Thirty countries submitted entries to the contest, with a non-public, audio-only qualifying round held two months before the final to reduce the number of participants from 30 to 23. The entries fromDenmark,Germany,Hungary,Israel,Macedonia,Romania, andRussia were subsequently eliminated, which resulted in Germany being absent from the contest for the first – and as of 2024 only – time.
The winner wasIreland with the song "The Voice", written byBrendan Graham and performed byEimear Quinn. This gave the nation a record-extending seventh contest win, their fourth win in five years, with Graham also recording his second win as a songwriter in three years after having written the winning song at the1994 contest.Norway,Sweden,Croatia, andEstonia took the remaining places in the top five, with Croatia, Estonia, andPortugal, which placed sixth, achieving their best results to date. This was the final contest where the results were determined solely by jury voting, with a trial use oftelevoting in thefollowing year's event leading to widespread adoption from1998 onwards.
Oslo Spektrum, Oslo – host venue of the 1996 contest
The 1996 contest took place inOslo, Norway, following the country's victory at the1995 contest with the song "Nocturne", performed bySecret Garden. It was the second time that Norway had hosted the contest, following the1986 contest staged inBergen.[1] The chosen venue was theOslo Spektrum, an indoor arena opened in 1990 and located in theSentrum district of the city, which has hosted music concerts, ice hockey matches, and the annualNobel Peace Prize Concert.[2][3] Around 6,000 spectators were present in the venue during the contest.[4][5][6]
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Eurovision Song Contest 1996 – Participation summaries by country
Countries initalics failed to progress from the qualifying round
A total of thirty countries submitted entries for the 1996 contest, however per the rules of the event only twenty-three countries would be allowed to participate. Norway, by virtue of being the host country, was guaranteed a place, with all remaining countries competing in the qualifying round in order to gain a spot in the event.[7] Initially broadcasters from thirty-three countries expressed an interest in participating, however planned entries fromBulgaria,Moldova, andUkraine failed to materialise; these nations would eventually make their contest debuts in the 2000s.[8]
Oslo City Hall, location of the welcome receptionIn addition to serving as co-presenter of the 1996 contest,Morten Harket(pictured in 2013) also performed as the show's opening act.
The Eurovision Song Contest 1996 was produced by the Norwegian public broadcasterNorsk rikskringkasting (NRK).Odd Arvid Strømstad served as executive producer, Pål Veiglum served as director, Bjarte Ulfstein served as designer, andFrode Thingnæs served as musical director, leading theNorwegian Radio Orchestra.[7][13] A separate musical director could be nominated by each country to lead the orchestra during their performance, with the host musical director also available toconduct for those countries which did not nominate their own conductor.[9][14] On behalf of theEuropean Broadcasting Union (EBU), the event was overseen by Christine Marchal-Ortiz asscrutineer.[15][16][17]
The show was presented by the Norwegian journalist and television presenterIngvild Bryn and the Norwegian singerMorten Harket, lead vocalist of the Norwegian banda-ha.[7][18][19] The contest underwent a re-brand for this edition, as NRK set out to improve the image of the competition and broaden its audience appeal.[20] The event was referred to by the hosts and through on-screen captions asEurosong '96, the only occasion in which this contraction was officially used to refer to the event.[4][7]
Rehearsals in the contest venue for the competing acts began on 13 May 1996. Each country had two technical rehearsals in the week approaching the contest, with countries rehearsing in the order in which they would perform. The first rehearsals took place on 13 and 14 May, with each country allowed 40 minutes total on stage, followed by 20 minutes to review recordings with producers and to consult on suggested changes, and then a 20-minute press conference. Each country's second rehearsals took place on 15 and 16 May, with 30 minutes total on stage followed by another 20 minute press conference. A full technical rehearsal with all artists took place on the afternoon of 17 May, followed by two dress rehearsals with an audience on the evening of 17 May and the following afternoon.[4] The competing delegations were invited to a welcomereception during the week in the build-up to the event, hosted by theMayor of Oslo atOslo City Hall on the evening of 13 May, as well as to events during the rehearsal week including a sailing trip on theOslofjord and a trip to theNorsk Folkemuseum inBygdøy where a special Eurovision-themedexhibition had been installed.[4][6][21]
NRK introducedvisual effects to the contest for the first time.[22]Computer-generated imagery (CGI) was featured as overlays during the broadcast of the competing entries, and the voting segment was conducted viachroma key technology built bySilicon Graphics; during this segment host Ingvild Bryn was situated in the "blue room", a special area to the side of the stage with a blue-coloured background, which allowed the contest scoreboard to be rendered virtually using CGI.[18][22][23] The chroma key virtual display also included live footage of the artists in thegreen room backstage, as well as the video feeds of each country's spokespersons as they delivered their country's points.[7][24]
Each participating broadcaster submitted one song, which was required to be no longer than three minutes in duration and performed in the language, or one of the languages, of the country which it represented.[25][26] A maximum of six performers were allowed on stage during each country's performance, and all participants were required to have reached the age of 16 in the year of the contest.[25][27] Each entry could utilise all or part of the live orchestra and could use instrumental-onlybacking tracks, however any backing tracks used could only include the sound of instruments featured on stage beingmimed by the performers.[27][28]
