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Eugene Buechel was born on October 20, 1874, inSchleida, nowSchleid, in theGrand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,Germany, and died October 27, 1954, inO'Neill, Nebraska,United States. Buechel was aJesuit priest andmissionary,linguist andanthropologist among theBrulé orSicangu Lakota orSioux on theRosebud Indian Reservation and the relatedOglala Lakota orSioux on thePine Ridge Indian Reservation inSouth Dakota.
He was the tenth and last child of his parents. His father was a farmer whose father and grandfather had been village mayors; several of his relatives had emigrated to America. When Eugen was born, four of his parents’ earlier children had died. In 1881 Eugen's father and in 1882 his mother died. After grade-school (1881–86), he attended the boarding-school for boys of theRoman Catholic Diocese of Fulda (1886–96) followed by three semesters in the Fulda diocesan seminary (1896–97).
On October 12, 1897, he entered the noviciate of the German Province of theSociety of Jesus (Jesuits), which then was located inBleijenbeek (Netherlands) due to the expulsion of the Jesuits during theKulturkampf of theGerman Reich. After completing this two-years-probation period and further humanistic studies atExaeten (Netherlands) he was sent to the United States to continue his studies in July, 1900.
From August 1900 to May 1902 Eugen Büchel studied philosophy at the Jesuits'Sacred Heart College inPrairie du Chien, Wisconsin. In May 1902 his superiors sent him toSt. Francis Indian Mission in theRosebud Indian Reservation of theSicangu orBrulé Lakota inSouth Dakota. This mission and theHoly Rosary Mission among theOglala Lakota in the neighboringPine Ridge Reservation had been founded in 1886 and 1888, resp., by Jesuits of the German Province with collaboration from the GermanSisters of St. Francis of Penance and Christian Charity. From 1902 to 1904 Büchel worked as an educator at the boarding-school and a teacher of religion and music while also studying the Lakota language. In September 1904 he began to study theology atSaint Louis University inSt. Louis, Missouri, and on June 28, 1906, he was ordained a priest. After another year of formation (tertianship) inBrooklyn, Ohio, Father Büchel returned to the Lakota in August 1907, first as a teacher atHoly Rosary Mission School inPine Ridge, and then in 1908 as its superior for eight years.
On December 10, 1909, Father Superior Büchel buried Oglala-ChiefRed Cloud in the cemetery ofHoly Rosary. Over thirty years earlier,Red Cloud had demanded "Black Robes" and "Holy Women," i.e. Catholic priests and nuns, for the Oglala from the U.S. authorities. On September 25, 1914, Büchel became an American citizen and changed the spelling of his name toEugene Buechel.
In October 1916 Buechel moved toSt. Francis to become superior there for six years. From 1926 to 1929 he returned toHoly Rosary as a missionary, and in 1929, Buechel transferred back toSt. Francis again, where he stayed until his death. After suffering a stroke he died atSt. Anthony’s Hospital,O'Neill, Nebraska, on October 27, 1954. He lies buried atSt. Francis.
During most of his career, Buechel served as an itinerant missionary who lived among the Lakota and frequently stayed in the homes of Lakota parishioners. At various times he also served as the superintendent of theSt. Francis Mission school,Rosebud Reservation, and theHoly Rosary Mission school (nowRed Cloud High School and Red Cloud Grade School),Pine Ridge Reservation. On both reservationsWanbli Sapa (Black Eagle), as he was called, collaborated closely with native catechists, among them NicholasBlack Elk (ofBlack Elk Speaks).
Buechel was dedicated to converting the Lakota to Christianity and transforming their lives. But also he was dedicated to preserving their Lakota language and cultural heritage. Already during his first stay atSt. Francis (1902–1904) Buechel wrote down stories of the Lakota. In collaboration withIvan Stars and other Lakota catechists, Buechel collected oral histories, now published bilingually, and cultural objects with related information, now preserved at theBuechel Memorial Lakota Museum,St. Francis, South Dakota, and first displayed at the Mission in 1921. With theSicangu Lakota, he also collected names of plants and their use and he took photographs of the people on the reservations to document their lives. Between 1902 and 1954, he compiled over 24,000 Lakota (and Dakota) word entries on slips of paper for a bilingual dictionary of theLakota language, which included approximately 18,000 from the work ofStephen Return Riggs, several thousand from his conversations with native people, and a few from the works ofEmil Perrig, S.J., and Lakota anthropologistElla Cara Deloria.
In 1924, Buechel published his first notable work in Lakota, his Bible History, which included a selection of texts modeled after the GermanBiblische Geschichte. In 1927 the Jesuit missionaries, with Buechel playing a major role, publishedSursum Corda, a Lakota-language book of prayers and hymns, and in 1939, Buechel published his main work,A Grammar of Lakota. Meanwhile, he gained recognition as a linguist through his correspondence with anthropologists likeFranz Boas and LakotaElla Cara Deloria. Buechel was not able to finish his dictionary himself; it appeared in print long after his death, as did other books building upon his collections.
In 1947, on the occasion of Buechel's 50th anniversary as a member of the Jesuit order,Joseph Schwart (born Josef Schwärzler in Austria) a Jesuit religious brother, constructed a separate museum building for the ethnological collection. When Buechel died, it contained 661 objects, each with a name and description (most often in Lakota) written by him, and a catalogue number. During the following decades it grew to about 2,200 at present.
Buechel's linguistic work today is recognized and used as one of the most important sources for theLakota language by all who want to learn it or have a general concern in its preservation and development. Many Lakota remember him as a man who respected their personal dignity and their traditional culture. Among the Jesuits today, he is increasingly perceived as a role model because of his respectful attitude towards the Lakota as a people and as individuals.
