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Demographics of Sweden

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromEthnic groups in Sweden)

Parts of this article (those related to For example, the current administrative area for the Finnish languages consists of 66 municipalities, not just Eskilstuna and 5 municipalities in Norrbotten county) need to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(June 2019)

Demographics ofSweden
PopulationIncrease 10,605,098 (31 August 2025)
Growth rate0.3% (2025 est.)
Birth rate10.83 births/1,000 population (2022)
Death rate9.46 deaths/1,000 population (2022)
Life expectancy82.7 years
 • male80.94 years (2022)
 • female84.58 years (2022 est.)
Fertility rate1.43 children born/woman (2024 est.)
Infant mortality rate2.3 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate3.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years17.71%
15–64 years62.18%
65 and over20.12%
Sex ratio
Total1.01 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.06 male(s)/female
65 and over0.69 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationalitynoun: Swede(s)adjective: Swedish
Major ethnicSwedes(Native)
Minor ethnic
Language
OfficialSwedish
SpokenSwedish,others


Thedemography of Sweden is monitored by theStatistiska centralbyrån (Statistics Sweden).Sweden's population was 10,588,818 (1 April 2025), making it the 15th-most populous country in Europe afterPortugal, the 10th-most populous member state of theEuropean Union, and the89th-most populous country in the world. Thetotal fertility rate was rated at 1.43 in 2024,[1] which is far below thereplacement rate of 2.1.

The population exceeded 10 million for the first time on Friday, 20 January 2017.[2][3] The three largest cities areStockholm,Gothenburg andMalmö. Sweden's population has become much more ethnically, religiously and linguistically non-Swedish over the past 70 years as a result of immigration. Every fourth (24.9%) resident in the country has aforeign background and every third (32.3%) has at least one parent born abroad. The most common foreign ancestry isFinnish.[4]

Statistics Sweden projects a Swedish population of 12.6 million in 2070.[5]

Population

[edit]

Cities

[edit]
Main article:List of cities in Sweden by population

Sweden has 17 cities with a population of over 100,000 people. Most of Sweden's population lives inSvealand andGötaland.

Fertility

[edit]

Thetotal fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources:Our World In Data andGapminder Foundation.[6]

TFR of Sweden overtime to 2016
Years163016321634163616381640164216441646164816501652165416561658[6]
Total fertility rate in Sweden4.814.253.894.384.44.924.384.254.955.44.344.545.334.724.58
Years166016621664166616681670167216741676167816801682168416861688[6]
Total fertility rate in Sweden4.24.545.014.984.65.135.014.384.284.354.645.45.254.845.29
Years169016921694169616981700170217041706170817101712171417161718[6]
Total fertility rate in Sweden4.995.114.985.335.115.565.815.525.165.324.35.635.814.925.13
Years172017221724172617281730173217341736173817401742174417461748[6]
Total fertility rate in Sweden4.625.095.024.754.234.774.864.774.514.964.524.355.024.854.86
Years175017521754175617581760176217641766176817701772177417761778[6]
Total fertility rate in Sweden5.095.295.45.234.685.064.984.924.794.774.684.14.894.674.94
Years17801782178417861788179017921794179617981800[6]
Total fertility rate in Sweden5.064.544.474.674.814.335.194.794.924.794.07
Swedish population pyramid, 1860–2020
Years1801180218031804180518061807180818091810[6]
Total fertility rate in Sweden4.264.54.454.524.54.364.424.313.784.67
Years1811181218131814181518161817181818191820[6]
Total fertility rate in Sweden5.014.764.224.424.935.014.744.84.684.68
Years1821182218231824182518261827182818291830[6]
Total fertility rate in Sweden5.035.095.224.95.184.944.444.774.944.67
Years1831183218331834183518361837183818391840[6]
Total fertility rate in Sweden4.324.384.844.784.634.524.374.174.184.46
Years1841184218431844184518461847184818491850[6]
Total fertility rate in Sweden4.34.494.364.564.464.254.24.34.664.45
Historical population of Sweden
Years1851185218531854185518561857185818591860[6]
Total fertility rate in Sweden4.364.24.264.534.34.234.364.664.714.71
Years1861186218631864186518661867186818691870[6]
Total fertility rate in Sweden4.444.594.654.694.584.684.43.934.034.11
Years1871187218731874187518761877187818791880[6]
Total fertility rate in Sweden4.374.344.494.544.64.574.624.444.564.36
Years1881188218831884188518861887188818891890[6]
Total fertility rate in Sweden4.294.324.244.44.344.394.364.244.14.15
Years1891189218931894189518961897189818991900[6]
Total fertility rate in Sweden4.143.933.973.944.013.983.923.993.94

Life expectancy

[edit]
Main article:List of Swedish counties by life expectancy

Sources:Our World In Data and theUnited Nations.

1751–1949

Years175117541756176817761781178917951810181818241837184718551861[7]
Life expectancy in Sweden38.437.436.235.041.537.831.236.531.940.044.939.640.143.047.1
Years186818721878188418901896190519111913191619221929193519431949[7]
Life expectancy in Sweden43.250.047.649.150.453.454.558.058.758.261.062.364.968.770.8

1950–2015

Life expectancy in Sweden since 1751
Life expectancy in Sweden since 1960 by gender
PeriodLife expectancy in
Years		PeriodLife expectancy in
Years
1950–195571.91985–199077.2
1955–196072.91990–199578.2
1960–196573.51995–200079.3
1965–197074.12000–200580.1
1970–197574.82005–201081.1
1975–198075.42010–201581.9
1980–198576.4

Source:UN World Population Prospects

 
Largest cities or towns in Sweden
"Kommungruppsindelning 2017". Retrieved16 September 2017. &"SCB befolkningsstatistik". Retrieved11 July 2018.
RankNameCountyPop.Metro.RankNameCountyPop.Metro.
1StockholmStockholm952,0582,205,10511UmeåVästerbotten125,434137,800
2GothenburgVästra Götaland565,4961,015,97412LundSkåne121,893197,300
3MalmöSkåne351,749689,20613BoråsVästra Götaland111,354151,300
4UppsalaUppsala221,141257,20014HuddingeStockholm110,335136,000
5LinköpingÖstergötland158,953189,80015EskilstunaSödermanland105,014110,900
6ÖrebroÖrebro150,949196,70016NackaStockholm101,697114,800
7VästeråsVästmanland150,564169,20017GävleGävleborg100,825107,500
8HelsingborgSkåne143,671321,50018HalmstadHalland99,932119,300
9NorrköpingÖstergötland140,991149,60019SundsvallVästernorrland98,837115,300
10JönköpingJönköping137,863156,70020SödertäljeStockholm96,254158,300

Statistics

[edit]
Estimatedbirth rate (blue) anddeath rate (red) in Sweden for the period of 1735 to 2000. The graph indicates strong population growth for the period of 1800 to 1970, and a beginning population decline from the 1980s.
The birth and death rates in Sweden 1950–2008.

