The series received positive reviews, won 15Emmys out of 69 nominations and has been credited for helping revive the fortunes ofCBS after struggling throughout the late 80s and early 90s. It was ranked the 49th all-time funniest television comedy byComplex, the 60th best all-time series byTV Guide,[1] the eleventh-best sitcom starring a stand-up comedian and the 35th best sitcom of all time byRolling Stone,[2][3] and (alongsideSouth Park) the 63rd best written television series by theWriters Guild of America.[4] In aHollywood Reporter poll of all-time television programs surveying 779 actors, 365 producers and 268 directors,Everybody Loves Raymond ranked 96th.[5]
The show is centered on the day-to-day life of anItalian-American named Raymond "Ray" Barone, asportswriter forNewsday living with his family onLong Island. Beleaguered and diffident yet dryly sarcastic, Ray takes few things seriously, making jokes in most situations, no matter how serious. He avoids responsibilities around the house and with his kids, leaving them to his wife, Debra, resulting in her being angry and stressed out quite often.
Ray and Debra have a daughter Ally (Alexandra) and twin sons Michael and Geoffrey; the Barone children are regular characters but not a major focus. Raymond's parents, Marie and Frank, live across the street with their older son Robert (who later has his own apartment). The Barone relatives frequently make their presence known to Ray and Debra, much to the annoyance of the latter. Although she loves them, Debra's justifiable complaints about Ray's overbearing family serve as one of the show's comedic elements. Out of the three unwanted visitors, Debra is particularly resentful of Marie, an insulting, controlling, manipulative woman who criticizes her passive-aggressively and praises Ray, clearly favoring him over other son Robert.
Ray typically falls in the middle of family arguments, incapable of taking any decisive stand, especially if it might invoke Marie's disapproval. Robert, jealous of his younger sibling's position as their mother's favorite son and the success his brother has achieved professionally and personally, is Ray's biggest rival; Robert and Ray frequently argue like overgrown children, focusing much of their energy picking on or one-upping each other, although deep down they love each other dearly.
Frank Barone is a retiree prone to directing insults and merciless put-downs at everyone he meets. Largely an absentee father when Ray and Robert were growing up, Frank buries his feelings and rarely yields to sentiment. As the series progresses, however, several episodes demonstrate that he loves his family immensely. Unlike everyone else, Frank has no problem criticizing Marie and often comes to Debra's defense, whenever Marie comments disparagingly about their daughter-in-law.
Ray and Debra's marriage is fraught with conflicts. Ray prefers sports television over discussions with Debra on marital matters. Ray works full-time, as his father had, leaving most child-rearing responsibilities to his wife, and he is often forced against his will to help around the house. One of the show's recurring elements finds the couple having a long discussion in bed, before going to sleep.
Ray Barone (Ray Romano) is a sportswriter forNewsday. He lives inLynbrook,Long Island with his wife, Debra, and their three children Alexandra ("Ally"), Geoffrey, and Michael. His parents Frank and Marie and brother Robert live across the street. Raymond's character is loosely based on the real-life Romano, as he is the father of twin boys and a girl. Ray is emotionally unable to take any sort of stand on anything, especially if it brings him to any sort of conflict with his mother—the exception is when he protests about sex or some trivial matter. Raymond's mother favors him over Robert.
Debra Barone (Patricia Heaton) is Raymond's wife, and mother of Ally, Michael and Geoffrey. As a housewife, Debra claims she is frequently overworked, underappreciated, and stressed out. This leads to her yelling and occasionally attacking inanimate objects, largely because she has to deal with all the housework and her three rambunctious children with almost no assistance or support from Raymond; additionally, she constantly puts up with Marie's intrusiveness and criticism. On frequent occasions this frustration boils over and is vented towards Raymond. While Debra has a fractious relationship with Marie, she is shown to share many tender moments with Robert, and occasionally Frank.
Robert Barone (Brad Garrett) is Raymond's older brother and the son of Frank and Marie. Standing at 6 ft8+1⁄2 in (2.045 m), he is the tallest Barone, and has several quirks, the biggest being a nervous habit of touching food to his chin before eating it, once referred to as "crazy chin". Robert is often jealous of the attention that Raymond receives from their mother, to the exclusion of his every achievement. Robert has been aNew York City police officer for over 23 years (explicitly stated as 15 years early in season 1) and attains the rank of lieutenant by the end of the series. His height, appearance, and depressed demeanor are the source of much humor. However, despite his imposing size, Robert is a very skilled dancer. Divorced from first wife Joanne prior to the beginning of the series, he is frequently unlucky with women, until his on-off relationship with his girlfriend Amy McDougall finally results in marriage. Also, despite his tough appearance, he appears to be more sensitive, affectionate, tender and open to sharing his emotions compared to the rest of his family.
