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TheEvacuation of Novorossiysk (Новороссийская эвакуация) or theNovorossiysk Catastrophe (Новороссийская катастрофа) was the evacuation of the WhiteArmed Forces of South Russia and refugees fromNovorossiysk in March 1920, during theRussian Civil War, in which thousands of officers, soldiers andCossacks of theWhite Army and civilians were left behind and killed by the Red Army and theGreen Army. In total, some 33,000 people were executed.
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By March 11, 1920, the front line was only 40–50 kilometers (25–31 mi) away from Novorossiysk. TheDon andKuban Armies, which were disorganized by that time, withdrew in great disorder.[1][2] The line of defense was only held by the remnants of theVolunteer Army, which had been reduced and renamed to theVolunteer Corps, and which had great difficulty in containing the onslaught of the Red Army. The Cossacks failed to reachTaman, and as a result many of them ended up in Novorossiysk with the sole purpose of getting on a ship. In total, the Armed Forces in the South of Russia in the Novorossiysk area on the eve of the evacuation amounted to 25,200 bayonets and 26,700 sabers.
Meanwhile, there were not enough ships in the harbour. Some of them were late due to stormy weather, while others were unable to arrive on time due to quarantines established in foreign ports. All ships arriving from Russia with refugees were kept in quarantine for a long time, because of the terrible typhus epidemic in Russia.
The command ordered the immediate loading of the wounded and sick soldiers, but this order was never carried out. Moreover, military forces flocking to Novorossiysk began to occupy ships on their own, and officials cared more about the evacuation of property that could be sold after the war.
On March 11, GeneralGeorge Milne, Commander-in-Chief of the British troops in the region, andAdmiral Seymour, Commander of the Black Sea Fleet, arrived fromConstantinople in Novorossiysk. GeneralAnton Denikin was told that only 5,000-6,000 people could be evacuated by the British.At night, British naval vessels opened fire for the first time towards the mountains surrounding Novorossiysk. The shelling was provoked by the fact that Green soldiers had broken into the city prison and released several hundred prisoners, which fled with them into the mountains.
On March 13, the first signs of panic appeared. On March 16, theSouth Russian Government was disbanded. On March 17,Yekaterinodar was taken by the Red Army. On March 22, around 22:00 hours, the Red Army occupied theAbinsk station and moved further towards Novorossiysk. The roads were crammed with carts, cars and military equipment left behind in the impassable mud. Only the railway remained open for movement, and it was used by Denikin's staff train, accompanied by armoured trains. The plan was to get the troops in the harbour sent off to the Crimea, while horses and artillery were to be left behind. Parts of the Red Army under command ofSemyon Budyonny also used the railway, leaving behind their heavy weapons and artillery.
On March 25, 1920, parts of the Red Army, with the help of partisans, cashed the Volunteers from the Tunnelnaya station and crossed the pass into Gaiduk, a suburb of Novorossiysk. This blocked the railway tracks and forced the White Guards to leave their three armoured trains behind here.
On the night of March 26, in Novorossiysk warehouses were burning, and tanks with oil and shells were exploding. The evacuation was conducted under the cover of the second battalion of theRoyal Scots Fusiliers under command of Lieutenant-ColonelEdmund Hakewill-Smith and the Allied squadron commanded by Admiral Seymour, which fired towards the mountains, preventing the Reds from approaching the city.At dawn on March 26, the last ship, the Italian transportBaron Beck entered the Tsemessky Bay, causing great turmoil as the people didn't know where it would land. The panic reached its apogee when the crowd rushed to the gangway of this last ship. The military and civilian refugees on the transport ships were taken to the Crimea, Constantinople, Lemnos, thePrince Islands, Serbia, Cairo, and Malta.
On March 27, the Red Army entered the city. The Don, Kuban, and Terek regiments, left on the shore, had no choice but to accept the terms and surrender to the Red Army.
Many of the officers of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia left in Novorossiysk committed suicide, not wanting to be captured, and many of those who became prisoners were later executed.
About 40,000 soldiers were evacuated by Russian and Allied ships, without horses or any heavy equipment, while about 20,000 men were left behind and either dispersed or were captured by the Red Army. Following the disastrous Novorossiysk evacuation, Denikin stepped down and the military council electedPyotr Wrangel as the new Commander-in-Chief of the White Army.
The last commander of Novorossiysk (from February to March 1920) was Major-General Alexei Korvin-Krukovsky.
The commission that organized the evacuation was headed by GeneralAlexander Kutepov.
At the last moment (after March 20), the chief of the communications service, Major-General M. M. Ermakov, was engaged in the evacuation of troops to the Crimea.
The chief of the Black Sea province and the department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the South-Russian government was N. S. Karinsky.
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