Demographic statistics according to theCIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[8]

millionyear24681012180018501900195020002050population (million)Sweden Population
‰years-30-20-1001020180018501900195020002050Natural change (per 1,000)Crude migration change (per 1,000)Sweden Population Change
Viewsource data.

[fn 1]

123456180018501900195020002050Total fertility rateSweden TFR
Viewsource data.

Population change

[edit]
Population density in the counties of Sweden.
people/km2
  0–9.9
  10–24.9
  25–49.9
  50–99.9
  100–199.9
  200+

Thedemography ofSweden is monitored byStatistics Sweden (SCB).

The 2005 Swedish census showed an increase of 1,488,322 compared to the 1990 census, an average increase of 88,680 annually. During the 1930s, birth rate increased by more than 88128.5 children per year while death rates fell and immigration surged. In the early 2000s, birth rate declined as immigration increased further, with the context of unrest in the Middle East, upholding steady population growth.[9][10]

Population projections

[edit]

In 1950 Sweden had fewer people aged 10–20 with more people ages 20–30 and 0–10. In 2017 the ratio of male to female remains steady at about 50–50. As a whole, the graph broadens with people appearing to live longer. In 2050 it is predicted that all ages will increase from below 300,000 males and females to above 300,000 males and females. With about 50,000 people living to the ages of 90–100. In 2100 the graph is shaped as a rectangle with people of all ages and genders remaining steady. It narrows slightly at the top of the graph with about 250,000/300,000 males and females living to be 90–100 years old.[11]Statistics Sweden projects the following population development in Sweden:[12]

YearProjection
20169,995,000
202010,431,000
202611,046,000
203011,344,000
204011,898,000
205012,395,000
206012,858,000

Eurostat projects a population in Sweden reaching 11,994,364 people in 2040 and 14,388,478 in 2080.[13]

Urbanisation and population density

[edit]

Thepopulation density is just over 25 people per km2 (65 per square mile), with 1,437 persons per km2 in localities (continuous settlement with at least 200 inhabitants).[14],[15] 87% of the population live in urban areas, which cover 1.5% of the entire land area.[16] 63% of Swedes are in large urban areas.[16] The population density is substantially higher in the south than in the north. The capital city Stockholm has a municipal population of about 950,000 (with 1.5 million in the urban area and 2.3 million in the metropolitan area). The second- and third-largest cities are Gothenburg and Malmö. Greater Gothenburg counts just over a million inhabitants and the same goes for the western part of Scania, along theÖresund. TheÖresund Region, the Danish-Swedishcross-border region around the Öresund that Malmö is part of, has a population of 4 million. Outside of major cities, areas with notably higher population density include the agricultural part of Östergötland, the western coast, the area around Lake Mälaren and the agricultural area around Uppsala.

Norrland, which covers approximately 60% of the Swedish territory, has a very low population density (below 5 people per square kilometer). The mountains and most of the remote coastal areas are almost unpopulated. Low population density exists also in large parts of western Svealand, as well as southern and central Småland. An area known asFinnveden, which is located in the south-west of Småland, and mainly below the 57th parallel, can also be considered as almost empty of people.

Origin

[edit]
Population pyramid of Sweden over time by origin
Percentage born to foreign born mothers

The majority of the population are ethnicSwedes, or people who can trace most of their ethnicity to Sweden going back at least 12 generations. TheSweden Finns are a largeethnic minority comprising approximately 50,000 along the Swedish-Finnish border, and 450,000 first and second-generation immigratedethnic Finns, mainly living in theMälaren Valley region.Meänkieli Finnish has official status in parts of northern Sweden near the Finnish border.

In addition, Sweden's indigenous population groups include theSámi people, who have a history of practicing hunting and gathering and gradually adopting a largely semi-nomadic reindeer herding lifestyle. The Sámi have lived inFennoscandia from at earliest 3,500 years[17] to at latest around 2,650 years ago,[18] with evidence of a distinct ethnic identity linked to an early Sámi language diverging from early Finnish by the first millenium BC.[19] Sámi presence in Scandinavia does not predate Norse/Scandinavian settlement of Scandinavia, as sometimes assumed — themigration of Germanic-speaking peoples to Southern Scandinavia happened independently and separate from the later Sámi migrations into the northern regions.[20] However, Sámi presence in those northernmost regions, calledSápmi, does predate theViking expansion, the establishment ofSweden as a country, and Sweden's colonization of Sápmi during the 1600s.[21] It is this presence in the northernmost areas of Sweden, predating the Swedish colonization and presence in the Sápmi regions of Sweden, that is the basis for their classification as an indigenous people underILO 169. Today, theSámi language holds the status of official minority language in theNorrbotten,Västerbotten andJämtland counties.