Marie Barone (Doris Roberts) is Raymond and Robert's mother and the wife of Frank. Intrusive, controlling, manipulative, and over-nurturing (at least with Raymond), she is a housewife who excels in cooking, cleaning, and other things dealing with keeping a good home and family. Marie and Frank live across the street from Raymond and Debra inLynbrook,Long Island, New York, which often irritates the latter couple. Marie's meddling tendencies include going through their mail, redoing their laundry, and upstaging Debra in the kitchen. She also goes to great lengths to control Robert's love life and get him to settle down and bring her more grandchildren.
Frank Barone (Peter Boyle) is Raymond's father and Marie's husband, a retiredbookkeeper, and registered real estate agent, with a stubborn masculine personality and no interest in personal hygiene. AUnited States Armyveteran, Frank served in theKorean War, which he frequently brings up to everyone's annoyance. He mocks his sons' inability to handle their own personal and domestic problems; unlike his sons, he is not intimidated by Marie and disparages her regularly with little to no provocation. Although both he and Marie maintain that he only married her for her cooking, he is shown to care about her genuinely. He is a member of the Order of the Caribou Lodge, and was named Man of the Year by his fellow members.
Amy MacDougall (Monica Horan) (recurring seasons 1–7, starring seasons 8 & 9) becomes Robert Barone's second wife (in season 7, after years of dating), and is the best friend of Debra, who introduces her to Robert. A recurring character for the first seven seasons of the series, Amy became essentially a regular cast member for the remainder of the show's run. However, Horan's name did not get added to the opening credits until the final season. Many issues cause Amy and Robert to break up in the first six seasons, with one being blamed on Raymond, and another happening because Robert was seeing other women, one of whom was his ex-wife. Quite often, Amy apologizes to someone even if she did not do anything wrong. She was born to very religious parents who, according to Amy, "wouldn't yell if they were on fire." In real life, Horan is married to creator/executive producerPhilip Rosenthal.
Ally Barone (Madylin Sweeten) is the daughter of Raymond and Debra. She is the oldest of the Barone children. She is not seen much, even though she is credited in the main cast. She is said to be a better cook than her mother, and maybe someday her grandmother. In real life, Madylin is the sister of Sawyer and Sullivan Sweeten.
Geoffrey Barone (Sawyer Sweeten) andMichael Barone (Sullivan Sweeten) are the twin sons of Raymond and Debra. Their names in the pilot were Gregory and Matthew. In real life, twins Sawyer and Sullivan are brothers of Madylin Sweeten.
Everybody Loves Raymond is based on the real lives of not just Ray Romano (left) but also show-runner Phil Rosenthal (right).
In the 1990s, several television shows based on work from stand-up comedians, such asHome Improvement (1991–99) andRoseanne (1988–97), were successful.[6]Ray Romano, a comedian for 12 years by the timeEverybody Loves Raymond first aired, was one such comic to get development deals following a five-minute performance on theLate Show with David Letterman in the middle of 1995.David Letterman executive producerRob Burnett recalled that "by the end [of the monologue] we already had lawyers lined up to work a deal with him."[6]
In looking for a show-runner, Romano wanted somebody to share his tastes in humor, avoiding those who were into writing "devicey" material. Around a dozen candidates for the show-runner position were considered beforeCoach writerPhilip Rosenthal,[7] who sent aFrasierspec script to Letterman'sWorldwide Pants.[8] The company read the spec and sent Rosenthal a tape of Romano asking screenwriters to help him with an upcoming show based on his work; also in the tape, he stated that he had a hard time coming up with new material because of having to raise twin sons, and showcased a "new bit" of him shaking keys while saying "hey".[9] Romano's sense of humor intrigued Rosenthal, reminding him ofBill Cosby's early work.[10]
After viewing the tape, Rosenthal met with Romano in person at Art's Delicatessen & Restaurant onVentura Boulevard about being a potential show runner.[11] The encounter consisted of Romano and Rosenthal each discussing their families.[12] Romano told Rosenthal he wanted to do a series about a comedian discussing current issues with friends at a coffee shop, but Rosenthal respondedthat kind of sitcom already existed and was a hit.[13] Rosenthal, intrigued by Romano's crazy family fables and wanting to work around his lack of previous acting experience, then stated it would be most "comfortable" for Romano to have the Raymond character be very close to his real personality and in family circumstances reflective of Romano's home life.[14] Although Romano has a brother named Robert in real life, he based the Robert inRaymond on another one of his brothers, Richard.[15] Rosenthal also incorporated his own family experiences into the show, with his mother and wife serving as the basis for Marie and Debra respectively.[16]
