Everett Dirksen | |
|---|---|
.webp) Dirksen in 1962 | |
| Senate Minority Leader | |
| In office January 3, 1959 – September 7, 1969 | |
| Deputy | Thomas Kuchel Hugh Scott |
| Preceded by | William F. Knowland |
| Succeeded by | Hugh Scott |
| Senate Minority Whip | |
| In office January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1959 | |
| Leader | William F. Knowland |
| Preceded by | Leverett Saltonstall |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Kuchel |
| United States Senator fromIllinois | |
| In office January 3, 1951 – September 7, 1969 | |
| Preceded by | Scott W. Lucas |
| Succeeded by | Ralph Tyler Smith |
| Member of theU.S. House of Representatives fromIllinois's16th district | |
| In office March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1949 | |
| Preceded by | William E. Hull |
| Succeeded by | Leo E. Allen |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Everett McKinley Dirksen (1896-01-04)January 4, 1896 Pekin, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | September 7, 1969(1969-09-07) (aged 73) Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 1 |
| Education | University of Minnesota |
| Military service | |
| Branch/service | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1918–1919 |
| Rank | Second Lieutenant |
| Battles/wars | World War I |
Everett McKinley Dirksen (January 4, 1896 – September 7, 1969) was an American politician. ARepublican, he representedIllinois in theUnited States House of Representatives and theUnited States Senate. AsSenate Minority Leader from 1959 until his death in 1969, he played a highly visible and key role in the politics of the 1960s. He helped write and pass theCivil Rights Act of 1964 and theCivil Rights Act of 1968, both landmark pieces of legislation during thecivil rights movement. He was also one of the Senate's strongest supporters of theVietnam War. A talented orator with a florid style and a notably richbass voice, he delivered flamboyant speeches that caused his detractors to refer to him as "The Wizard of Ooze".
Born inPekin, Illinois, Dirksen served as an artillery officer duringWorld War I and opened a bakery after the war. After serving on the Pekin City Council, he won election to the House of Representatives in 1932. In the House, he was considered a moderate and supported much of theNew Deal; he became more conservative and isolationist over time, but reversed himself to support US involvement inWorld War II. He won election to the Senate in 1950, unseating Senate Majority LeaderScott W. Lucas. In the Senate, he favoredconservative economic policies and supported theinternationalism of PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower. Dirksen succeededWilliam F. Knowland as Senate Minority Leader after the latter declined to seek re-election in 1958.
As the Senate Minority Leader, Dirksen emerged as a prominent national figure of the Republican Party during the 1960s. He developed a good working relationship with Senate Majority LeaderMike Mansfield and supported PresidentLyndon B. Johnson's handling of the Vietnam War. He helped break theSouthern filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. While still serving as Senate Minority Leader, Dirksen died in 1969.
TheDirksen Senate Office Building at the Capitol Building in Washington, and theDirksen United States Courthouse in central Chicago are named for him.
