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Arabs represent the major ethnicity inSyria, in addition to the presence of several, much smaller ethnic groups.
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Ethnicity and religion are intertwined in Syria as in other countries in the region, but there are also nondenominational,supraethnic and suprareligious political identities, likeSyrian nationalism.
Since the 1960 census there has been no counting ofSyrians by religion, and there has never been any official counting by ethnicity or language. In the 1943 and 1953 censuses the various denominations were counted separately, e.g. for every Christian denomination. In 1960Syrian Christians were counted as a whole butMuslims were still counted separately betweenSunnis andAlawis.[1][2][3]
The majority of Syrians speakArabic, except for a minority ofAssyrians,Mandeans and 'Arameans of the Anti-Lebanon mountains' who speakNeo-Aramaic;Kurdish speakingSyrian Kurds;Turkish speakingSyrian Turkmens; andArmenian speakers who altogether form 5-10% of the population.SyrianArabSunni Muslims form ~70-75% of the populace, Christians altogether around 10%,Alawites at 10%, and the remaining ~5-10% consist of minor ethnoreligious groups including theDruze (3%),Isma'ilis,Mhallami,Yezidi andTwelver Shiite Muslims (the latter two together also about 3%).[4] However, these percentages are only indicative.
The majority of Syrian Arabs speak a variety of dialects belonging toLevantine Arabic. Arab tribes and clans ofBedouin descent are mainly concentrated in the governorates ofal-Hasakah,Deir ez-Zor,Raqqa and easternAleppo, forming roughly 30% of the total population and speaking a dialect related toBedouin andNajdi Arabic. InDeir ez-Zor a dialect ofNorth Mesopotamian Arabic is also spoken, reminiscent of that of medievalIraq prior theMongol invasions in 1258.[5]
Syrian Kurds form 5 to 10% of the Syrian population, the largest non-Arab minority.Yezidis, a non Muslim group are often counted among Kurds. Other non-Arabic-speaking Muslim groups includeSyrian Turkmen, who had settled Syria inMamluk andOttoman times,Syrian Circassians andSyrian Chechens who settled in the 19th century,Syrian Bosniaks who settled in the 1870s andGreek Muslims who were resettled in Syria following theGreco-Turkish War of 1897. TheAssyrians form a multi-denominational Christian minority, mainly in northeastern Syria, where they have been indigenous since theBronze Age.
السريان في معلولا وجبعدين ولا يزال الأهلون فيها يتكلمون
... معلولا السريان منذ القديم ، والذين ثبتت سريانيتهم بأدلة كثيرة هم وعين التينة وبخعا وجبعدين فحافظوا على لغتهم وكتبهم أكثر من غيرهم . وكان للقوم في تلك الأيام لهجتان ، لهجة عاميّة وهي الباقية الآن في معلولا وجوارها ( جبعدين وبخعا ) ...
Ich kenne das Dorf nicht, doch gehört habe ich davon. Was ist mit Malula?‹ fragte der festgehaltene Derwisch. >Das letzte Dorf der Aramäer< lachte einer der…
The fact that nearly all Arabic loans in Ma'lula originate from the period before the change from the rural dialect to the city dialect of Damascus shows that the contact between the Aramaeans and the Arabs was intimate…
Aramäer von Ǧubbˁadīn
Die arabischen Dialekte der Aramäer
Die Kontakte zwischen den drei Aramäer-dörfern sind nicht besonders stark.
Aramäern in Ma'lūla
Viele Aramäer arbeiten heute in Damaskus, Beirut oder in den Golfstaaten und verbringen nur die Sommermonate im Dorf.
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