Most aspects of Romano's real life are replicated in the series,[17] except for its setting ofLong Island instead ofQueens; Romano and the writers initially wanted the show to be set in Queens, but CBS executives ultimately chose Long Island due to its broad appeal, as it was asuburb withurban elements.[6] Previous prime-time television series set in Long Island, such asThe Hamptons (1983) andThe Pruitts of Southampton (1966–67), never went beyond one season.[6] Romano also explained, "There's a lot more kissing on the show than in real life"; and his wife Anna continued, "and they talk a lot more in the show than we ever do at home."[17] The titleEverybody Loves Raymond originated from a response Romano's brother Richard made after Ray won aCableACE stand-up award: "I had a day where people were shooting at me, and you're bringing home trophies. Everybody loves Raymond, don't they?"[18] In the show's pilot, Robert states "Everybody loves Raymond."[19]
Rosenthal pitched the show toCBS presidentLes Moonves, CBS comedy vice president David Himelfarb, CBS comedy development executive Wendi Goldstein, and CBS comedy and drama development head Gene Stein.[20] He kept the pitch very simple: "it's [Romano] and his family, and his parents live across the street with his brother."[21] CBS was lukewarm towards the show's low concept, but found it enough of a low-risk investment for the series to be green-lit.[22] Letterman's involvement withRaymond amounted to nothing more than a meeting where he signed Rosenthal's show-runner contract and told him, "just don't embarrass us."[23]
Patricia Heaton (left), Peter Boyle (middle), and Doris Roberts (right) were in emotional states that reflected their characters when auditioning forEverybody Loves Raymond.
For the non-titular lead roles ofEverybody Loves Raymond, casting director Lisa Miller chosePatricia Heaton andBrad Garrett, who made several appearances in sitcoms before; andDoris Roberts andPeter Boyle, both film actors.[24]Everybody Loves Raymond was Heaton's fourth lead role in a sitcom after the short-livedRoom for Two (1992–1993),Someone Like Me (1994), andWomen of the House (1995).[25] When she read the pilot script duringpilot season, she thought it was "beautifully written" although found the character of Debra uninteresting.[26] Miller explained that she had to "Taft-Hartley" Romano, who did not have much acting experience beforeEverybody Loves Raymond, in order to get around legalScreen Actors Guild requirements to star in the show. He also needed trainers to make sure he performed the character of a likable protagonist well.[24]
Garrett (like Romano, also a stand-up comedian) was the first actor to be cast after Romano, as well as the only actor to audition without Romano in the room.[27] Garrett explained that while CBS initially wanted a small,Danny DeVito-esque character who had a "bulldog" attitude towards Raymond, he, a much taller actor, portrayed Robert as more "beaten-down" and "succumb to the fact that he's a loser" when auditioning.[28]
For the auditions of Heaton, Boyle, and Roberts, they were in the moods of the characters in the scenes they performed, and their auditions were very quick. Heaton was in the middle of getting-by doing babysitting work and clippingcoupons when auditioning, making her very stressed.[29] Miller chose Heaton for the role of Debra for being "very focused, real, likeHelen Hunt inMad About You."[24] Boyle, an actor recommended for Frank by Moonves,[30] had a troublesome time getting to his audition location due to schedule changes and poor directions, which made him very grumpy and "in character" when he arrived.[31] Rosenthal admitted to casting Boyle "out of fear" in response to Boyle's bitter attitude.[30] Roberts was called by the casting team for the role of Marie after going through more than 100 actresses.[32] She was initially reluctant to audition due to being busy with directing a 23-character play, but her agents insisted she had time;[33] an "overwhelmed" Roberts did zero preparation, which was unusual for her, and performed her audition from her "gut reaction."[34]
Each episode was created in a workweek that consisted of actors reading through and rehearsing the script on Monday, actors rehearsing and the writers tweaking the script on Tuesday, CBS running through what the actors rehearsed on Wednesday, camera blocking on Thursday, and filming on Friday.[35] A typical writing session started with each of the writers discussing their lives, which served as the basis for episode scripts; as Rosenthal summarized the process, "talking, talking, talking and then all of a sudden, that's a story."[36]Will MacKenzie, who directed forEverybody Loves Raymond on the second, third, and fourth seasons, recalled the writers being so efficient that thirteen episode scripts were completed by the time a season began airing.[37] When shooting episodes, Rosenthal was very stern about the actors sticking to the script and avoidingad libing, although "alternative" lines were put in the script for some episodes.[38]
Garrett compared acting in episodes ofRaymond to the improvisational methods used by the cast inSeinfeld (1989–98).[24] Garrett had appeared inaSeinfeld episode, playing an obsessed car mechanic that steals Jerry Seinfeld's car.