In 1996, a trial qualification process replaced the relegation system used from 1993 to 1995, whereby the lowest-ranked countries in each final were eliminated from the following year's contest. Under the new procedure, an audio preselection was organised for all participating countries, apart from the host country Norway, which received an automatic right to compete in the final, to be joined by an additional 22 countries. National juries in all competing countries, including Norway, listened to the submitted entries onaudio tape, with juries required to listen to all songs three times before voting. Each of the eight members on each country's jury awarded their favourite song twelve points, their second-favourite ten points, their third-favourite eight points, with subsequent points being awarded consecutively down to each juror's tenth-favourite song being awarded one point, with the points awarded by all jurors being totalled to determine each country's top ten songs which were awarded points in the same manner. Jury members who voted in the qualifying round were not allowed to sit on the jury for the final.[8][18]
The EBU required all entries to be submitted by 20March 1996.[8] Jury voting was held on 20 and 21 March, with the qualifying countries publicly revealed on 22 March, at the same time as the running order draw for the final was conducted.[29][30] The full results of how individual juries had voted was not intended to be revealed publicly, but the full breakdown has since become available.[5][8]
The results of the 1996 contest were determined using the scoring system introduced in1975: each country awarded twelve points to its favourite entry, followed by ten points to its second favourite, and then awarded points in decreasing value from eight to one for the remaining songs which featured in the country's top ten, with countries unable to vote for their own entry.[31] The points awarded by each country were determined by an assembled jury of sixteen individuals, which was required to be split evenly between members of the public and music professionals, between men and women, and by age. Each jury member voted in secret and awarded between one and ten votes to each participating song, excluding that from their own country and with no abstentions permitted. The votes of each member were collected following the country's performance and then tallied by the non-voting jury chairperson to determine the points to be awarded. In any cases where two or more songs in the top ten received the same number of votes, a show of hands by all jury members was used to determine the final placing.[32][33] This was the last occasion that juries alone decided the result of the contest, as five nations introduced publictelevoting as a trial in1997, and almost all other countries followed suit thenext year.[7][28]
The "postcards" were 70-second video introductions shown on television whilst the stage is being prepared for the next contestant to perform their entry; the postcards for each country at the 1996 contest was made up of three segments. In the first segment the participating country was highlighted geographically on a map of Europe, followed by video footage of that country's competing artist or artists in their home country during their day-to-day lives, which also featured each artist packing a branded backpack with important items which they would take with them to Oslo. The second segment featured footage of nature scenes in Norway as well as Norwegian people in everyday life, often accompanied by music from Norwegianelectronic group Subgud. The final segment consisted of a pre-recorded good luck message from a representative of each respective country in the language of that country.[34][35] The seniority of these figures varied between the different countries; among the contributors were then-President of TurkeySüleyman Demirel, who survived an assassination attempt on the day of the contest, and then-Prime Minister of PortugalAntónio Guterres, who would later become theSecretary-General of the United Nations in 2017.[4][36][37] The individuals who provided messages for each country are shown below, alongside the position which they held at the time of the contest and the language in which they provided their message.[34]
The qualifying round took place on 20 and 21 March 1996, and the results were announced on 22 March.[29][30] The table below outlines the participating countries, the order in which the juries listened to the entries, the competing artists and songs, and the results of the voting. Countries were ordered alphabetically byISO two-letter country code.[8]
The entries fromDenmark,Germany,Hungary,Israel,Macedonia,Romania, andRussia were eliminated following the qualifying round.[5][7][8] This marked the first time that Germany was absent from the contest and remains the only occasion to date where the nation has not participated in the contest final.[7][38] Additionally Macedonia's first attempt to compete in the contest is not considered a debut entry by the EBU, with the nation eventually going on to make their official televised debut in1998.[39]
Hungary andFinland tied on the same score for the final qualification place, however Finland qualified for the contest due to them having received the highest individual score (8 points) compared to Hungary (7 points).[8]
Results of the qualifying round of the Eurovision Song Contest 1996[8][40]
Eimear Quinn, the winning artist of the 1996 Eurovision Song Contest