Everett McKinley Dirksen was born on January 4, 1896, inPekin, Illinois, a small city nearPeoria.[1] His parents were German immigrants fromEast Frisia near the Dutch border. His father Johann Friedrich Dirksen was born in Jennelt and his mother Antje (née Conrady) was born inLoquard.[2] Today, both villages are part of the municipality ofKrummhörn.[1]
The Dirksens were strongRepublicans. Everett's parents gave him the middle name "McKinley" afterWilliam McKinley, then a leading candidate for the Republican nomination for president.[1] His fraternal twin, Thomas Reed Dirksen, was named for Speaker of the HouseThomas Brackett Reed, also a candidate for the nomination at the time. Another brother, Benjamin, was named for PresidentBenjamin Harrison.[3] Everett had two older half-brothers, Thomas and Henry, from his mother's first marriage to Beren Ailts (died 1890).[4]
Johann and Antje Dirksen spoke aLow German dialect at home and taught German to their children.[1] Johann Dirksen farmed and worked at the Pekin Wagon Works as a design painter. He had a debilitating stroke when Everett was five years old and he died when Everett was nine.[5]
Dirksen grew up on a farm managed by his mother in a neighborhood called Bonchefiddle (″Böhnchenviertel″, Low German for "beansquarter") on the outskirts of Pekin. The neighborhood was known as Bonchefiddle because frugal immigrants grew beans in their front yards instead of decorative flowers.[6] He attended local schools and graduated fromPekin High School in 1913 as the classsalutatorian. While in school, he helped support the family by working at a Pekin corn refining factory.[7][8]
Dirksen attended theUniversity of Minnesota,[8][9] where he was apre-law student from 1914 to 1917.[10] He paid his tuition by working in the classified advertising department at theMinneapolis Tribune, as a door-to-door magazine and book salesman, as an attorney's assistant, and as a clerk in a railroad freight office.[11] While attending the university, Dirksen participated in theStudent Army Training Corps and attained the rank of major in the school's corps of cadets.[12] He also gained his first political experience by giving local and on-campus speeches in support of Republican presidential nomineeCharles Evans Hughes during the1916 campaign.[8]
At the start ofWorld War I, the Dirksens came under local scrutiny for their German heritage. Dirksen's mother refused to take down a living room photo ofKaiser Wilhelm II as demanded by a self-appointed Pekin "loyalty commission" on the grounds that "it's a free country." Benjamin Dirksen was medically unfit for military service and Thomas was married. It fell to Everett to demonstrate the family's patriotism by serving in uniform.[13] He dropped out of college to enlist in theUnited States Army.[14]
On January 4, 1917, his twenty-first birthday, Dirksen joined the United States Army.[15] Three months later, theUnited States entered World War I. He completed his initial training in field artillery atCamp Custer,Michigan, performed duty with his unit atCamp Jackson,South Carolina, and attained the rank of sergeant.[16] He was deployed to France in 1918 and attended artillery school andofficer training atSaumur.[17] He was commissioned as asecond lieutenant and assigned to the 328th Field Artillery Regiment, a unit of the85th Division.[17][18] Dirksen was trained as an aerial observer and conductedtarget acquisition andassessment of field artillery bombardments in theSaint-Mihiel sector as a member of the 328th Field Artillery's 13th and 19thBalloon Companies.[18][19] He later performed the same duty for the 69th Balloon Company, a unit of theIV Corps.[19] He subsequently served in the intelligence staff section (G-2) of the IV Corps headquarters.[19] Dirksen performedpost-war occupation duty with IV Corps in Germany until mid-1919.[19] Dirksen declined an opportunity to remain with the Army of Occupation (extended due to his fluent German), received his discharge, and returned to Pekin.[20]
After the war, Dirksen invested money in an electric washing machine business, but it failed, after which he joined his brothers in running the Dirksen Brothers Bakery. He also wrote a number of unpublished short stories, as well as plays with former classmate Hubert Ropp. Dirksen was active in theAmerican Legion, and his appearances on its behalf gave him the opportunity to hone his public speaking skills.[21]
His political career began in 1926 when he was elected to the nonpartisan Pekin City Council. He placed first in a field of eight candidates vying for four seats. At the time, the top vote-getter also received appointment as the city's commissioner of accounts and finance. Dirksen held both posts from 1927 to 1931.[22]
In 1930, Dirksen unsuccessfully challenged incumbent RepresentativeWilliam E. Hull in the Republican primary. He lost by 1,155 votes, 51.06% to 48.94%. In 1932, he challenged Hull again, and won with 52.5% of the vote.[23]
He was re-elected seven times from 1934 to 1946. His closest challenge came in 1936, when Charles C. Dickman held him to 53.25% of the vote amid a national and statewide landslide for the Democratic Party.