The house used for exterior shots of Ray and Debra's home is located at 135 Margaret Boulevard inMerrick, New York and was worth $500,000 as of August 2018[update]; as in the show, it is located across the street from the home used for exteriors of Frank and Marie's house (house number 136).[citation needed]
The home used for the exterior shots of Ray and Debra's house in 2022.
ForEverybody Loves Raymond, Rosenthal went for a classic sitcom style a laThe Honeymooners (1955–56), avoiding references to current culture in order to give it a timeless quality.[39] Jeremy Stevens stated that the show differed from most sitcoms of its time for its focus on storytelling and reflection on most people's real lives.[36]
Julie Pernworth, a comedy development president at CBS, categorizedEverybody Loves Raymond as "one of the most traditional sitcoms to come along in a long time."[40] As Rosenthal put it,Raymond was a "sophisticated" version of a family sitcom, which was emphasized via the show's piano-heavy background music and the use ofThe New Yorkertypeface for credits.[41] In composing the show's theme, Terry Trotter andRick Marotta used the first few measures of a song fromWoody Allen's filmManhattan (1979) and improvised the rest of the piece.[42] Episodes ofEverybody Loves Raymond are emotionally dynamic presentations of otherwise prosaic premises typical for traditional sitcoms.[43]
SUNY Press' bookThe Sitcom Reader (2016) analyzedRaymond was part of a trend in 1990s television of family sitcoms geared towards older audiences, which resulted in the scripts not focusing so much on the child characters and being entirely about grown-ups bickering at each other.[44] While the second season was in production, Romano expressed the challenge of having to write "weird" adult humor within "parameters" of a show about a family: "I want to write a show where I have anxiety attacks, and we're all very concerned about that. Can the star of the show be a father who has anxiety attacks and flips out? Will that sit well with people?"[17] This involved trying to keep the presence of the child characters as little as possible: "To be upstaged by toddlers? I get enough of that at home."[17] As Romano described the stand-up material the show is based on upon the show's first season airing, "I don't want to be a spokesman for family values, but that's the way my standup is perceived. My character is a father who loves his family but who would also love a little freedom."[6] According to TV critic Jones Ostrow,Raymond "explored the tortuous/loving relationships of parents and adult children, of couples, of siblings and thePeter Pan syndrome that attaches to baby boomer males, sports nuts in particular."[45]
Kevin James was an actor and writer onEverybody Loves Raymond. Once James got his own show,The King of Queens, the two shows crossed over.
The first crossover happened onThe King of Queens. In it,Ray Barone andDoug Heffernan become friends. Later on the same night, Kevin James showed up onEverybody Loves Raymond as Doug Heffernan.[46] The shows crossed over several more times.
Ray Romano also turned up in an episode ofThe Nanny: when that show'sFran Fine (Fran Drescher) attends her high school reunion, one of her classmates is revealed to be Ray Barone. (Romano and Drescher were real-life classmates atHillcrest High School inJamaica, Queens in the 1970s.)