In addition to the Sámi,Tornedalers, and Sweden Finns,Jewish andRoma people have national minority status in Sweden.[22]

There are no official statistics on ethnicity, but according to Statistics Sweden, around two million (19.6%) inhabitants in Sweden are born in another country. Of those, more than half are Swedish citizens.[23] The most common countries of origin wereSyria (1.82%),Finland (1.45%),Iraq (1.41%),Poland (0.91%),Iran (0.76%) andSomalia (0.67%).[24] The average age in Sweden is 41.1 years.[25]

There are at least two studies that forecast future demographic changes in Sweden largely due to immigration and low birth rates. A 2006 study states that "[based upon current data, extrapolated with relevant assumptions] Sweden and the Netherlands would have majority foreign-origin populations by the end of the [21st] century."[26] A 2018 study concluded that in Sweden by "2065, the share of the native population is [set] to decrease to 49%, the Western population is projected to fall to 63%, and the Muslim population increase to 25%."[27] Thomas Lindh, at the time head researcher for the Swedish Institute for Futures Studies, claimed in an interview that by the year "2050, more than half of Sweden's population will be immigrants or second-generation immigrants."[28]

Origin statistics in Sweden back to 1900
Background GroupsYear
1900[29]1930[29]1950[29]1960[29]1970[29]1980[29]1990[29]2002[30]2005[30]2010[30]2015[30]2020[31]2022[32]2024[33]
Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%
Swedes with two Swedish parents––––––––––––––7,028,80278.61%6,997,68477.34%6,965,03373.97%6,939,15670.44%6,900,47666.5%6,878,22565.4%6,841,41664.6%
Swedes with one Swedish parent and one foreign born––––––––––––––553,7726.19%586,7106.48%652,6486.93%724,8417.35%792,7797.6%816,2097.8%835,4177.9%
Total: Swedes––––––––––7,561,00091%7,613,60088.6%7,582,57484.8%7,584,39483.82%7,617,68180.90%7,663,99777.79%7,693,25574.1%7,694,43473.1%7,676,83372.5%
Born in Sweden to two foreign-born parents––––––––––130,0001.5%187,0002.2%304,7513.40%337,5683.73%412,9604.38%510,7565.18%639,3096.2%681,4486.5%710,6396.7%
Born outside Sweden36,0000.7%62,0001%198,0002.8%300,0004%538,0006.7%627,0007.5%790,0009.2%1,053,46311.78%1,125,79012.44%1,384,92914.70%1,676,26417.01%2,046,73119.7%2,145,67420.4%2,200,23820.8%
Total: Foreign background––––––––––757,0009%977,00011.4%1,358,21415.19%1,463,35816.17%1,797,88919.09%2,187,02022.20%2,686,04025.9%2,827,12226.9%2,910,87727.5%
Overall Total5,136,441100%6,142,191100%7,041,829100%7,497,967100%8,081,229100%8,317,937100%8,590,630100%8,940,788100%9,047,752100%9,415,570100%9,851,017100%10,379,295100%10,521,556100%10,587,710100%
  • Origin groups mapped as percentage of the population in counties in Sweden
  • Swedes of two Swedish parents in Sweden's counties and overall as of 2020.
    Swedes of two Swedish parents in Sweden's counties and overall as of 2020.
  • Percentage of those of a foreign background in total in Sweden in 2021
    Percentage of those of a foreign background in total in Sweden in 2021
  • Population pyramids of each origin group
  • Population pyramid of Sweden by origin group in 2021
    Population pyramid of Sweden by origin group in 2021
  • Swede of two Swedish parents
    Swede of two Swedish parents
  • Swede of one Swedish parent and one foreign born
    Swede of one Swedish parent and one foreign born
  • Foreign born
    Foreign born
  • Born in Sweden to two foreign born parents
    Born in Sweden to two foreign born parents
Foreign born within Stockholm county by municipality in 2021

Extended origin background statistics

[edit]
Extended origin background statistics
Country1994[34]
1st generation2nd generationTotal
Nordic countries298,844349,140647,984
Denmark40,90793,650
Finland207,796235,042442,838
Iceland4,2856,358
Norway45,851108,340
Other Europe306,503182,996489,499
Greece12,44123,671
Yugoslavia112,32036,685149,005
Poland39,00962,533
Romania10,8853,13614,021
United Kingdom12,56924,588
Germany36,50086,894
Hungary14,79927,646
Other67,980101,141
Africa44,96122,74067,701
Ethiopia11,3844,05615,440
Other Africa33,57718,6835,445
North America15,59817,37032,968
United States13,74615,58629,332
Other North America1,8521,7843,636
Latin America53,47121,26274,733
Asia34,94111,25746,198
India9,95313,607
Vietnam9,21912,626
South Korea8,4479,895
Thailand7,32210,070
Middle East + Turkey131,98953,189185,178
Iraq23,38929,454
Iran48,69359,246
Syria9,0725,97315,045
Lebanon21,59331,248
Turkey29,24250,185
Oceania2,2321,2433,475
Total922,055676,4681,598,523

Vital statistics

[edit]
Births and deaths over time in Sweden

Data according toStatistics Sweden, which collects the official statistics for Sweden.[35][36][37]

Notable events in Swedish demographics:

