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Free trade agreements of the European Union

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Overview of free trade agreements in the European Union
This article is about agreements with customs tariffs reductions. For all trade agreement, seeTrade agreements of the European Union.
This article is about agreements on free trade. For EU agreements with investment provisions, seeInternational Investment Agreements of the European Union. For economic relations, seeThird-country economic relationships with the European Union. For economic agreements, seeEconomic Partnership Agreements. For political relations, seeForeign relations of the European Union.
See also:European Union Customs Union
Parts of this article (those related toIndia–European Union Free Trade Agreement) need to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(January 2026)

EU Free trade agreements
  European Union
  Agreement in force
  Agreement provisionally applied

TheEuropean Union has concludedfree trade agreements (FTAs).[1]The European Union negotiates free trade deals on behalf of all of its member states, as the member states have granted the EU an "exclusive competence" to conclude trade agreements. Even so, member states' governments control every step of the process (via theCouncil of the European Union, whose members are nationalministers from each national government):

  • Before negotiations start, member states' governments (via the Council of Ministers) approve the negotiating mandate;
  • During negotiations, member states' governments are regularly briefed on the progress of negotiations and can update the negotiations mandate or suspend negotiations;
  • Upon conclusion of negotiations, member states' governments decide whether the agreement should be signed;
  • After approval from theEuropean Parliament and (in case the agreement covers areas other than trade such as investment protection) upon ratification in each member state parliament, member states' governments decide whether the agreement should be concluded and enter into effect.

The list below only includes countries that have an FTA with the European Union according to theWTO.[1]

Free trade agreements in force

[edit]
StateNo of jurisdictions represented[a]SignedProvisional
application		In force sinceNotesRelations
 Albania120062006[b]2009[2]SAANegotiating for EU accession
 Algeria120022005[3]Euro-mediterraneanAAAlgeria–EU relations
Andean Community
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Peru		32012[4]2013, 20172024[5][6]FTA[7][8]
 Andorra119901991[9]Customs unionAndorra–EU relations
 Bosnia and Herzegovina120082008[b]2015[10]SAACandidate for EU accession
Central America
 Costa Rica
 Guatemala
 Honduras
 Nicaragua
 Panama
 El Salvador		6201220132024[11]AACentral America–European Union Association Agreement
 Chile12002, 20232003, 20242005[12] 2025[13]AA,[14] Interim & Updated EU-Chile AA
 Egypt120012004[15]Euro-mediterraneanAAEgypt–EU relations
 Faroe Islands119961997[16]Autonomous entity ofDenmarkFaroe Islands-EU relations
 Georgia1201420142016[17]AA inclDCFTAGeorgia–EU relations andCandidate for EU accession
 Iceland119921994[18]EEAIceland–EU relations
 Israel119951996[b][19]2000[20]Euro-MediterraneanAAIsrael–EU relations
 Japan12018[21]2019[22]Economic Partnership Agreement[23]Japan-EU relations
 Jordan119972002[24]Euro-MediterraneanAAJordan–EU relations
 Kenya120232024[25]Economic Partnership Agreement
 Lebanon120022006[26]Euro-MediterraneanAALebanon–EU relations
 Liechtenstein119921995[18]EEALiechtenstein–EU relations
 Mexico119972000[27]FTA[28][29]Mexico–EU relations
 Moldova1201420142016[30]Moldova–European Union Association Agreement inclEuropean Union–Moldova Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade AreaMoldova–EU relations andNegotiating for EU accession
 Montenegro120072008[b]2010[31]SAANegotiating for EU accession
 Morocco119962000[32]Euro-MediterraneanAAMorocco–EU relations
 New Zealand120232024[33]FTANew Zealand–EU relations
 North Macedonia120012001[b]2004[34]SAANegotiating for EU accession
 Norway119921994[18]EEANorway–EU relations
 EU'sOverseas Countries and Territories1320012001[35][36]Association of the OCTs with the EU
 Palestinian Authority119971997[37]Euro-MediterraneanAAPalestine–EU relations
 San Marino119911992[c]2002[38]Customs unionSan Marino–EU relations
 Serbia120082010[b]2013[39]SAANegotiating for EU accession
 Singapore12018[40]2019[41]FTA[42]Singapore–EU relations
 South Africa119992000[43]2004[44]ATDC[d]South Africa–EU relations
 South Korea1201020112015[45]FTA[46]South Korea–EU relations
  Switzerland119721973[47]Trade agreementSwitzerland–EU relations
 Syria119771977Cooperation agreement (partially suspended in 2011)[48]Syria–EU relations
 Tunisia119951998[49]Euro-MediterraneanAATunisia–EU relations
 Turkey11995[e]1995[50]Customs unionTurkey–EU relations
 Ukraine1201420162017[51][52]Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement inclDCFTAUkraine–EU relations andNegotiating for EU accession
 United Kingdom[f]120202021[53]2021[54]Trade and Cooperation AgreementUnited Kingdom–EU relations
 Vietnam120192020[55]EVFTA[56]Vietnam–EU relations

