| European Portuguese | |
|---|---|
| Lusitanian Portuguese | |
| Português europeu Português lusitano Português de Portugal | |
| Native to | Portugal |
Native speakers | 10 million (2012)[1] |
| Dialects | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | port1283 |
| IETF | pt-PT |
 Dialectical continuum of Iberian Romance languages including European Portuguese and its dialects.[image reference needed] | |
European Portuguese (Portuguese:português europeu,pronounced[puɾtuˈɣezewɾuˈpew]), also known asLusitanian Portuguese (Portuguese:português lusitano) or asPortugal Portuguese (Portuguese:português de Portugal), is a dialect of thePortuguese language spoken inPortugal. The word "European" was chosen to avoid the clash of "Portuguese Portuguese" ("português português") as opposed toBrazilian Portuguese. "Peninsular Portuguese" (Portuguese:português peninsular) and "Iberian Portuguese" (Portuguese:português ibérico) are sometimes used, but they implicitly exclude the varieties of Portuguese spoken inMadeira and theAzores.
Portuguese is apluricentric language; it is the same language with several interacting codified standard forms in many countries. Portuguese is aRomance language withCeltic,Germanic,Greek, andArabic influence. It was spoken in theIberian Peninsula before as Galician-Portuguese. With the formation of Portugal as a country in the 12th century, the language evolved into Portuguese. In the Spanish province ofGalicia to the north of Portugal, the native language isGalician. Both Portuguese and Galician are very similar and natives can understand each other as they share the same recent common ancestor. Portuguese andSpanish are different languages, although they share 89% of theirlexicon, the same percentage found in other neighboring languages in Europe, such as French and Italian.[2]
![[icon]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg) | This sectionneeds expansion with: details of the consonants. You can help byadding to it.(December 2020) |
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Portuguese usesvowel height to contrast stressed syllables with unstressed syllables; the vowels/aɛeɔo/ tend to be raised to[ɐɛɨɔu] when they are unstressed (seebelow for details). The dialects of Portugal are characterized byreducing vowels to a greater extent than others. Falling diphthongs are composed of a vowel followed by one of the high vowels/i/ or/u/; although rising diphthongs occur in the language as well, they can be interpreted ashiatuses.
European Portuguese possesses quite a wide range of vowel allophones:
The realization of/ɐ/ in this contrast occurs in a limited morphological context, namely inverbal conjugation between the first person plural present and past perfect indicative forms of verbs such aspensamos ('we think') andpensámos ('we thought').[4][5] proposes that it is a kind ofcrasis rather than phonemic distinction of/a/ and/ɐ/. It means that infalamos 'we speak' there is the expected prenasal/a/-raising:[fɐˈlɐmuʃ], while infalámos 'we spoke' there are phonologically two/a/ in crasis:/faˈlaamos/>[fɐˈlamuʃ].Close-mid vowels andopen-mid vowels (/e~ɛ/ and/o~ɔ/) contrast only when they are stressed.[6] In unstressed syllables, they occur in complementary distribution.
According to Mateus and d'Andrade (2000:19),[7] in European Portuguese, the stressed[ɐ] only occurs in the following three contexts:
InGreater Lisbon (according toNUTS III, which does not includeSetúbal)/e/ can be centralized[ɐ] before palatal sounds (/j,ɲ,ʃ,ʒ,ʎ/); e.g.roupeiro[ʁoˈpɐjɾu],brenha[ˈbɾɐ(ʲ)ɲɐ],texto[ˈtɐ(ʲ)ʃtu],vejo[ˈvɐ(ʲ)ʒu],coelho[kuˈɐ(ʲ)ʎu].
European Portuguese possesses anear-close near-back unrounded vowel. It occurs in unstressed syllables such as inpegar[pɯ̽ˈɣaɾ] ('to grip').[3] There is no standard symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet for this sound. TheIPA Handbook transcribes it as/ɯ/, but in Portuguese studies/ɨ/ is traditionally used.[8]
There are very few minimal pairs for this sound: some examples includepregar[pɾɨˈɣaɾ] ('to nail') vs.pregar[pɾɛˈɣaɾ] ('to preach'; the latter stemming from earlierpreegar < Latinpraedicāre),[9]sê[ˈse] ('be!') vs.sé[ˈsɛ] ('see/cathedral') vs.se[sɨ] ('if'), andpêlo[ˈpelu] ('hair') vs.pélo[ˈpɛlu] ('I peel off') vs.pelo[pɨlu] ('for the'),[10] after orthographic changes, all these three words are now spelledpelo.
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain | Labialized | ||||||||
| Nasal | /m/ | /n/ | /ɲ/ | ||||||
| Plosive | Voiceless | /p/ | /t/ | /k/ | /kʷ/[a] | ||||
| Voiced | /b/[b] | /d/[b] | /g/[b] | /gʷ/[b][a] | |||||
| Affricate | Voiceless | /t͡ʃ/[c] | |||||||
| Voiced | (/d͡ʒ/)[d] | ||||||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | /f/ | /s̻/[e] | /s̺/[e] | /ʃ/ | ||||
| Voiced | /v/[f] | /z̻/[e] | /z̺/[e] | /ʒ/ | (/ʁ/~/ʀ/)[g] | ||||
| Rhotic | Trill | /r/ | |||||||
| Flap | /ɾ/ | ||||||||
| Aproximant | Semivowel | /j/ | /w/ | ||||||
| Lateral | /l/[h] | /ʎ/ | |||||||
European Portuguese is divided intoNorthern and Southern varieties. The prestige norms are based on two varieties: that ofCoimbra and that ofLisbon.[16]
Phonetically, differences emerge within Continental Portuguese. For example, in northern Portugal, the phonemes/b/ and/v/ are less differentiated than in the rest of the Portuguese speaking world (similar to the other languages of the Iberian peninsula). Also, the originalalveolar trill/r/ remains common in many northern dialects (especially in rural areas), likeTransmontano,Portuense,Minhoto, and much ofBeirão. Another regionalism can be found in the south and the islands with the use of thegerund in the present progressive tense rather than the infinitive.
Portuguese is spoken by a significant minority inAndorra andLuxembourg. There are also immigrant communities in France and Germany.
TheInstituto Camões is a Portuguese international institution dedicated to the worldwide promotion of the Portuguese language, Portuguese culture, and international aid, on behalf of the Government of Portugal.
RTP is the Portuguese public television network and also serves as a vehicle for European-Portuguese-providing media content throughout the world. There is a branch ofRTP Internacional namedRTP África, which servesLusophone Africa.
In estimating the size of the speech community for European Portuguese, one must take into account the consequences of thePortuguese diaspora: immigrant communities located throughout the world in the Americas, Australia, Europe and Africa.
A conclusão será que nos encontramos em presença de dois segmentos fonológicos /kʷ/ e /ɡʷ/, respetivamente, com uma articulação vocálica. Bisol (2005:122), tal como Freitas (1997), afirma que não estamos em presença de um ataque ramificado. Neste caso, a glide, juntamente com a vogal que a sucede, forma um ditongo no nível pós-lexical. Esta conclusão implica um aumento do número de segmentos no inventário segmental fonológico do português.