His support for manyNew Deal programs initially marked him as a moderate, pragmatic Republican, though over time he became increasingly conservative and isolationist.[23][24] DuringWorld War II, he lobbied successfully for an expansion of congressional staff resources to eliminate the practice under which House and Senate committees borrowed executive branch personnel to accomplish legislative work. He reversed his isolationist stance to support the war effort, but also secured the passage of an amendment to theLend Lease Act by introducing it while 65 of the House's Democrats were at a luncheon. It provided that the Senate and the House could, by a simple majority in aconcurrent resolution, revoke the war powers granted to the president.[25]
Dirksen studied law privately in Washington, D.C. after he was elected to Congress. He was admitted to the District of Columbia Bar in 1936 and the bar of Illinois in 1937.
In December 1943, Dirksen announced that he would be a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in 1944. He stated that a coalition of midwestern Republican representatives had urged him to run and that his campaign was serious. However, press pundits had assumed that the candidacy was a vehicle to siphon support away from the campaign ofWendell Willkie, whose reputation as a maverick and staunch internationalist had earned him the hatred of many Republican Party regulars, especially in theMidwest.[26] Dirksen's presidential campaign was apparently still alive on the eve of the 1944 convention, asTime speculated that he was running for vice president.[27] Dirksen received no votes for either office from delegates at the convention.
In 1947, Dirksen was diagnosed withchorioretinitis in his right eye. Despite a number of physicians recommending that the eye be removed, Dirksen chose treatment and rest; he recovered most of the sight in the afflicted eye. In 1948, he declined to run for re-election because of his ailment.[22]
Dirksen was a Republican Senator 1951–1969.[28]
In 1950, Dirksen unseated Senate Majority LeaderScott W. Lucas. In the campaign, the support of Wisconsin SenatorJoseph McCarthy helped Dirksen gain a narrow victory.
In 1956, Dirksen was re-elected over Democrat Richard Stengel, 54.1% to 45.7%.
In 1962, Dirksen was re-elected to a third term over DemocratSidney R. Yates, 52.9% to 47.1%.
In 1968, Dirksen was re-elected to his fourth and final term over DemocratWilliam G. Clark, 53.0% to 46.6%.
In 1952, Dirksen supported the presidential candidacy of fellow SenatorRobert A. Taft of Ohio, the longtime leader of the Republican party's conservative wing. At the national party convention, Dirksen gave a speech attacking New York GovernorThomas E. Dewey, a liberal Republican and the leading supporter of GeneralDwight Eisenhower. During his speech, Dirksen pointed at Dewey on the convention floor and shouted, "Don't take us down the path to defeat again", a reference to Dewey's presidential defeats in 1944 and 1948.[29] His speech was met by cheers from conservative delegates and loud boos from pro-Eisenhower delegates. After Eisenhower won the nomination, Dirksen supported him, as he had said he would in his convention speech.[30]
In 1959, he was electedSenate Minority Leader, defeatingJohn Sherman Cooper, a more liberal senator fromKentucky, 20–14. Dirksen successfully united the various factions of the Republican Party by granting younger Republicans more representation in the Senate leadership and better committee appointments. He held the position of Senate Minority Leader until his death.[citation needed]
Along with House Minority LeadersCharles Halleck andGerald Ford, Dirksen was the official voice of the Republican Party during most of the 1960s. He discussed politics on television news programs. On several occasions, political cartoonistHerblock depicted Dirksen and Halleck as vaudeville song-and-dance men, wearing identical elaborate costumes and performing an act calledThe Ev and Charlie Show.[citation needed]
TheChicago Sun-Times once reported that Dirksen had changed his mind 62 times on foreign policy matters, 31 times on military affairs, and 70 times on agricultural policies.[22]
As senator, Dirksen reversed his early isolationism to support the internationalism of Republican President Eisenhower and Democratic PresidentJohn F. Kennedy. He was a leading "hawk" on the issue of theVietnam War, a position he held well before President Johnson decided to escalate the war.[citation needed]
Dirksen said in February 1964:
First I agree that obviously we cannot retreat from our position in Vietnam. I have been out there three times, once as something of an emissary for then President Eisenhower. I took a good look at it. It is a difficult situation, to say the least. But we are in to the tune of some $350 million. I think the last figure I have seen indicates that we have over 15,500 military out there, ostensibly as advisers and that sort of thing. We are not supposed to have combatant troops, even though we were not signatories to the treaty that was signed at Geneva when finally they got that whole business out of the fire. But we are going to have to muddle through for a while and see what we do. Even though it costs us $1.5 million a day.[31]: 59
As Johnson followed the recommendations and escalated the war, Dirksen gave him strong support in public and inside the Republican caucus. Some Republicans advised him that it would be to the party's advantage to oppose Johnson. Ford commented, "I strongly felt that although I agreed with the goals of the Johnson administration in Vietnam, I vigorously criticized their prosecution of the war. Now, Dirksen never took that same hard-line position that I took."[31]: 149
Dirksen voted in favor of theCivil Rights Acts of 1957,[32][33]1960,[34]1964,[35] and1968,[36] as well as the24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution,[37] theVoting Rights Act of 1965,[38][39] and theconfirmation ofThurgood Marshall to theU.S. Supreme Court.[40]
In 1964, amid a 54-day filibuster by Southern senators of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Dirksen, RepublicanThomas Kuchel and DemocratsHubert Humphrey andMike Mansfield introduced a compromise amendment. It weakened the House version on the government's power to regulate the conduct of private business, but it was not so weak it would cause the House to reconsider the legislation.[citation needed] The Department of Justice said the Mansfield-Dirksen Amendment would not prevent effective enforcement. However, SenatorRichard Russell Jr. of Georgia refused to allow a vote on the amendment. Finally, Republican SenatorThruston Morton proposed an amendment that guaranteed jury trials in all criminal contempt cases except voting rights. It was approved on June 9, and Humphrey made a deal with three Republicans to substitute it for the Mansfield-Dirksen Amendment in exchange for their supportingcloture on thefilibuster. Thus, after 57 days of filibuster, the substitute bill passed in the Senate, and the House–Senate conference committee agreed to adopt the Senate version of the bill.[41]
At that cloture vote, Dirksen said: "Victor Hugo wrote in his diary substantially this sentiment: 'Stronger than all the armies is an idea whose time has come.' The time has come for equality of opportunity in sharing of government, in education, and in employment. It must not be stayed or denied."[42]
On March 22, 1966, Dirksen introduced a constitutional amendment to permitpublic school administrators providing for organized prayer by students; the introduction was in response toEngel v. Vitale, which struck down the practice. Considered by opponents to violate the principle ofseparation of church and state, the amendment was defeated in the Senate and gained only 49 affirmative votes, far short of the 67 votes a constitutional amendment needs for passage.
Dirksen was a firm opponent of the doctrine ofone man, one vote on the grounds that large cities (such as Chicago in Dirksen's home state of Illinois) could render rural residents of a state powerless in their state governments without some form ofconcurrent majority. After theWarren Court imposed one-man-one-vote on all state legislative houses in the 1964 caseReynolds v. Sims, he led an ultimately unsuccessful effort to convene anArticle V convention for an amendment to the Constitution that would allow for legislative districts of unequal population.[43]
The saying, "A billion here, a billion there, pretty soon, you're talking real money" has been attributed to Dirksen, but there is no direct record of Dirksen saying the remark.[44] Dirksen is also quoted as having said, "The mind is no match with the heart in persuasion; constitutionality is no match with compassion."
Dirksen recorded four spoken-word albums. In 1967 a recording of his own poem "Gallant Men" reached No. 16 on theBillboard 200 and won aGrammy Award for Best Documentary Recording in 1968. On January 7, 1967, Dirksen became the oldest person to reach theHot 100's top 40, at 71 years, 3 days old, when the single reached No. 33; two weeks later it reached No. 29.[45] InCanada the recording reached No. 76, February 4, 1967.[46] The distinction passed from Dirksen toMoms Mabley with her recording of "Abraham, Martin and John" peaking at No. 35 on July 19, 1969, when she was 75 years 4 months old;[47] then, more than 54 years after that, toBrenda Lee with her recording of "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" from 1958 topping the Hot 100 on 9 (and 16) December 2023 when she was 78 years 363 days old.