Average
population (31 Dec)		Live birthsDeathsNatural
change		Crude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)Crude migration change (per 1000)Total
fertility
rates[fn 2]
18002,347,30367,55573,928-6,37328.831.5-2.74.07
18012,354,95270,62961,3179,31230.026.04.0-0.74.26
18022,372,21674,96356,03518,92831.623.68.0-0.74.50
18032,388,61974,64456,57718,06731.323.77.6-0.74.45
18042,403,81476,44359,58416,85931.824.87.0-0.64.52
18052,422,03976,55256,66319,88931.623.48.20.74.50
18062,428,73474,58166,7287,85330.727.53.2-5.34.36
18072,439,59975,84263,81812,02431.126.24.90.54.42
18082,427,59273,96384,811-10,84830.534.9-4.5-9.54.31
18092,394,10164,30096,532-32,23226.940.3-13.5-19.33.78
18102,396,35178,91675,6073,30932.931.51.41.64.67
18112,411,38284,86269,24615,61635.228.76.50.95.01
18122,418,78081,07973,0957,98433.530.23.3-3.04.76
18132,423,94972,02166,2665,75529.727.32.4-0.84.22
18142,438,24175,83760,95914,87831.125.06.14.44.42
18152,465,06685,23957,82927,41034.623.511.18.24.93
18162,497,48487,64456,22531,41935.122.512.68.75.01
18172,521,44283,82160,86322,95833.224.19.11.84.74
18182,546,41185,71461,74523,96933.724.29.44.74.80
18192,561,78084,25069,88114,36932.927.35.6-3.24.68
18202,584,69084,84162,93021,91132.824.38.56.44.68
18212,610,87092,07266,41625,65635.325.49.86.15.03
18222,646,31494,30959,39034,91935.622.413.27.45.09
18232,689,03198,25956,06742,19236.520.915.710.05.22
18242,726,87793,57756,25637,32134.320.613.73.64.90
18252,771,252100,31556,46543,85036.220.415.89.25.18
18262,804,92697,12563,02734,09834.622.512.22.64.94
18272,827,71988,13864,92023,21831.223.08.2-1.64.44
18282,846,78895,35475,86019,49433.526.66.9-0.24.74
18292,863,13299,48882,71916,76934.728.95.9-0.64.94
18302,888,08294,62669,25125,37532.824.08.84.64.67
18312,901,03988,25375,27412,97930.426.04.5-4.04.32
18322,922,80189,86268,07821,78430.723.37.43.64.38
18332,959,141100,30963,94736,36233.921.612.39.54.84
18342,983,055100,23176,29423,93733.625.68.00.34.78
18353,025,43998,14455,73842,40632.418.414.00.04.63
18363,059,35696,85760,76336,09431.719.911.8-0.74.52
18373,076,18494,61675,61119,00530.824.66.2-0.74.17
18383,090,26290,56574,30916,25629.324.05.3-0.34.37
18393,106,45991,36372,98818,37529.423.55.90.44.18
18403,138,88798,16063,55534,60531.320.211.02.14.46
18413,173,16095,73461,27934,45530.219.310.9-0.24.30
18423,206,776100,97667,17733,79931.521.010.5-0.24.49
18433,236,63299,15469,11530,03930.621.49.3-1.54.36
18443,275,133104,69366,00938,68432.020.211.84.64.56
18453,316,536103,66062,07441,58631.318.712.52.24.46
18463,342,92799,70372,68327,02029.821.78.1-4.44.25
18473,362,07299,17979,40519,77429.523.65.9-2.84.20
18483,397,454102,52466,51336,01130.219.610.67.44.30
18493,441,286112,30467,84244,46232.619.712.93.94.66
18503,482,541110,39968,51441,88531.719.712.0-0.24.45
18513,516,647111,06572,50638,55931.620.611.0-1.44.36
18523,540,409108,30580,09028,21530.622.68.0-5.34.20
18533,563,316111,40784,04727,36031.323.67.7-0.54.26
18543,608,124120,10770,84649,26133.319.613.78.04.53
18553,641,011115,07277,73437,33831.621.310.3-1.94.30
18563,672,988115,08279,61835,46431.321.79.6-0.54.23
18573,687,601119,349101,49117,85832.427.54.8-6.24.36
18583,734,240129,03980,49848,54134.621.613.011.74.66
18593,787,735131,60575,72055,88534.820.014.84.54.71
18603,859,728133,16267,50265,66034.517.517.09.24.71
18613,917,339126,63471,82954,80532.318.314.0-3.44.44
18623,965,899131,58484,35047,23433.221.311.9-2.04.59
18634,022,564134,27977,22757,05233.419.214.26.74.65
18644,070,061136,00481,93754,06733.420.113.3-0.84.65
18654,114,141134,28179,21655,06532.619.313.4-1.94.58
18664,160,677136,98982,66654,32332.919.913.02.04.68
18674,195,681128,83282,07246,76030.719.611.1-3.84.40
18684,173,080114,95587,80727,14827.521.06.5-21.23.93
18694,158,757117,67792,77524,90228.322.36.0-4.14.03
18704,168,525119,83882,44937,38928.719.89.0-6.64.11
18714,204,177127,33372,04655,28730.317.113.1-4.74.47
18724,250,412126,98368,80258,18129.916.213.7-2.84.34
18734,297,972131,64373,52558,11830.617.113.5-0.24.49
18744,341,559133,24987,76045,48930.720.210.5-5.34.54
18754,383,291135,95888,43947,51931.020.210.80.74.60
18764,429,713135,89086,33449,55630.719.511.22.24.57
18774,484,542138,47683,17555,30130.918.512.33.44.62
18784,531,863134,46481,41853,04629.718.011.7-1.24.44
18794,578,901139,04377,15261,89130.416.813.52.44.56
18804,565,668134,26282,75351,50929.418.111.3-14.24.36
18814,572,245132,80480,80052,00429.017.711.4-9.94.29
18824,579,115134,30079,40654,89429.317.312.0-10.54.32
18834,603,595132,87579,48753,38828.917.311.60.24.24
18844,644,448138,74581,07757,66829.917.512.45.94.40
18854,682,769137,30882,78154,52729.317.711.65.24.34
18864,717,189139,88278,04561,83729.616.513.15.64.39
18874,734,901140,16976,22763,94229.616.113.5-0.84.36
18884,748,257136,45175,83160,62028.716.012.8-3.14.24
18894,774,409132,06976,12455,94527.715.911.74.34.10
18904,784,981133,59781,82451,77327.917.110.8-3.94.15
18914,802,751135,51680,60354,91328.216.811.42.64.14
18924,806,865129,62285,89443,72827.017.99.1-4.43.93
18934,824,150131,72981,02750,70227.316.810.54.03.97
18944,873,183131,40979,44451,96527.016.310.78.93.94
18954,919,260134,59974,36860,23127.415.112.28.04.01
18964,962,568134,30877,25957,04927.115.611.55.13.98
18975,009,632132,99976,55856,44126.615.311.35.73.92
18985,062,918136,52375,94960,57427.015.012.06.83.99
18995,097,402133,88289,67844,20426.317.68.7-5.53.09
19005,136,441138,13986,14651,99327.016.810.2-2.54.02
19015,175,228139,37082,77256,59827.016.110.9-3.34.04
19025,198,752137,36479,72257,64226.515.411.1-6.63.95
19035,221,291133,89678,61055,28625.715.110.6-6.33.82
19045,260,811134,95280,15254,80025.715.310.4-2.83.83
19055,294,885135,40982,44352,96625.715.610.1-3.63.83
19065,337,055136,62076,36660,25425.714.411.3-3.33.81
19075,377,713136,79378,14958,64425.514.610.9-3.33.77
19085,429,600138,87480,56858,30625.714.910.8-1.23.79
