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| Abbreviation | TERENA |
|---|---|
| Formation | 13 June 1986 as Réseaux Associés pour la Recherche Européenne (RARE) |
| Legal status | Association |
| Purpose | To promote and participate in the development of a high-quality international information and telecommunications infrastructure for the benefit of research and education |
| Headquarters | Amsterdam, Netherlands |
Region served | Europe |
President | Pierre Bruyère |
Main organ | TERENA General Assembly |
| Website | www |
TheTrans-European Research and Education Networking Association (TERENA,/təˈreɪnə/tə-RAY-nə) was a not-for-profit association of Europeannational research and education networks (NRENs) incorporated inAmsterdam, The Netherlands. The association was originally formed on 13 June 1986 as Réseaux Associés pour la Recherche Européenne (RARE) and changed its name to TERENA in October 1994. In October 2015, it again changed its name toGÉANT and at the same time acquired the shares of GEANT Limited (previously known as DANTE).
The objectives of TERENA are to promote and develop high-quality international network infrastructures to support European research and education. This includes:
Full membership of TERENA is open toNRENs (one per member country of theITU) and international public sector organisations. Associate membership is available for other organisations (commercial or otherwise) with an interest in research and education networking. A complete list of the current members can be found on the TERENA website.
Similar organisations elsewhere in the world includeInternet2,APAN,UbuntuNet Alliance andCLARA (Cooperación Latino Americana de Redes Avanzadas). In addition,DANTE operates the pan-European research and education backbone network.
TERENA was founded under the name Réseaux Associés pour la Recherche Européenne (RARE) on 13 June 1986.[1] It was created by several European networking organisations to promote open computer networking standards (specifically theOSI protocols).[2] The first few years were dominated by the Co-operation for Open Systems Interconnection Networking in Europe (COSINE) project.[3] COSINE led to the implementation of some of the first standardised network-related services, for exampleX.400 email andX.500 directory service.X.25 technology was generally used for connectivity.[4] This technology was also used in a network called IXI (International X.25 Infrastructure Backbone Service), which was the first generation of the backbone network interconnecting the national research networks in Europe, known today asGÉANT.[5] To run the European backbone, RARE's Operational Unit was later split off from the association under the nameDANTE.
Meanwhile, the need to choose between the OSI protocols and theInternet Protocol (IP) became the subject of a long-lasting controversy known as theProtocol Wars.[6][7][8] RARE made significant contributions to the international spread of the Internet.[9] Some RARE technical reports (RTRs) were also published asRFCs.[9] By 1991, a project calledEbone was proposed as an interim solution while the European research networking community made the transition from OSI to IP.[10][11] The Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC) was created by RARE in 1992, and was split off five years later as a separate legal entity. During the early 1990s, IP became the dominant protocol in data networking.[12]
At the end of 1983IBM had taken the initiative for theEuropean Academic and Research Network (EARN), which would link selected computer centres in Europe via leased lines.[13] It used similar technology to theBITNET in the US, and includedemail gateway capability.[14][15] The EARN Association was set up as a legal entity in France in 1985.[16] By 1993 it was clear that the EARN Association needed to merge with RARE, which it did on 20 October 1994.[17][18] At the same time, RARE changed its name to TERENA.
TERENA publishes annual editions of theTERENA Compendium of National Research and Education Networks in Europe, which contain information about the organisation, staffing, finances, user base, capacity, services and developments ofNRENs, and serve as a benchmarking tool.[19]
TERENA supports the development of research and education networking in less advanced countries and regions in and around Europe by studying their needs and by providing advice, consultancy and training.
TERENA organisesforesight studies to look into the future development of European research and education networking. These studies included SERENATE (2002-2003), EARNEST (2006-2008) and ASPIRE (2011-2012).[20][21][22]
TERENA supports joint European work in the development and testing of new networking, middleware and application technologies. It brings together specialists and engineers from TERENA member organisations and the wider research networking community. This work is organised in task forces and projects.
Task forces are groups where specialists in a certain field exchange information, discuss best practices and work together to investigate technologies for the development and deployment of services for the research and education community. Usually task forces are open for participation by any individual who can bring appropriate expertise and resources. By 2011, TERENA was supporting eight task forces: TF-CPR (communications and public relations), TF-CSIRT (collaboration of security incident response teams), TF-EMC2 (European middleware coordination and collaboration), TF-Media (media management and distribution), TF-MNM (mobility and network middleware), TF-MSP (management of service portfolios), TF-NOC (network operation centres) and TF-Storage (storage and cloud services).[23]
TERENA projects are carried out by experts and engineers on the basis of a contract with TERENA. This requires funding from TERENA members and/or other interested organisations, possibly combined with a contribution from TERENA's own resources. A current example is REFEDS (Research and Education Federations).[24][25][26]
In addition, the TERENA Secretariat staff participates in projects that are co-funded by theEuropean Union, for example, the project that also provides EU funding for theGÉANT network.[27]
A number of services have been established as spin-offs of the work in the TERENA task forces and projects.eduroam provides researchers, teachers and students easy and secure network access when visiting other institutions than their own; the global governance of eduroam is under the auspices of TERENA.[28][29] The TERENA Certificate Service providesdigital certificates that are recognised by the major browsers and devices to the user communities of participatingNRENs in a cost-effective manner. The TERENA Academic Certification Authority Repository (TACAR) is a trusted online store of trust anchor certificates, related certificate policies and certificate practice statements registered by theCertification Authorities of organisations in the academic community.[30] TheeduGAIN service allows Authentication and Authorisation Infrastructures to interact, enabling the sharing of data between federations and providing an interconnection framework to applications willing to provide their services, content or resources to multiple federations.[31]NRENum.net provides anENUM service for academia. TERENA's Trusted Introducer service offers an accreditation and certification scheme for Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs).[32]
TERENA runs an annual conference for academic networkers called the TERENA Networking Conference. Usually held in late May or early June, the conference is hosted by a memberNREN and attended by around 500 delegates from academic backgrounds including networking specialists and managers from European networking and research organisations, universities, worldwide sister institutions and industry representatives.
Conference locations:Tirana (2023),Trieste (2022), online (2021),Brighton (2020 - canceled),Tallinn (2019),Trondheim (2018),Linz (2017),Prague (2016),Porto (2015),Dublin (2014),Maastricht (2013),Reykjavík (2012),Prague (2011),Vilnius (2010),Málaga (2009),Bruges (2008),Kgs. Lyngby (2007),Catania (2006),Poznań (2005),Rhodes (2004),Zagreb (2003),Limerick (2002),Antalya (2001),Lisbon (2000),Lund (joint withNORDUnet conference; 1999),Dresden (1998).
The TERENA Networking Conference is the successor to the Joint European Networking Conference (JENC), which ran from 1990 to 1997.[33][34] Locations:Edinburgh (1997),Budapest (1996),Tel Aviv (1995),Prague (joint withInternet Society's INET conference; 1994),Trondheim (1993),Innsbruck (1992),Blois (1991),Killarney (1990).
The JENC, in turn, was the successor to the RARE Networkshop, which ran from 1986 to 1989. Locations:Trieste (1989),Les Diablerets (1988),Valencia (1987),Copenhagen (1986). At the first workshop in this series, held inLuxembourg in May 1985, it was decided to create RARE.[35][36]
TERENA regularly organises workshops for information exchange and training. Training workshops include the TRANSITS workshops aimed at staff members ofCSIRTs and the EuroCAMP workshops to teachNREN andcampus staff how to implementfederated identity infrastructure.[37][38]
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