Free trade agreements provisionally applied

[edit]
StateSignedProvisional
Application		RatificationNotesRelations
 Cameroon20092014
21 / 30
[57]		Interim agreement with a view to anEPA
 Canada20162017[58]
18 / 30
[59]		Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement[60]Canada-EU relations
CARIFORUM States
 Antigua and Barbuda
 Bahamas
 Barbados
 Belize
 Dominica
 Dominican Republic
 Grenada
 Guyana
 Haiti
 Jamaica
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 Saint Lucia
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 Suriname
 Trinidad and Tobago		20082008
37 / 44
[61]		EPA - Croatia acceded to the agreement on 28 November 2017
 Côte d'Ivoire20092016
24 / 30
[62]		Stepping StoneEPA
Eastern andSouthern Africa States
 Comoros
 Madagascar
 Mauritius
 Seychelles
 Zimbabwe		20092012, 2019
5 / 35
[63]		Interim Agreement for establishing a framework for anEPA
 Ghana20162016[64]
11 / 30
[64]		Stepping StoneEPA
Pacific States
 Fiji
 Papua New Guinea
 Samoa
 Solomon Islands		20092009, 2014, 2018, 2020
4 / 5
[65]		Interim Partnership Agreement
South African Development Community (SADC) members
 Botswana
 Lesotho
 Mozambique
 Namibia
 South Africa
 Eswatini		20162016
20 / 35
[66]		Economic Partnership Agreement

Negotiated free trade agreements

[edit]

Ongoing negotiations as of January 2026:[67]

Competence

[edit]

The European Court of Justice has held that investor-statearbitration provisions (including a dedicated tribunal planned by some free trade agreements) falls under competency shared between European Union and its member states and that for this reason, the ratification of such mixed agreements[73] should be approved by the EU as well as by each of the union's member states.[74] This court decision has resulted in a new architecture of external trade negotiations which will have two components:[75]

  • a free trade agreement - related exclusively to trade matters - which can be adopted at the EU level;
  • an investment agreement - containing investment, arbitration and other non-trade provisions - which needs to be ratified by the member states as well.

Impact to consumers

[edit]

