| Ethiopian Air Force | |
|---|---|
| |
 Emblem of the Ethiopian Air Force | |
| Founded | 19 August 1929; 96 years ago (1929-08-19) |
| Country |  Ethiopia |
| Type | Air force |
| Role | Aerial warfare |
| Size | 5,000 personnel |
| Part of | Ethiopian National Defense Force |
| Equipment | 118+ aircraft[1] |
| Engagements | |
| Commanders | |
| Supreme Commander | PresidentTaye Atske Selassie |
| Commander-in-chief | Prime MinisterAbiy Ahmed |
| Chief of General Staff | Field Marshal GeneralBirhanu Jula |
| Deputy Chief of General Staff | GeneralAbebaw Tadesse |
| Chief of the Air Force | Lieutenant GeneralYilma Merdasa[2] |
| Deputy Chief of the Air Force | Brigadier General Tesfaye Legesse |
| Insignia | |
| Roundel |  |
| Flag |  |
| Aircraft flown | |
| Attack | Su-25,Mil Mi-24,Mil Mi-35 |
| Fighter | MiG-21,MiG-23,Su-27,Su-30,Su-35 |
| Trainer | Aermacchi SF-260,Aero L-39 Albatros,Grob G 120TP |
| Transport | Antonov An-12,Antonov An-26,Lockheed C-130 Hercules,Mil Mi-8 |
TheEthiopian Air Force (ETAF) (Amharic:የኢትዮጵያ አየር ኃይል,romanized: Ye-Ītyōṗṗyā āyer ḫayil) is theairservice branch of theEthiopian National Defence Force. The ETAF is tasked with protecting the national air space, providing support to ground forces, as well as assisting civil operations during war.
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The origins of the Ethiopian Air Force has been traced to (thenRas)Haile Selassie witnessing a show of theBritishRoyal Air Force in November 1922, inAden. Having never seen an airplane before, he was captivated by this demonstration of their power and abilities, and spontaneously asked if he could go up in one of thebiplanes, proclaiming that it was "very fitting that he, as regent of Abyssinia should be the first Abyssinian to take flight in an aeroplane." As a result of this experience, he advocated the development of the Imperial Ethiopian Air Force.[3] This small air arm began with the delivery of aPotez 25-A2 to the capitalAddis Ababa on 18 August 1929. AJunkers W 33c followed on 5 September. The Ethiopian Air Force was organized byMishka Babitchef, the first Ethiopian pilot, who was of Russian descent.
On 31 March 1930, three of the biplanes from Ethiopia's air arm played a dramatic role in a battle between Haile Selassie (not yet crowned Emperor) and conservative forces seeking to oust him. During theBattle of Anchem, biplanes were effectively used to give Haile Selassie's forces the upper hand.
A few transport aircraft were also acquired during 1934–35 for ambulance work. The air force was commanded by ColonelJohn Robinson (African-American, took command May 1935), recruited by Haile Selassie, and who remained until theItalian occupation of Ethiopia when the small air arm ceased to exist.[4][5]
Notable pilots of the Imperial Ethiopian Air Force (1929–1936)
After the liberation of Ethiopia, the country started reorganizing the embryonic air force that had existed prior to theItalian invasion, commanded by ColonelJohn Robinson (African-American). In 1944, a group ofWorld War II African-American veterans set up a flying school atLideta airport inAddis Ababa. The nation acquired a few aircraft through military aid from theUnited States andUnited Kingdom; and the school had some 75 students by 1946.[7] As neither the United States nor the United Kingdom was interested in providing assistance, Ethiopia turned toSweden to help create a modern air arm (seeEthiopia–Sweden relations). The Swedes agreed to provide assistance andCarl Gustaf von Rosen was appointed as the chief instructor of the newly re-formed Imperial Ethiopian Air Force (IEAF).[7]
The Swedish contingent played a critical role in setting up a solid foundation. It sentSafir trainers andB-17A light bombers from Sweden, and the Ethiopian government acquiredC-47 Skytrain transport aircraft from the United States to equip the flight training, bomber, and transport squadrons, respectively.[7] In 1951, the IEAF formed its first fighter/attack squadron by acquiringFairey Firefly fighters from the United Kingdom.[8]
In 1953, a military agreement was entered between theUnited States and Ethiopia for a military assistance program (seeEthiopia–United States relations). It aimed to provide Ethiopia with a capable military force for defensive purposes. TheDepartment of Defense sent a team to undertake a comprehensive study of Ethiopian capabilities, requirements, and probable threats facing Ethiopia.