19095,476,441139,50574,53864,96725.613.711.9-3.33.71
19105,522,403135,62577,21258,41324.714.010.7-2.33.60
19115,561,799132,97776,46256,51524.013.810.2-3.13.49
19125,604,192132,86879,24153,62723.814.29.6-2.03.44
19135,638,583130,20076,72453,47623.213.69.6-3.53.32
19145,679,607129,45878,31151,14722.913.89.1-1.83.29
19155,712,740122,99783,58739,41021.614.76.9-1.13.06
19165,757,566121,67977,77143,90821.213.67.60.22.99
19175,800,847120,85577,38543,47020.913.47.50.02.93
19185,813,850117,955104,59413,36120.318.02.3-0.12.83
19195,847,037115,19384,28930,90419.814.55.30.42.72
19205,904,489138,75378,12860,62523.613.310.3-0.53.22
19215,954,316127,72373,53654,18721.512.49.1-0.72.93
19225,987,520116,94676,34340,60319.612.86.8-1.22.66
19236,005,759113,43568,42445,01118.911.47.5-4.52.55
19246,036,118109,05572,00137,05418.112.06.1-1.02.43
19256,053,562106,29270,91835,37417.611.75.9-3.02.34
19266,074,368102,00771,34430,66316.811.85.0-1.62.22
19276,087,92397,99477,21920,77516.112.73.4-1.22.11
19286,105,19097,86873,26724,60116.112.04.1-1.32.08
19296,120,08092,86174,53818,32315.212.23.0-0.61.95
19306,142,19194,22071,79022,43015.411.73.7-0.11.96
19316,162,44691,07477,12113,95314.812.52.31.01.88
19326,190,36489,77971,45918,32014.511.62.91.61.83
19336,211,56685,02069,60715,41313.711.22.50.91.72
19346,233,09085,09269,92115,17113.711.22.51.01.67
19356,250,50685,90672,81313,09313.811.72.10.71.70
19366,266,88888,93874,83614,10214.212.02.20.41.75
19376,284,72290,37375,39214,98114.412.02.40.41.77
19386,310,21493,94672,69321,25314.911.53.40.71.84
19396,341,30397,38072,87624,50415.411.53.91.01.90
19406,371,43295,77872,74823,03015.111.43.71.11.86
19416,406,47499,72771,91027,81715.611.34.31.21.92
19426,458,200113,96163,74150,22017.79.97.80.32.19
19436,522,827125,39266,10559,28719.310.29.10.92.41
19446,597,348134,99172,28462,70720.611.010.60.82.61
19456,673,749135,37371,90163,47220.410.810.41.22.63
19466,763,685132,59770,63561,96219.710.59.24.32.57
19476,842,046128,77973,57955,20018.910.88.13.52.50
19486,924,888126,68367,69358,99018.49.88.63.52.47
19496,986,181121,27269,53751,73517.410.07.41.52.39
19507,041,829115,41470,29645,11816.510.06.51.52.28
19517,098,740110,16869,79940,36915.69.95.72.42.20
19527,150,606110,19268,27041,92215.59.65.91.42.22
19537,192,316110,14469,55340,59115.49.75.70.12.25
19547,234,667105,09669,03036,06614.69.65.00.92.18
19557,290,112107,30568,63438,67114.89.55.32.42.25
19567,338,991107,96070,20537,75514.89.65.21.52.29
19577,388,611107,16873,13234,03614.69.94.72.12.29
19587,429,675105,50271,06534,43714.29.64.61.02.26
19597,462,823104,74370,88933,85414.19.54.50.02.29
19607,497,967102,21975,09327,12613.710.03.71.02.17
19617,542,028104,50173,55530,94613.99.84.11.82.21
19627,581,148107,28476,79130,49314.210.25.6-0.42.25
19637,627,507112,90376,46036,44314.810.14.71.42.33
19647,695,200122,66476,66146,00316.010.06.02.92.47
19657,772,506122,80678,19444,61215.910.15.84.22.39
19667,843,088123,35478,44044,91415.810.05.83.32.37
19677,892,774121,36079,78341,57715.410.15.31.02.28
19687,931,193113,08782,47630,61114.310.43.91.02.07
19698,004,270107,62283,35224,27013.510.53.06.21.94
19708,081,142110,15080,02630,12413.79.93.85.81.94
19718,115,165114,48482,71731,76714.110.23.90.31.98
19728,129,129112,27384,05128,22213.810.33.5-1.81.93
19738,144,428109,66385,64024,02313.510.53.0-1.11.88
19748,176,691109,87486,31623,55813.510.62.91.11.91
19758,208,442103,63288,20815,42412.610.81.82.11.78
19768,236,17998,34590,6777,66812.011.01.02.41.70
19778,267,11696,05788,2027,85511.610.70.92.91.64
19788,284,43793,24889,6813,56711.310.80.51.61.61
19798,303,01096,25591,0745,18111.611.00.61.61.66
19808,317,93797,06491,8005,26411.711.00.71.11.69
19818,323,03394,06592,0342,03111.311.10.20.41.63
19828,327,48492,74890,6712,07711.110.90.20.31.60
19838,330,57391,78090,79198911.010.90.10.31.61
19848,342,62193,88990,4833,40611.310.90.41.01.66
19858,358,13998,46394,0324,43111.811.30.51.41.74
19868,381,515101,95093,2958,65512.211.11.11.71.79
19878,414,083104,69993,30711,39212.511.11.42.51.84
19888,458,888112,08096,74315,33713.311.51.83.51.96
19898,527,036116,02392,11023,91313.710.82.95.22.02
19908,590,630123,93895,16128,77714.511.13.44.12.14
19918,644,119123,73795,20228,53514.411.03.42.82.12
19928,692,013122,84894,71028,13814.210.93.32.22.09
19938,745,109117,99897,00820,99013.511.12.43.72.00
19948,816,381112,25791,84420,41312.810.52.35.81.90
19958,837,496103,32696,9106,41611.711.00.71.71.74
19968,844,49995,29794,1331,16410.810.60.20.61.61
19978,847,62589,17192,674-3,50310.110.5-0.40.81.52
19988,854,32288,38492,891-4,50710.010.5-0.51.31.51
19998,861,42688,17394,726-6,55310.010.7-0.71.51.50
20008,882,79290,44193,285-2,84410.210.5-0.32.71.54
20018,909,12891,46693,752-2,28610.310.5-0.23.21.57
20028,940,78895,81595,00980610.710.60.13.51.65
20038,975,67099,15792,9616,19611.110.40.73.21.71
20049,011,392100,92890,53210,39611.210.11.12.91.75
20059,047,752101,34691,7109,63611.210.21.03.01.77
20069,113,257105,91391,17714,73611.710.01.75.51.85
20079,182,927107,42191,72915,69211.710.01.75.91.88
20089,256,347109,30191,44917,85211.99.92.06.01.91
20099,340,682111,80190,08021,72112.09.72.36.81.93
20109,415,570115,64190,48725,15412.39.62.75.31.98
20119,482,885111,77089,93821,83211.89.52.34.81.90
20129,555,893113,17791,93821,23911.99.72.25.51.90
20139,644,000113,59390,40223,19111.89.42.46.81.89
20149,747,000114,90788,97625,93111.99.22.78.01.88
20159,851,000114,87090,90723,96311.79.32.48.31.85
20169,995,000117,42590,98226,44311.89.22.612.01.85
201710,120,000115,41691,97223,44411.49.12.310.21.78
201810,230,000115,83292,18523,64711.39.02.38.61.75
201910,327,000114,52388,76625,75711.18.62.57.01.70
202010,379,000113,07798,12414,95310.99.51.43.61.66
202110,452,326114,26391,95822,30510.98.82.14.91.67
202210,521,556104,73494,7379,99710.09.01.05.61.52
202310,551,707100,05194,3855,6669.59.00.52.31.45
202410,587,71098,45191,2687,1839.38.60.72.71.43

