End of the 'Everything Bubble'".[17]
The term first appeared in 2014, during the chair ofJanet Yellen, and reflected her strategy of applying prolonged monetary looseness (e.g. theYellen put of continual low-interest rates anddirect quantitative easing), as a method of boosting near-term economic growth via asset price inflation (a part ofmodern monetary theory (MMT)[a]).[19][20][21][22]
The term came to greater prominence during the subsequent chair ofJerome Powell, initially during Powell's first monetary easing in Q4 2019 (thePowell put),[23][24] but more substantially during the 2020–2021coronavirus pandemic, when Powell embraced asset bubbles to combat the financial impact of the pandemic.[25][6] By early 2021, Powell had created the loosest financial conditions ever recorded,[26] and most US assets were simultaneously at levels of valuation that matched their highest individual levels in economic history.[27][3][28] Powell rejected the claim that US assets were definitively in a bubble, invoking theFed model,[b] to assert that ultra-low yields justified higher asset prices.[30][31] Powell also rejected criticism that the scale of the asset bubbles had widened USwealth inequality to levels not seen since the 1920s,[32][33] on the basis that the asset bubbles would themselves promote job growth, thus reducing the inequality.[14][34][35] The contrast between the distress experienced by "Main Street" during the pandemic, and the economic boom experienced by "Wall Street", who had one of their most profitable years in history, was controversial,[36][37] and earned Powell the title of Wall Street'sDr. Feelgood.[38]
Powell was supported by Congress, with speakerPelosi saying in October 2020, "Well, let me just say that the number, I think, that is staggering is that we have more people unemployed and on unemployment benefits than any time in our country's history. We know that the Fed is shoring up the markets so that the stock market can do well. I don't complain about that, I want the market to do well."[39][8][40]
In February 2021, the Fed'sBullard said he did not see a bubble: "That's just normal investing".[41]
In early 2021, some market participants warned that Powell's everything bubble had reached dangerous levels. InvestorJeremy Grantham said, "All three of Powell's predecessors claimed that the asset prices they helped inflate in turn aided the economy through the wealth effect", before eventually collapsing.[42][43] InvestorSeth Klarman said that the Fed had "broken the market", and that "the market's usual role in price discovery had been suspended".[11] EconomistMohamed El-Erian said "you have such an enormous disconnect between fundamentals and valuations", and that the record highs in assets were due to the actions of the Fed and the ECB, clarifying "That is the reason why we've seen prices going from one record high to another despite completely changing narratives. Forget about the 'great reopening', the 'Trump trade' and all this other stuff".[9] TheFinancial Times warned that the inequality from Powell'sK-shaped recovery could lead to political and social instability, saying: "The majority of people are suffering, amid aGreat Gatsby-style boom at the top".[12]
Several commentators called the 2020–2021 market created by Powell as being the most speculative market ever seen, includingCNBC hostJim Cramer who said: "You can't lose in that market", and "it's like a slot machine" that always pays out. "I've not seen this in my career".[44]Bloomberg said: "Animal spirits are famously running wild across Wall Street, but crunch the numbers and this bull market is even crazier than it seems"[45] ("Animal spirits" is a term popularized in the 1930s by economistJohn Maynard Keynes to describe the influence of human emotions on finance and investing). The extreme level of speculation led to notable individual speculative events including theGameStop short squeeze in January 2021, the five-fold rise in the Goldman Sachs Non-Profitable Technology Index.[46] and the record rise inmicro-cap stocks, 14 of which would have qualified for inclusion in the S&P 500 Index by February 2021.[47] At the end of January 2021, theWall Street Journal markets desk said: "For once, everyone seems to agree: Much of the market looks like it's in a bubble",[48] whileGoldman Sachs said that the S&P 500 was at or near its most expensive levels in history on most measures, with the forwardEV/EBITDA breaking 17× for the first time.[49]