Ray Romano andPeter Boyle appeared as their respective characters in the episode "Lucas Raymondicus" ofCosby, another CBS show, in 1997.[47]
In 2009, series creator/producerPhilip Rosenthal traveled to Russia to adapt the show for local audiences. His experience was documented by a film crew and released as thedocumentary featureExporting Raymond.[48] The Russian version is titled(in Russian)Воронины[49] (Voronin's Family, a Russian surname sounding similar to the family's name, The Barones).[50]
The show was adapted in Poland under the titleWszyscy kochają Romana (Everybody Loves Roman).[51] It was picked up byTVN and premiered on September 2, 2011 (note that Warner Bros. International Television, the international distributor, is part of Warner Bros. Discovery; TVN was not part of Warner Bros. until 2022, when Discovery acquired WarnerMedia from AT&T). However, due to low ratings (fewer than 2 million viewers a week), the station put the show on hiatus after four episodes.[52]
In Egypt, a sitcom calledEl Bab Fil Bab (الباب في الباب ), which means "Close Doors" inArabic, is produced bySony Pictures Television, translatingEverybody Loves Raymond with minor changes to adapt the Eastern Culture. The first season aired in the month ofRamadan 2011; second season in 2012.
A Dutch remake calledIedereen is gek op Jack (Everybody is crazy about Jack) premiered in February 2011. The second season started airing in March 2012 and ended in May 2012.
An Israeli remake called "Mishpacah Lo Bochrim" (משפחה לא בוחרים) (You Can't Choose Your Family)premiered in October 2012, and was cancelled after 10 episodes aired.
A pilot for a British remake, titledThe Smiths, was commissioned to be produced forBBC One and was filmed in May 2013 at Elstree Studios.Lee Mack wrote and starred in the pilot, as Michael Smith. The pilot also starredCatherine Tate, Tom Davis,Gwen Taylor andDavid Troughton.[53]
An Indian remake, titled "Sumit Sambhal Lega" ("सुमित संभाल लेगा" – "Sumit Will Handle Everything"), premiered on August 31, 2015, onSTAR Plus.
A Czech remake called "Rudyho Má Každý Rád" (Everybody Loves Rudy) premiered on ČT1 on August 31, 2015, comprising 12 episodes.[54]
On December 20, 1998, twoTribune Broadcasting stations,WPIX in New York andKTLA in Los Angeles, bought rights forsyndication ofEverybody Loves Raymond fromEyemark Entertainment;Variety reported Eyemark receiving a license fee of $90,000 to $100,000 per week andbarter advertising of one-and-a-half minutes. Although Eyemark planned for the two stations to start the re-runs in fall 2000, it moved the date to fall 2001 to avoid competition with other sitcoms beginning off-network runs in 2000. The deal allowed the two stations to re-run the show for four-and-a-half years.[55] On January 26, 1999, the cable channelTBS paidEverybody Loves Raymond distributorEyemark Entertainment for four years ofsyndication rights of the show starting in the fall of 2004 until it was removed in 2021.[56]
From 2001 to 2016,Everybody Loves Raymond was inbroadcast syndication on local stations in television markets across the United States.[57] Currently the show can be seen onTV Land andIFC. It began airing onMeTV on October 13, 2025.[58][59] In Canada, the show can be seen onCMT andDejaView.
The show is still broadcast regularly in the United Kingdom. From 2000 to 2007,King World distributed the show for off-network syndication andWarner Bros. International Television handled international distribution. In 2007,CBS Television Distribution took over King World's distribution. CBS only owns American syndication rights; ancillary rights are controlled byHBO andWarner Bros. Television (WBIT distributes the series outside the United States in conjunction with HBO; whileWarner Bros. Discovery Home Entertainment own DVD rights worldwide). The show aired every morning as a double bill onChannel 4 in the United Kingdom, as part of its Breakfast line up from 08:00-09:00, and, as of 2024 continues to be shown most weekday mornings until it was replaced byThe King of Queens in September 2024.
Everybody Loves Raymond also airs onChannel 4 &Comedy Central in the United Kingdom and in Australia onNetwork 10, on10 Peach (a sub-channel of Network 10) and on Foxtel's Pay TV networkTVH!TS previously calledTV1 (formerly aired onFOX Classics). The show reruns in India on the channel Romedy Now.
HBO released the Complete Series ofEverybody Loves Raymond on DVD in Regions 1, 2, and 4. Region 4 Complete Box Set was released on August 13, 2008. In Australia, the first five seasons were re-released in 2006 in slimmer packaging (originals were wide spine cases). Also, some were released with a cardboard slip cover. In North America the DVDs were repackaged between 2009 and 2012 in standard sized DVD packaging. All episodes were available on Netflix for streaming until September 1, 2016, also the dateExporting Raymond was taken off the platform.[60] Also on September 14, 2004, The Complete 1st Season was released on VHS. The sixth-season DVD set contained the episode "Marie's Sculpture", which previously had not aired in the United Kingdom and was not released until almost five years after the end of the 6th season.