One study found that the trade agreements that the EU implemented over the period 1993-2013 have, on average, increased the quality of imported goods by 7% and therefore "lowered quality-adjusted prices by close to 7%," without having much of an impact on the non-adjusted price.[76]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Excluding the EU and its member states
  2. ^abcdefEntry into force of Interim Agreement
  3. ^Interim Agreement
  4. ^Agreement on Trade, Development and Cooperation
  5. ^Decision of the EC-Turkey Association Council
  6. ^Includes Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man with regards to trade in goods and fisheries. For Northern Ireland, a more comprehensive arrangement is in place with regards to trade in goods based on the Withdrawal Agreement.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ab"WTO | Regional trade agreements".rtais.wto.org. Retrieved30 August 2025.
  2. ^"Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Albania, of the other part".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved28 October 2015.
  3. ^"Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement between the European Community and its Members States, of the one part, and the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, of the other part".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved28 October 2015.
  4. ^http://euobserver.com/9/32177 EU signs FTA
  5. ^"Trade Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Colombia and Peru, of the other part".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved17 July 2025.
  6. ^"Agreement details".Council of the European Union. Retrieved26 October 2017.
  7. ^http://en.mercopress.com/2013/08/03/eu-fta-agreements-with-colombia-and-central-america-became-effective-august-first EU FTA agreements with Colombia and Central America became effective August first
  8. ^"EU Trade Policy with the Andean Community".
  9. ^"Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Economic Community and the Principality of Andorra". Retrieved28 October 2015.
  10. ^"Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, of the other part".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved28 October 2015.
  11. ^"Agreement establishing an Association between the European Union and its Member States, on the one hand, and Central America on the other".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved26 October 2017.
  12. ^"Agreement establishing an Association between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Chile, of the other part".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved28 October 2015.
  13. ^"Interim Agreement on Trade between the European Union and the Republic of Chile".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union.
  14. ^"Chile - Trade - European Commission".ec.europa.eu. Retrieved15 June 2015.
  15. ^"Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement between the European Communities and its Member States and the Arab Republic of Egypt".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved28 October 2015.
  16. ^"Agreement between the European Community, of the one part, and the Government of Denmark and the Home Government of the Faroe Islands, of the other part". Retrieved28 October 2015.
  17. ^"Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Georgia, of the other part".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved28 October 2015.
  18. ^abc"Agreement on the European Economic Area".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved29 October 2015.
  19. ^"Interim Agreement on trade and trade-related matters between the European Community and the European Coal and Steel Community, of the one part, and the State of Israel, on the other part". Retrieved28 October 2015.
  20. ^"Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the State of Israel, of the other part". Retrieved28 October 2015.
  21. ^"EU and Japan sign Economic Partnership Agreement".Trade - European Commission. Retrieved17 July 2018.
  22. ^"EU-Japan trade agreement will enter into force on 1 February 2019". 21 December 2018.Today, the EU and Japan notified each other of the completion of their respective ratification procedures.
  23. ^"Economic Partnership Agreement between the European Union and Japan".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union.
  24. ^"Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, of the other part".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved28 October 2015.
  25. ^"EU Trade agreements".policy.trade.ec.europa.eu. 13 July 2025. Retrieved19 July 2025.
  26. ^"Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Community and its Members States, of the one part, and the Republic of Lebanon, of the other part".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved28 October 2015.
  27. ^"Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, of the other part".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved28 October 2015.
  28. ^"Mexico - Trade - European Commission".ec.europa.eu. Retrieved15 June 2015.
  29. ^"Economic Partnership, Political Coordination and Cooperation Agreement between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the United Mexican States, of the other part".eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved15 June 2015.
  30. ^"Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved28 October 2015.
  31. ^"Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States of the one part, and the Republic of Montenegro, of the other part".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved28 October 2015.
  32. ^"Agreement details".Council of the European Union. Retrieved7 August 2013.
  33. ^"Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and New Zealand".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved1 May 2024.
  34. ^"Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, of the other part".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved28 October 2015.
  35. ^"Council Decision 2013/755/EU of 25 November 2013 on the association of the overseas countries and territories with the European Union".EUR-Lex. 19 December 2013.
  36. ^"Council Decision 2001/822/EC of 27 November 2001 on the association of the overseas countries and territories with the European Community".EUR-Lex. 27 November 2001.