In February 2021, the Fed'sBullard said that they did not see an asset bubble and would continue to apply a high level of monetary stimulus.[41]Bloomberg wrote that Powell, in the final year of his first term, was afraid to tighten in case of a repeat ofthe crash he caused in Q4 2018.[50] TheFinancial Times warned US regulators to regard the experience of theChinese stock market bubble, when monetary easing by the Chinese state in 2014 led to a bubble, but then a crash over 2015–2016, in Chinese markets.[51] In February 2021, the former head of the BOJ financial markets division warned that the BOJ should adjust the level of direct purchases it makes of NikkeiETFs due to bubble concerns.[52][c]
By early 2022, rising inflation forced Powell, and latterly other central banks, to significantly tighten financial conditions including raising interest rates andquantitative tightening (the opposite of quantitative easing), which led to a synchronized fall across most asset prices (i.e. the opposite effect to the 'everything bubble').[54] In May 2022, financial historianEdward Chancellor toldFortune that "central banks' unsustainable policies have created an 'everything bubble', leaving the global economy with an inflation 'hangover'".[15] Chancellor separately noted toReuters, "If ultralow interest rates were responsible for inflating an 'everything bubble', it follows that everything – well, almost everything – is at risk from rising rates".[55] By June 2022, James Mackintosh ofThe Wall Street Journal wrote that the Fed had "pricked the Everything Bubble",[16] while in the same month the financial journalistRana Foroohar told theNew York Times, "Welcome to the End of the 'Everything Bubble'".[17]
The post-2020 period of the everything bubble produced several simultaneous US records/near-records for extreme levels in a diverse range of asset valuation and financial speculation metrics:
In December 2020, theGoldman Sachs GFCI Global Financial Conditions Index (a measure of US monetary looseness), dropped below 98 for the first time in its history (the GFCI goes back to 1987).[26]
In January 2021, theCitibank Panic/Euphoria Index hit broke 2.0 for the first time since its inception in 1988, surpassing the previous dot-com peak of 1.5.[7]
In February 2021, the ratio ofmargin debt-to-cash in Wall Street trading accounts hit 172%, just below the historical peak of 179% set in March 2000.[56]
In February 2021, theCongressional Budget Office estimated that US Federal Public Debt held by the public would hit 102% of US GDP, just below the historic all-time high of 105% in 1946.[57]
In January 2021, theSherman Ratio (the yield per unit ofbond duration), known as the "Bond Market's Scariest Gauge", hit an all-time low of 0.1968 for the US Corporate Bond Index.[58]
In February 2021, the yield on the USjunk bond index dropped below 4% for the first time in history (the historical default rate going back to the 1980s is 4–5% per annum).[59]
By January 2021, the short-interest on the S&P 500 dropped to 1.6%, matching the record low of 2000;[60] the "most-shorted US stocks" outperformed by the largest margin in history in 2020.[61]
In January 2021, the ratio of US corporate insider share sales-to-purchases ratio hit an all-time high of 7.8× (i.e. 7.8 times more corporate executives sold their company's stock than purchased it).[62]
In February 2021, theBuffett indicator, being the ratio of the total value of the US stock market (as defined by theWilshire 5000) to US GDP, set an all-time high above 200%, surpassing the previous dot.com peak of 159.2% (and the 2009 low of 66.7%).[63][64][56] In 2001,Buffett said: "If the ratio approaches 200%—as it did in 1999 and a part of 2000—you are playing with fire".[63]
In February 2021, thePrice-to-Sales ratio of US stocks hit an all-time high of 2.95×, surpassing its dot.com peak of 2.45× (and the 2009 low of 0.8×).[63]
In February 2021, theprice-to-tangible book ratio of US stocks hit an all-time high of 14×, surpassing itsdot-com peak of 9× (and the 2009 low of 3×).[63]
In February 2021, the US equityput/call ratio, hit 0.40×, almost matching the March 2000 low of 0.39× (a low ratio means investors are verybullish).[56]
In February 2021, a record 14 members of theRussell Microcap Index, and a record 302 members of theRussell 2000 Index were larger than the smallest member of the S&P 500 Index.[47]