Until 2016, the series was available onNetflix in the United States.[61] The series joinedPeacock's Premium tier on July 15, 2020.[62] The series also joinedParamount+ on December 14, 2022.[63][64]
Los Angeles Daily News critic David Kronke praisedRaymond for being "the quintessentially honest sitcom. It's neither too hokey nor too crass. It depicts families as dissolute yet inextricably bound together, just like they really are, and finds the humor in those real frictions that threaten, yet never manage, to burst family units apart. Its characterizations are among the most finely defined on TV. Debra, with her vaguely no-nonsense disgust of Raymond's simpleton-ness, is unlike any sitcom mom ever. Doris Roberts' Marie had a sinister streak long beforeNancy Marchand's Livia showed up onThe Sopranos. Raymond is also one of the few contemporary sitcoms that has figured out how to implement and even exploit the four-camera, live-audience situation, which is no simple feat."[65]
A 1997 review by Bruce Fretts, which gave the show the same score, said that the show "may now be the best sitcom on the air."[66]Common Sense Media's Betsy Wallace, who awarded the show four out of five stars, wrote: "the cast is stellar and plotlines shed light on universal human insecurities, such as doubting that your spouse still finds you attractive as you grow older."[67]Plugged In (publication) said in their review, "Seven years and a mantle full of Emmys later, Raymond is still smartly scripted, now with new characters added to a maturing, expanding family."[68]
Reviews named Garrett the show's "secret weapon"[66] and responsible for "the bulk of the show's comic high points."[66]
Note: Each American network television season starts in late September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of Maysweeps. All times mentioned in this section were Eastern & Pacific
The series finale scored a 20.2/29 rating/share, 32.94 million viewers[69] and an 11.2/26 rating/share among adults 18–49. At 8pm,Everybody Loves Raymond: The Last Laugh scored a 15.3/24 rating/share, 24.52 million viewers and a 7.5/21 rating/share among adults 18–49.[70] Throughout the latter six seasons of the show,Everybody Loves Raymond maintained its position on the top ten rankings.
The highest average rating for the series is initalic text.
In 2025, it was announced that the surviving cast would reunite later that year for a 90-minute special to celebrate the show's thirtieth anniversary.[77] The special aired on CBS on 24 November 2025, and consisted of reminisces, outtakes and tributes to deceased cast members Boyle, Roberts and Sawyer Sweeten, with Rosenthal asserting that there would not be a reboot or sequel series.[78]
^Cox, Ted (March 28, 1997). "'Oh-ho-ho boy': His job is different, but everything else on "Everybody Loves Raymond' is straight out of Romano's life".Daily Herald. p. 21.
^Herman 2005, chapter three, event occurs at 0:47–1:32.
^Herman 2005, chapter three, event occurs at 2:00–2:44.
^Herman 2005, chapter three, event occurs at 2:44–2:57.
^Herman 2005, chapter three, event occurs at 3:33–3:44.
^Herman 2005, chapter three, event occurs at 3:47–3:57.
^Herman 2005, chapter three, event occurs at 4:02–4:18.
^Herman 2005, chapter three, event occurs at 4:18–6:06.
^Rutkowski 2005, chapter three, event occurs at 16:56–17:01.
^Rutkowski 2005, chapter three, event occurs at 17:07–17:32.
^Rutkowski 2005, chapter three, event occurs at 17:32–17:58.
^Rutkowski 2007, chapter three, event occurs at 14:28–15:54.
^abGray, Ellen (October 12, 1998). "The Lunch Brunch: Food's Just One Reason Everybody Loves Writing for 'Raymond'".Philadelphia Daily News (Late Sports ed.). p. 36.
^Rutkowski 2008, chapter three, event occurs at 19:24–19:30.
^Rutkowski 2008, chapter three, event occurs at 25:30–25:44.
^Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (2007).The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946-Present (Ninth ed.). Ballantine Books. p. 1696.ISBN978-0-345-49773-4.
^Brooks, Tim; Earle Marsh (2007).The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows (1946—Present): Ninth Edition. United States:Ballantine Books. pp. 1694–1697.ISBN978-0-345-49773-4.