In 2021 80,465 (70.4%) babies were born to Swedish-born mothers while 33,798 (29.6%) were born to foreign-born mothers. The total fertility rate for Swedish-born women was 1.62, for foreign-born ones 1.86.[38]In 2022 73,294 (70.0%) babies were born to Swedish-born mothers while 31,440 (30.0%) were born to foreign-born mothers. The total fertility rate for Swedish-born women was 1.47, for foreign-born ones 1.69.[39]

Current vital statistics

[edit]
PeriodLive birthsDeathsNatural increase
January−November 202491,47082,767+8,703
January−November 202590,55183,861+6,690
DifferenceDecrease -919 (-1.01%)Negative increase +1,094 (+1.32%)Decrease −2,013
Source:[40]

Total fertility rates by areas

[edit]
2023[41]
National areasTFR
Småland and the islands1.59
Middle Norrland1.50
West Sweden1.48
South Sweden1.48
North Middle Sweden1.47
East Middle Sweden1.42
Stockholm1.40
Upper Norrland1.38

Structure of the population

[edit]
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.I.2021) (Population statistics are compiled from registers. Data refer to registered resident population.):[42]
Age groupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total5 222 8475 156 44810 379 295100
0–4305 880289 196595 0765.73
5–9319 463300 892620 3555.98
10–14320 338302 029622 3676.00
15–19298 045278 531576 5765.56
20–24307 498271 966579 4645.58
25–29369 377348 382717 7596.92
30–34378 916361 033739 9497.13
35–39338 542320 188658 7306.35
40–44323 615310 620634 2356.11
45–49338 455328 772667 2276.43
50–54339 035329 537668 5726.44
55–59324 658317 015641 6736.18
60–64285 462283 764569 2265.48
65-69265 210271 524536 7345.17
70-74268 233282 384550 6175.30
75-79219 254237 761457 0154.40
80-84125 935155 095281 0302.71
85-8964 69998 675163 3741.57
90-9424 68651 69076 3760.74
95-995 13215 35920 4910.20
100+4142 0352 4490.02
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–14945 681892 1171 837 79817.71
15–643 303 6033 149 8086 453 41162.18
65+973 5631 114 5232 088 08620.12

Migration

[edit]
Population pyramid segmented by background. Swedish background in color, foreign background in gray

Prior to World War II, emigrants generally outnumbered immigrants. Since then, net migration has been positive with many immigrants coming to Sweden from the 1970s through today.

Emigration

[edit]

Between 1820 and 1930, approximately 1.3 million Swedes, a third of the country's population at the time,emigrated to North America, and most of them to the United States. There are more than 4.4 millionSwedish Americans according to a 2006 US Census Bureau estimate.[43] In Canada, the community ofSwedish ancestry is 330,000 strong.[44]

Immigration

[edit]
Main article:Immigration to Sweden
Increases (1984–2014) of asylum in Sweden by origin
  Serbia and Montenegro: 118 669
  Iraq: 98 211
  Syria: 65 616
  Bosnia-Herzegovina: 58 166
  Somalia: 55 123
  Iran: 50 571
  Other countries: 134 479
  Unknown: 43 350
Data source (Swedish government).

The demographic profile of Sweden has altered considerably due to immigration patterns since the 1970s. As of 2020,Statistics Sweden reported that around 2,686,040 or 25.9% of the inhabitants of Sweden were from a foreign background: that is, each such person either had been born abroad or had been born in Sweden to two parents who themselves had both been born abroad.[45] Also taking into account people with only one parent born abroad, this number increases to one third (33.5%).[46]

Additionally, the birth rate among immigrant women after arriving in Sweden is somewhat higher than among ethnic Swedes.[47] Taking into account the fact that immigrant women have on average fewer[citation needed] children than Swedish women of comparable age, however, the difference in total birth rate is only 0.1 children more if the woman is foreign born – with the disclaimer that some women may have children not immigrating to and not reported in Sweden, who are thus not included in the statistics.[48]

Historical immigration

[edit]
World War II

Immigration increased markedly withWorld War II. Historically, the most numerous of foreign born nationalities areethnic Germans fromGermany and other Scandinavians fromDenmark andNorway.[49] In short order, 70,000war children were evacuated fromFinland, of which 15,000 remained in Sweden. Also, many of Denmark's nearly 7,000Jews who were evacuated to Sweden decided to remain there.[50]

A sizeable community from theBaltic countries (Estonia,Latvia andLithuania) arrived during the Second World War.[51]

1945 to 1967

During the 1950s and 1960s, the recruitment ofimmigrant labour was an important factor of immigration. The Nordic countries signed atrade agreement in 1952, establishing a common labour market and free movement across borders. This migration within the Nordic countries, especially from Finland, was essential to create the tax-base required for the expansion of the strong public sector now characteristic of Scandinavia.[52] but the influx gave rise to ananti-Finnish sentiment within Sweden and Norway.This continued until 1967, when the labour market became saturated, and Sweden introduced new immigration controls.