The contest took place on 18 May 1996 at 21:00 (CEST) and lasted 3 hours and 7 minutes.[7][9] In addition to his role as host, Harket also performed the song "Heaven's Not for Saints" as the show's opening act.[4] The interval act, entitled "Vardebrenning" or "Beacon Burning", was created by Petter Skavlan. The act featured a film montage created by Nils Gaup which combinedstev,jazz, andNorwegian folk music as part of a musical tour of Norway, followed by a dance number performed live in theOslo Spektrum by the Oslo Danse Ensemble, composed byEgil Monn-Iversen and choreographed by Runar Borge. The film section featured performances by Torbjørg Aamlid Paus,Bukkene Bruse,Bendik Hofseth,Håvard Gimse, Helge Kjekshus,the Brazz Brothers,Mari Boine andTerje Rypdal.[34][41]
The winner wasIreland, represented by the song "The Voice", written byBrendan Graham and performed byEimear Quinn.[42] This was Ireland's seventh contest win, extending their record achieved in 1994, as well as their fourth contest win in five years following their victories in the1992,1993 and 1994 contests.[43] Graham recorded his second contest win in three years as a songwriter, having written the winning song of the 1994 contest "Rock 'n' Roll Kids", and thus became one of five individuals to have won the contest more than once as an artist or songwriter up to that point in time, alongsideWilly van Hemert, Yves Dessca,Johnny Logan andRolf Løvland.[18][44]Croatia,Estonia andPortugal achieved their highest placings to date by finishing fourth, fifth and sixth respectively, whileFinland finished in last place for the eighth time.[45][46][47][48]
During the announcement of the Spanish votes, the Spanish spokesperson Belén Fernández de Henestrosa referred to the Netherlands as "Holland", which was misheard by Ingvild Bryn as "Poland" and which resulted in the Spanish six points being incorrectly attributed to the latter country.[34] The results of the contest were amended after the event to correct this error, and the tables in this article present the corrected results as published by the EBU.[49]
Results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1996[9][50]
Each participating broadcaster appointed a spokesperson who was responsible for announcing, in English or French, the votes for its respective country.[25] As had been the case since the1994 contest, the spokespersons were connected viasatellite and appeared in vision during the broadcast, with the exception of the Norwegian spokesperson,Ragnhild Sælthun Fjørtoft, who appeared in person in theOslo Spektrum.[18][51] Spokespersons at the 1996 contest are listed below.[34]
Jury voting was used to determine the points awarded by all countries.[49] The announcement of the results from each country was conducted in the order in which they performed, with the spokespersons announcing their country's points in English or French in ascending order.[34] The detailed breakdown of the points awarded by each country is listed in the tables below.
The below table summarises how the maximum 12 points were awarded from one country to another in the final. The winning country is shown in bold.[57][58]
Distribution of 12 points awarded at the final[57][58]
Each participating broadcaster was required to relay the contest via its networks. Non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants".[27] Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers. These commentators were typically sent to the venue to report on the event, and were able to provide commentary from small booths constructed at the back of the venue.[59][60] Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below.
Broadcasters and commentators in participating countries
^"Om oss – Oslo Spektrum Arena" [About us – Oslo Spektrum Arena] (in Norwegian). Oslo Spektrum Arena.Archived from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved17 July 2022.
^abc"How it works". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 18 May 2019.Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved8 October 2022.
^"Jerusalem 1999". European Broadcasting Union (EBU).Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved29 June 2022.
^abc"The Rules of the Contest". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 31 October 2018.Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved8 October 2022.
^abcdefEurosong Oslo '96: Eurovision Song Contest 1996 (Television programme) (in English, French, and Norwegian).Oslo, Norway:Norsk rikskringkasting (NRK). 18 May 1996.
^Legrand, Dominique (22 May 1996)."Comment exister, après ?" [How to exist afterwards?].Le Soir (in French).Brussels, Belgium.Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved15 November 2022.
^"Televisioon" [Television].Post (in Estonian).Tallinn, Estonia. 18 May 1996. p. 8. Retrieved8 July 2022 – viaDIGAR [et].
^ab"Televisio & Radio" [Television & Radio].Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish).Helsinki, Finland. 18 May 1996. pp. D15 –D16.Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved23 December 2022.
^"Programa da televisão" [Television programme].A Comarca de Arganil (in Portuguese).Arganil, Portugal. 16 May 1996. p. 8.Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved29 November 2022.
^"Panorama – sobota, 18. maja 1996" [Panorama – Saturday 18 May 1996](PDF).Gorenjski Glas (in Slovenian).Kranj, Slovenia. 17 May 1996. p. 20.Archived(PDF) from the original on 23 July 2022. Retrieved23 July 2022.
^"Szombat május 18. | Televízió" [Saturday 18 May | Televízió].Rádió és TeleVízió újság (in Hungarian). Vol. 42, no. 20.Budapest, Hungary. 13 May 1996. pp. 42–45. Retrieved23 July 2022 – via Nemzeti Archívum.
^"Sobota, 18 maja" [Saturday 18 May](PDF).Kurier Wileński (in Polish).Vilnius, Lithuania. 18 May 1996. p. 7.Archived(PDF) from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved28 October 2022 – via Polonijna Biblioteka Cyfrowa.
Roxburgh, Gordon (2020).Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Four: The 1990s.Prestatyn, United Kingdom: Telos Publishing.ISBN978-1-84583-163-9.
Thorsson, Leif; Verhage, Martin (2006).Melodifestivalen genom tiderna: de svenska uttagningarna och internationella finalerna [Melodifestivalen through the ages: the Swedish selections and international finals] (in Swedish).Stockholm, Sweden: Premium Publishing.ISBN91-89136-29-2.