In November 2020, theRobert J. Shiller cyclically adjusted price-to-earnings ratio for US housing, hit 43.9×, just 3.8% below its all-time record of 45.6× set in 2006.[65]
In January 2021, the total value of cryptocurrencies passed US$1 trillion for the first time in history, with most currencies setting new highs in value.[66]
In February 2021,bitcoin passed US$50,000 per unit for the first time in history.[67]
In 2020, a record 248special-purpose acquisition company (SPACs) raised US$83 billion in new capital at theirinitial public offering; and by Q1 2021, a further record US$30 billion was raised in a single quarter.[68] SPACs are notoriously poor-performing assets, whose returns 3-years after merging are almost uniformly heavily negative; their proliferation is a signal of an economic bubble.[68][69]
In July 2020, gold futures broke the US$2,000 per ounce level for the first time in history.[70]
In August 2020, lumber prices, as defined by theCME one-monthfutures contract, broke the old historic record high of US$651 per thousand board feet, to reach US$1711 in May 2021.[71]
As well as the above asset-level records, a number of individual assets with extreme valuations and extraordinary price increases were identified as being emblematic of the everything bubble:[72]
Goldman Sachs Non-Profitable US Technology Index, a proprietary index of US technology firms that were loss-making.[46][73]
Russell Microcap Index stocks, the smallest listed US stocks where a record number grew in a short period past the size of the smallest S&P 500 stock.[47]
S&P Clean Energy Index, proprietary index of (mostly) US clean energy firms whose P/E ratio tripled.[16][75]
^ab MMT asserts that excessive asset price inflation will lead to an increase in real price inflation, which will lead to an increase in yields, and correspondingly reduce the asset price inflation (i.e. a self-stabilizing system).[4] Critics say that most historical periods of excessive asset price inflation did not produce such self-stabilization, but instead produced financial collapse and real price deflation (e.g. post-1920s America, post-1990 Japan, and post-2008 Europe); in other cases, the inflation was not controllable, also leading to a financial collapse (e.g. the 1970s in the United States).[4][18]
^TheFed model is a disputed form of equity valuation which has been challenged by academics, and particularly at very low yields.[29] A notable example is post-1990s Japan when ultra-low yields did not stop Japanese equity valuations from dropping substantially for decades, only stopping when the Bank of Japan started directly buying equities to support their price.[18]
^TheBank of Japan is the largest owner of Japanese shares through direct daily purchases of Nikkei ETFs, leading to questions over the integrity of the pricing of Japanese securities, and their long-term viability.[53]
^Metrick, Andrew (6 January 2021)."Interview with Sir Paul Tucker".Yale Insights. Retrieved21 January 2021.It's no longer a Greenspan Put or a Bernanke Put, or a Yellen Put. It's now the Fed Put, and it's everything
^abRichard Koo (October 2014).The Escape from Balance Sheet Recession and the QE Trap: A Hazardous Road for the World Economy Kindle Edition.Wiley.ISBN978-1119028123.
^Smith, Noah (5 July 2015)."There Is No Tech Bubble. Still, Be Worried".Bloomberg. Retrieved7 January 2021.The danger isn't that we're in a unicorn bubble. The danger isn't even that we're in a tech bubble. The danger is that we're in an Everything Bubble – that valuations across the board are simply too high
^Humpe, Andreas; McMillan, David (2018). "Equity/bond yield correlation and the FED model: evidence of switching behaviour from the G7 markets".Journal of Asset Management.19 (6):413–428.doi:10.1057/s41260-018-0091-x.hdl:1893/27892.S2CID158210939.We demonstrate that at low levels of the real bond yield, the correlation between the equity and bond yields turns negative. This arises as the lower bond yield implies heightened macroeconomic risk (e.g. deflation and economic stagnation) and causes equity and bond prices to move in opposite directions.
Summers, Graham (October 2017).The Everything Bubble: The Endgame For Central Bank Policy.CreateSpace.ISBN978-1974634064.
Naim, Dr. Alasdair GM (October 2021).The End of the Everything Bubble: Why $75 trillion of investor wealth is in mortal jeopardy. Harriman House.ISBN978-0857199645.
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