Recordings of Dirksen's speeches were edited into a mock interview included on the record"Welcome to the LBJ Ranch!" Dirksen was pleased with his inclusion on the parody record and bought many copies to give out as Christmas gifts.[48]
Dirksen made television guest appearances on game and variety shows, such asWhat's My Line,The Hollywood Palace andThe Red Skelton Show. Dirksen made acameo appearance in the 1969 filmThe Monitors, a low-budget science-fiction movie in which invading extraterrestrials assert political dominion over the human race. He also appeared in several other movies.
Dirksen's widow, Louella, died of cancer on July 16, 1979.[49] Their daughter Joy, the first wife of SenatorHoward Baker of Tennessee, died of cancer on April 24, 1993.[50]
Dirksen was a member of the Second Reformed Church, which, although aDutch Reformed Church, was primarily German (theReformed Church in America[1] was founded in the 18th century by Dutch immigrants).[51]
Dirksen was aFreemason and was a member of Pekin Lodge No. 29. In 1954, he was grand orator of the Grand Lodge of Illinois. He was honored with the33rd degree in 1954.[52]
Dirksen was a heavy smoker.[10] In August 1969, chest X-rays disclosed an asymptomatic peripherally located mass in the upper lobe of the right lung. Dirksen enteredWalter Reed Army Hospital for surgery, which was undertaken on September 2. A right upperlobectomy removed what proved to be lung cancer (adenocarcinoma). Dirksen initially did well, but progressive complications developed intobronchopneumonia. He suffered a cardiopulmonary arrest and died on September 7, 1969, at age 73.[10]
Dirksenlay in state at theUnited States Capitol rotunda,[53] followed by burial at Glendale Memorial Gardens in Pekin.[54]
Dirksen was known for his fondness for thecommon marigold. When political discussions became tense, he would lighten the atmosphere by taking up his perennial campaign to have the marigold named the national flower, but it never succeeded. In 1972, his hometown of Pekin started holding an annualMarigold Festival in his memory. It now identifies itself as the "Marigold Capital of the World".
Dirksen was the recipient of honorary degrees (LL.D.) fromHope College,Bradley University,DePaul University,Lincoln Memorial University,Hanover College,Lewis University, andIllinois College.[55][56][57]
Army of Occupation.
saumur.
| U.S. House of Representatives | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Member of theU.S. House of Representatives fromIllinois's 16th congressional district 1933–1949 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Chair of theHouse District of Columbia Committee 1947–1949 | Succeeded by |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Republican nominee forU.S. Senator fromIllinois (Class 3) 1950,1956,1962,1968 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Chair of theNational Republican Senatorial Committee 1953–1955 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Chair of theNational Republican Senatorial Committee 1957–1959 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Senate Republican Whip 1957–1959 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Senate Republican Leader 1959–1969 | Succeeded by |
| First | Response to the State of the Union address 1966, 1967 Served alongside:Gerald Ford | Succeeded by |
| U.S. Senate | ||
| Preceded by | U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Illinois 1951–1969 Served alongside:Paul Douglas,Charles H. Percy | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Senate Minority Whip 1957–1959 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Senate Minority Leader 1959–1969 | Succeeded by |
| New office | Ranking Member of theSenate Aging Committee 1961–1969 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Ranking Member of theSenate Judiciary Committee 1963–1969 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Chair of theJoint Inaugural Ceremonies Committee 1968–1969 | Succeeded by |
| Honorary titles | ||
| Preceded by | Grand Marshal of the Rose Parade 1968 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Persons who havelain in state or honor in theUnited States Capitol rotunda 1969 | Succeeded by |
| Class 2 |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Class 3 | ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
 | ||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Artists | |
| People | |
| Other | |