  37. ^"Euro-Mediterranean Interim Association Agreement on Trade and Cooperation between the European Community, of the one part, and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) for the benefit of the Palestinian Authority of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, of the other part".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved28 October 2015.
  38. ^"Agreement on Cooperation and Customs Union between the European Economic Community and the Republic of San Marino". Retrieved29 October 2015.
  39. ^"Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Serbia, of the other part".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved28 October 2015.
  40. ^"Singapore, EU ink landmark free trade agreement".www.channelnewsasia.com. Archived fromthe original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved21 December 2018.[...] the EU-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (EUSFTA) was signed by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong with European Commission president Jean-Claude Juncker, European Council president Donald Tusk and Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz. [...] The leaders also witnessed the signing of the EU-Singapore Investment Protection Agreement (EUSIPA) – a pact that will replace 12 existing bilateral investment treaties between Singapore and EU member states to offer better investment protection – and the EU-Singapore Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (ESPCA).
  41. ^"Council Decision on the conclusion of the Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Singapore".[...] the Agreement should enter into force on 21 November 2019 in agreement with the Singaporean side
  42. ^"Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Singapore".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved29 October 2018.
  43. ^"Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the Community and South Africa, which provides for the provisional application of a portion of the Agreement on Trade, Development and Cooperation between the European Community and its Member States, on the one part, and the Republic of South Africa, on the other part". Retrieved28 October 2015.
  44. ^"Agreement on Trade, Development and Cooperation between the European Community and its Member States, on the one part, and the Republic of South Africa, on the other part".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved28 October 2015.
  45. ^"Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Korea, of the other part".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved28 October 2015.
  46. ^"EUR-Lex - L:2011:127:TOC - EN - EUR-Lex".eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved15 June 2015.
  47. ^"Trade agreement details".Council of the European Union. Retrieved17 January 2016.
  48. ^"EU - Syrian Arab Republic".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 24 June 2025. Retrieved30 June 2025.
  49. ^"Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Tunisia, of the other part".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved29 October 2015.
  50. ^"Delegation of the European Union to Türkiye | EEAS".www.eeas.europa.eu. Retrieved7 July 2023.
  51. ^"Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved29 October 2015.
  52. ^"Agreement".
  53. ^"EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement: Council adopts decision on the signing".Consilium. 29 December 2020.
  54. ^"Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the other part".www.consilium.europa.eu. Retrieved4 January 2021.
  55. ^"Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved2 July 2019.
  56. ^"Vietnam - Trade - European Commission".
  57. ^"Agreement details".Council of the European Union. Retrieved26 October 2017.
  58. ^"Canada, EU to provisionally apply CETA in September". CBC News. 8 July 2017. Retrieved18 July 2017.
  59. ^"Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada, of the one part, and the European Union and its Member States, of the other part".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union.
  60. ^"In Focus: EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement".
  61. ^"Economic Partnership Agreement between the CARIFORUM States, of the one part, and the European Community and its Member States, of the other part".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved26 October 2017.
  62. ^"Agreement details".Council of the European Union. Retrieved26 October 2017.
  63. ^"Interim Agreement establishing a framework for an Economic Partnership Agreement between the Eastern and Southern Africa States, on the one part, and the European Community and its Member States, on the other part".Agreements Database, Council of the European Union. Retrieved26 October 2017.
  64. ^ab"Agreement details".Council of the European Union. Retrieved26 October 2017.
  65. ^"Agreement details".Council of the European Union. Retrieved26 October 2017.
  66. ^"Agreement details".Council of the European Union. Retrieved26 October 2017.
  67. ^"EU Trade agreements".policy.trade.ec.europa.eu. 24 November 2025. Retrieved27 January 2026.
  68. ^"EU-Australia".policy.trade.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved5 February 2026.
  69. ^"EU-United Arab Emirates".policy.trade.ec.europa.eu. 4 July 2025. Retrieved27 January 2026.
  70. ^"EU-Philippines".policy.trade.ec.europa.eu. 18 March 2024. Retrieved27 January 2026.
  71. ^"EU-Malaysia".policy.trade.ec.europa.eu. 20 January 2025. Retrieved27 January 2026.
  72. ^"EU-Thailand".policy.trade.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved5 February 2026.
  73. ^"EU Trade Agreements: To Mix or not to Mix, That is the Question"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 9 January 2021.
  74. ^"UE. Pas de traité commercial sans l'accord des parlements nationaux". 15 May 2017.
  75. ^"EU trade agreements - New architecture of trade agreements". Retrieved11 May 2022.
  76. ^Berlingieri, Giuseppe; Breinlich, Holger; Dhingra, Swati (12 March 2018)."The consumer benefits of trade agreements: Evidence from the EU trade policy".VoxEU.org. Retrieved12 March 2018.

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