On a smaller scale, Sweden took inpolitical refugees from Hungary and the formerCzechoslovakia after their countries were invaded by the Soviet Union in 1956 and 1968, respectively.

Contemporary immigration

[edit]
Swedish and foreign born population pyramid in 2022

Since the early 1970s, immigration to Sweden has been mostly due to refugee migration and family reunification from countries in theMiddle East andLatin America.[53]According toEurostat, in 2010, there were 1.33 million foreign-born residents in Sweden, corresponding to 14.3% of the total population. Of these, 859,000 (64.3%) were born outside theEU and 477,000 (35.7%) were born in another EU Member State.[54][55] By comparison, the Swedish civil registry reports, for 2018, that nearly 1.96 million residents are foreign-born, a 47% increase from 2010. There are 8.27 million Swedish-born residents, giving a total population of 10.23 million, and a 19.1% foreign-born population.[56]Malmö, the third largest city of Sweden andSkåne County as a whole have taken in highest numbers of refugees who reached Sweden, in particular during theYugoslav Wars in the 1990s and theSyrian civil war in the 2010s.[57][58][59][60]

The first group ofAssyrians/Syriacs moved toSweden fromLebanon in 1967. Many of them live inSödertälje (Stockholm).[61][62] There are also around 40,000Roma in Sweden.[63] Some Roma people have long historical roots in Sweden, while others are more recent migrants from elsewhere in Europe.

Immigrants fromWestern Asia have been a rapidly growing share of Sweden's population. According to the government agencyStatistics Sweden, the number of immigrants born in all ofAsia (including the Middle East) rose from just 1,000 in 1950 to 295,000 in 2003.[64] Most of those immigrants came fromIraq,Iran,Lebanon andSyria, according to Statistics Sweden.[64]

Immigration ofIraqis increased dramatically during theIraq War, beginning in 2003. A total of 8,951 Iraqis came to Sweden in 2006, accounting for 45% of the entire Iraqi migration to Europe. By 2007, the community of Iraqis in Sweden numbered above 70,000. In 2008, Sweden introduced tighter rules on asylum seekers.[65]

A significant number ofSyrian Christians have also settled in Sweden. There have also been immigrants from South-Central Asia such asAfghanistan andIndia. Since theEuropean migrant crisis, Syrians became the second-largest group of foreign-born persons in the Swedish civil registry in 2017 with 158,443 people (after formerYugoslavia).

Note that the table below lists the citizenship the person had when arriving in Sweden, and therefore there are no registeredEritreans,Russians orBosnians from 1990, they were recorded asEthiopians,Soviets andYugoslavs. The nationality of Yugoslavs below is therefore people who came to Sweden from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia before 1991 and people who came from today's Montenegro and Serbia before 2003, then called theFederal Republic of Yugoslavia. Counting all people who came from Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, there were 176,033 people from there in 2018.

The 49 countries with over 10,000 foreign-born persons in 2024.[66]
Country19001930196019902000201020202021202220232024
SyriaSyria––65,87414,16220,758193,594196,077197,799197,201196,152
IraqIraq––169,81849,372121,761146,440146,769146,831145,586143,160
FinlandEuropean UnionFinland6,6449,746101,307217,636195,447169,521140,337136,607133,083129,406125,904
PolandEuropean UnionPoland–1,0656,34735,63140,12370,25393,76295,07698,387100,706100,062
IranIran2811540,08451,10162,12081,30183,12285,48886,83887,115
SomaliaSomalia–––1,44113,08237,84670,18470,08769,47768,29066,846
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia formerFederal Republic of Yugoslavia–191,53243,34671,97270,81963,41962,44461,55460,63659,692
AfghanistanAfghanistan––175344,28714,42060,85862,80365,66267,73868,164
Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina––––51,52656,18360,16160,19460,26560,00359,333
TurkeyTurkey152220225,52831,89442,52752,62854,00455,95456,87157,389
GermanyEuropean UnionGermany5,1078,56637,58037,55838,15548,15851,43452,96055,64256,96957,871
EritreaEritrea––––3,05410,30147,15648,27849,21349,63949,704
ThailandThailand––204,93410,35331,37844,33945,10945,63145,94045,882
IndiaIndia451353619,05411,11017,86342,79047,36953,97358,09459,290
NorwayNorway7,97814,73137,25352,74442,46443,48041,06240,62540,27739,95139,370
DenmarkEuropean UnionDenmark6,8728,72635,11243,93138,19045,54838,92938,47438,07037,65537,203
ChinaChina (not includingHong Kong)342015203,8968,15023,99836,02337,17238,46138,25338,976
RomaniaEuropean UnionRomania3347198,78511,77619,74132,74133,69535,56536,73836,870
United KingdomUnited Kingdom7791,2702,73811,37814,60220,83931,03531,99332,57532,91633,143
LebanonLebanon––1515,98620,03824,11628,88529,31329,77029,87629,774
ChileChile6286927,63526,84228,38727,91827,89427,86927,75627,427
United StatesUnited States5,1308,85210,87413,00114,41317,17923,29024,17324,97025,73925,437
RussiaRussia1,506–––6,52315,51122,77423,45524,77525,56826,529
EthiopiaEthiopia5–5910,02711,90713,82222,12522,67223,14123,36323,463
PakistanPakistan––112,2913,10010,26521,17224,18327,29228,61429,760
VietnamVietnam––16,26510,89814,58421,12621,52821,87421,98321,842
GreeceEuropean UnionGreece52226613,17110,85111,38119,73719,93120,67221,23721,520
HungaryEuropean UnionHungary501088,54415,04514,12715,33916,48016,38116,56816,90016,960
LithuaniaEuropean UnionLithuania–149–2337856,73515,91716,43417,39617,94417,878
SerbiaSerbia–––––5,32415,87416,71917,56717,92717,909
PhilippinesPhilippines––52,6135,4609,82615,64016,21916,79017,31117,683
ItalyEuropean UnionItaly2003674,9045,9896,3377,80414,15514,78615,66516,39716,786
ColombiaColombia––734,6507,31710,53113,06013,41113,78214,05514,217
SpainEuropean UnionSpain30648674,9175,0796,76312,93013,40914,06014,53414,681
NetherlandsEuropean UnionNetherlands502082,1053,5434,5328,70012,76913,52314,77415,77216,829
BangladeshBangladesh–––1,5712,9376,28912,27912,96513,90413,98714,461
CroatiaEuropean UnionCroatia––––5,2296,27712,20712,55913,01613,20412,975
UkraineUkraine––––1,4594,74111,89912,89113,93714,29741,767
MoroccoMorocco––222,7204,4927,39111,89812,20712,57312,82312,914
FranceEuropean UnionFrance2555991,7503,8445,6027,94411,85412,61813,44514,00614,270
South KoreaSouth Korea––478,2059,17010,39811,71911,79511,94511,98511,968
EgyptEgypt10,26810,76810,86610,979
North MacedoniaNorth Macedonia10,65311,13111,195
BulgariaEuropean UnionBulgaria10,05210,42710,74110,685
LatviaEuropean UnionLatvia10,32311,15411,362
KosovoKosovo–––––2,28811,16411,92012,60512,91312,891
BrazilBrazil41921752,1183,4966,00510,72511,68012,83213,30513,439
AlbaniaAlbania10,45310,763
Sri LankaSri Lanka10,42011,380
Total35,62761,657299,879790,4451,003,7981,384,9292,046,731

