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Eucyon ferox

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Extinct species of carnivore

Eucyon ferox Temporal range: ~4.95–4.8 Ma^[1] PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Canidae
Genus:	†Eucyon
Species:	†E. ferox
Binomial name
†Eucyon ferox (Miller and Carranza-Castaneda, 1998)
Synonyms
Canis ferox Miller and Carranza-Castaneda, 1998

Eucyon ferox is aspecies ofcanid which was endemic toNorth America and lived during the lateHemphillian age (between theLate Miocene andEarly Pliocene).^[1] Originally described as a species of the extant genusCanis, this animal was thought to be an ancestor of the modern daycoyote,^[2] but recent taxonomic revision has reassigned this species to the extinct genusEucyon.^[1]

Evolution

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Eucyon ferox may have marked the beginning of thecladogenesis of the genusCanis. However, this species had other characteristics similar toEucyon davisi, belonging to a different genus of canids. WhileE. ferox first lived in North America, the Late Miocene marked the start of its dispersal to Europe and Asia.^[1] The dispersal of canids and Eucyon does correlate to the increase in animal life andspecies richness in the area, but the diversity of the canid groups peaked at the same time as the turnover. In Asia, this peak was throughout the Pliocene Era.^[3]

Morphological traits

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The first partial fossil was found in Rancho Viejo,Guanajuato (Mexico). These fossils consisted of partialmaxilla,mandible,vertebrae,shoulder blade,ulna, andphalanges, with nearly completehumeri andskull. Based on the found fossils, researchers estimated that this species was about the size of a female coyote but stronger and wider.^[2] It is estimated^{[by whom?]} that their weight could be between 13.3 kg and 14.3 kg, based on the Legendre and Roth correlations.^[4] Paleontologists Miller and Carranza-Castaneda noted that the skull of this species resembled that of an ancestral coyote,Canis lepophagus.^[2]

References

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^^a ^b ^c ^dSaverio Bartolini Lucenti; Lorenzo Rook (2020). ""Canis" ferox revisited: diet ecomorphology of some long gone (Late Miocene and Pliocene) fossil dogs".Journal of Mammalian Evolution.28 (2):285–306.doi:10.1007/s10914-020-09500-1.S2CID 218694252.
^^a ^b ^cMiller, Wade; Carranza-Castaneda, Oscar (1998). "Late Tertiary canids from central Mexico".Journal of Paleontology.72 (3):546–556.Bibcode:1998JPal...72..546M.doi:10.1017/S002233600002432X.S2CID 131832444.
^Rook, Lorenzo; Sotnikova, M. (2009). "Dispersal of the Canini (Mammalia Canidae: Caninae) across Eurasia during the Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene".Quaternary International.212:86–97.
^Legendre, S., S.; Roth, C. (1988).Correlation of carnassial tooth size and body weight in recent carnivores (Mammalia). Historical Biology 1. pp. 85–98.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)^{[failed verification]}

ExtinctCanidae

KingdomAnimalia
PhylumChordata
ClassMammalia
Order:Carnivora
Suborder:Caniformia

Canidae

†Prohesperocyon

†Hesperocyoninae

Hesperocyon Mesocyon Cynodesmus Sunkahetanka Philotrox Enhydrocyon Paraenhydrocyon Caedocyon Ectopocynus
Osbornodon	O. brachypus O. fricki O. iamonensis O. renjiei O. sesnoni O. scitulus O. wangi

†Borophaginae

Phlaocyonini

Cynarctoides
Phlaocyon	P. achoros P. annectens P. latidens P. leucosteus P. mariae P. marslandensis P. minor P. multicuspus P. taylori P. yatkolai

Borophagini

Cynarctina

Paracynarctus
Cynarctus

Aelurodontina

Tomarctus
Aelurodon

Borophagina

Paratomarctus Carpocyon Protepicyon Epicyon
Borophagus	B. diversidens B. dudleyi B. hilli B. littoralis B. orc B. parvus B. pugnator B. secundus

Caninae	see below↓

Caninae

†Leptocyon
†Metalopex

Urocyon	†U. citrinus †U. galushai †U. minicephalus †U. progressus †U. webbi

Vulpini

†Ferrucyon †Prototocyon
Nyctereutes (raccoon dogs)	†N. abdeslami †N. donnezani †N. lockwoodi †N. megamastoides †N. sinensis †N. tingi †N. vinetorum
Vulpes (true foxes)	†V. hassani †V. odessana †V. praeglacialis †V. qiuzhudingi †V. riffautae †V. rooki †V. skinneri †V. stenognathus

Canini(true dogs)

†Canis gezi
†Nurocyon

Cerdocyonina
(zorro)

†Protocyon †Theriodictis
Speothos	†Pleistocene bush dog (S. pacivorus)
†Dusicyon	Falkland Islands wolf (D. australis) D. avus D. cultridens
Lycalopex (South American foxes)	†L. cultridens (?) †L. ensenadensis

Canina(wolf-like canids)	see below↓

Falkland Islands wolf (Dusicyon australis)

Canina(wolf-like canids)

Canina

†Eucyon	E. davisi E. debonisi E. ferox E. intrepidus E. khoikhoi E. kuta E. marinae E. minor E. monticinensis E. skinneri E. wokari E. zhoui
Lycaon	†L. magnus †L. sekowei
Dhole (Cuon alpinus)	†C. a. antiquus †C. a. caucasicus †European dhole (C. a. europaeus) †Tien Shan dhole (C. a. hesperius)

Canis

Coyote (C. latrans)	†Pleistocene coyote (C. l. orcutti)
Red wolf (C. rufus)	†Florida black wolf (C. r. floridanus) †Texas red wolf (C. r. rufus)

Wolf (C. lupus)

†Prehistoric

†Recently
extinct

Sicilian wolf (C. l. cristaldii) Hokkaido wolf (C. l. hattai) Japanese wolf (C. l. hodophilax) Austro-Hungarian wolf
Synonymized underC. l. arctos:Bernard's wolf (C. l. bernardi)
Synonymized underC. l. occidentalis:Kenai Peninsula wolf (C. l. alces) Manitoba wolf (C. l. griseoalbus)
Synonymized underC. l. nubilus:Newfoundland wolf (C. l. beothucus) Cascade mountain wolf (C. l. fuscus) Mogollon mountain wolf (C. l. mogollonensis) Texas wolf (C. l. monstrabilis) Southern Rocky Mountain wolf (C. l. youngi)