Migration data of Sweden (2000–present)

[edit]
YearImmigrationEmigrationNet MigrationSwedish nationals ImmigrationSwedish nationals EmigrationSwedish nationals Net Migration
200058,65934,09124,56816,03021,515-5,485
200160,79532,14128,65416,67819,439-2,761
200264,08733,00931,07816,48418,813-2,329
200363,79535,02328,77215,80719,889-4,082
200462,02836,58625,44214,44820,565-6,117
200565,22938,11827,11113,93222,266-8,334
200695,75044,90850,84215,35224,875-9,523
200799,48545,41854,06715,94924,990-9,041
2008101,17145,29455,87717,85326,052-8,199
2009102,28039,24063,04018,51720,883-2,366
201098,80148,85349,94819,76526,792-7,027
201196,46751,17945,28820,61527,506-6,891
2012103,05951,74751,31220,46225,116-4,654
2013115,84550,71565,13020,48426,112-5,628
2014126,96651,23775,72920,86624,861-3,995
2015134,24055,83078,41020,37224,497-4,125
2016163,00545,878117,12720,01922,425-2,406
2017144,48945,62098,86919,51322,248-2,735
2018132,60246,98185,62118,17122,884-4,713
2019115,80547,71868,08717,57022,407-4,837
202082,51848,93733,58116,72922,195-5,466
202190,63148,28442,34716,00525,443-9,438
2022102,43650,59251,84415,70529,892-14,187
202394,51473,43421,08017,22837,508-20,280
2024116,19786,44929,74818,91639,550-20,634

Language

[edit]
Main articles:Swedish language andLanguages of Sweden

TheSwedish language is the official and by far the dominating language in Sweden, and is used by the government administration. English is also widely spoken and is taught in public schools.

Since 1999, Sweden has five officially recognisedminority languages:Sámi,Meänkieli,Finnish,Romani andYiddish.

TheSámi languages, spoken by about 20,000–30,000 people worldwide,[67] may be used ingovernment agencies,courts,preschools andnursing homes in 26 municipalities:Arjeplog,Arvidsjaur,Berg,Dorotea,Gällivare,Härjedalen,Jokkmokk,Kiruna,Krokom,Luleå,Lycksele,Malå,Sorsele,Skellefteå,Stockholm,Storuman,Strömsund,Sundsvall,Umeå,Vilhelmina,Vindeln,Åre,Åsele,Älvdalen,Örnsköldsvik andÖstersund.[68]

Meänkieli-speakers have the same rights as above in the following nine municipalities: Gällivare,Haparanda, Kiruna,Pajala,Övertorneå,Kalix, Luleå, Stockholm and Umeå.[69]

Finnish-speakers have the same rights as above in 66 of Sweden's 290 municipalities.[70]

During the mid to late 20th and early 21st centuries, immigrant communities brought other languages, such asPersian,Serbo-Croatian,Arabic andNeo-Aramaic.[71]

Religion

[edit]
Main article:Religion in Sweden

The majority (52.1%) of the population belongs to theChurch of Sweden,[72] theLutheran church that was disestablished as astate church in 2000. Until 1996, those who had family members in the church automatically became members at birth.[73] Other Christian denominations in Sweden include theRoman Catholic Church (seeCatholic Church in Sweden), severalOrthodox churches in diaspora,Baptist,Pentecostal, Neo-pietistic (nyevangeliska) and other evangelical Christian churches (frikyrkor = 'free churches').Shamanism persisted among theSámi people up until the 18th century, but no longer exists in its traditional form as most Sámi today belong to theLutheran church.

Jews were permitted to practice their religion in five Swedish cities in 1782, and have enjoyed full rights as citizens since 1870. The new Freedom of Religion Bill was passed in 1951, and former obstacles against Non-Lutherans working in schools and hospitals were removed. Further, that bill made it legal to leave any religious denomination, without entering another. There are also manyMuslims, as well as a number ofBuddhists andBaháʼís in Sweden, mainly as a result of 20th and 21st century immigration. There is also a smallZoroastrian community in Sweden.[74]

Homelessness

[edit]
This section is an excerpt fromHomelessness in Sweden.[edit]
A homeless person's bed inGothenburg,Sweden, 2013.

Homelessness in Sweden affects around 27,000 people.[75]

The Swedish government's response tohomelessness has included commissioning national surveys on homelessness during the last decade that allow for direct comparison betweenSweden,Denmark andNorway.[76] The three countries have very similar definitions of homelessness, with minor variations.[77]

Some researchers maintain that measures to counteract homelessness in Sweden are largely dependent on a general premise equating homelessness with addiction, mental illness and deviance.[78] On the other hand, youth homelessness is considered a child protection problem.[79]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Crude migration change (per 1,000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). As average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year.
  2. ^In fertility rates, 2.1 and above represents a stable or increasing population and have been marked blue, while 2.0 and below leads to an aging and, ultimately, declining population.

References

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