The Ethiopian Air Force benefited immensely from the program. The US Air Force sent a team of officers and NCOs led by a colonel to assess the force and provide recommendations as part of theMilitary Assistance Advisory Group studying Ethiopian Armed Forces comprehensively. The IEAF was to be reorganized and adopt US-style operating procedures. Emphasis was given to building up training institutions. Numerous Ethiopian personnel was sent to the US for training, including 25 Ethiopian pilots for jet training, and many more were trained locally by US Defense personnel.[9] In 1957, the first three of severalLockheed T-33 Shooting Star jet trainers were supplied followed byNorth American F-86 Sabre fighters in 1960. In 1961,T-28 Trojans were acquired for advanced training.[10] This influx of equipment and training made the IEAF, in the opinion of historian Bahru Zewde, "the most prestigious show-piece of American aid in Ethiopia. It was also reputedly the most modern and efficient unit of the armed forces."[11]
In 1964, the Somalis began receiving large quantities of weaponry, ground equipment, andMiG-17 fighters from theSoviet Union (seeEthiopia–Russia relations). In response, the US started delivering the supersonicF-5A jet fighters in 1965 to counter this new threat. However, it was careful not to escalate the situation further. The US delivered the F-5As without providing major weapon systems for the aircraft, the ability to use air-to-air missiles.[12] Nevertheless, the delivery of F-5As had serious implications in theHorn of Africa because no neighboring country had anything similar to this new jet fighter. The Somalis were furious and described the F-5A transfer as a grave threat to the security of the Somali people and the rest of theHorn. In 1976, the US agreed to supply more advancedF-5Es along withAIM-9B Sidewinder missiles after the Soviets deliveredMikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 fighters to Somalia. The F-5E aircraft destined for Ethiopia was never delivered and was stored at Williams AFB, Arizona during theOgaden War 1977–1978.
Although the United States trained the air force during Emperor Haile Selassie's reign and supplied newF-5 jets in April 1966, the Ethiopians restructured their air force that same year based on anIsraeli Defense Force military program provided byTel Aviv.[13]
In 1977, Nos 1 and 2 Squadrons of the Ethiopian Air Force converted from the F-86 to the MiG-21, and No. 33 Operational Conversion Unit from the T-33A to the MiG-21UM and MiG-21MF; a year later, No. 3 Squadron converted from the F-86 to theMikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23BN "Flogger."[14] In 1980, No. 5 Squadron converted from F-86s to the MiG-21bis. Years later, all four squadrons, and 33 OCU, were reported to be based atDebre Zeit.
After its independence in 1960, Somalia started making claims to all of its precolonial territories that were occupied by France, British and disputed lands with Ethiopia. However, the majority of the land claimed was in Ethiopia which made it Somalia's main target. After failing to get support within theOrganization of African Unity, Somalia declared war on Ethiopia in 1964.[15] The Somali forces launched their attack atTogochale, a border town east ofJijiga, but theDerg at the time had killed most of the nation's most-able generals and its army was hampered down with civil wars across Ethiopia and the province of Eritrea, and therefore was no match to the air forces of Somalia well-equipped by theSoviet Union.
The brief conflict provided the IEAF with valuable experience. Lessons learned included the need for heavy bombers, an air defense complex, a secure and reliable communication system, and better coordination with ground forces. As a result,Canberra bombers and air defense radars were acquired from Great Britain and the US respectively.[16]In 1974, popular unrest against Emperor Haile Selassie led to a military coup. The military then formed a committee from within, known as theDerg, dominated by junior officers and NCOs. Shortly after, it executed 60 top civilian and distinguished military officials and imprisoned many others.[17] In addition, the Derg forced out many career military officers it was suspicious of and killed others. The army was in shambles and the country was engulfed in political turmoil. It was during this moment the Somalis believed it was their best chance to launch thea massive invasion in 1977.
Already alarmed at the increasing noise the Somalis were making, the Derg government had managed to convince theFord administration to provide Ethiopia with F-5Es in 1975.[18] The first batch of six pilots were sent toWilliams Air Force Base in Arizona for conversion and tactical fighter training in August 1976. However, further training of pilots and delivery of aircraft was stopped afterPresident Carter cut off all arms supplies in protest of the Derg's human rights violations.[19]
Using the eight F-5Es as interceptors, F-5As for close air support, and Canberra for heavy bombing, the ETAF overwhelmed theSomali Air Force. Throughout the war, it also conducted strikes against several targets deep inside Somalia, including the repeated bombings of the Somali Air Force's northern main operating base atHargeisa and long range attack on theBerbera.
The ETAF lost three F-5Es to ground fire and one C-47 transport plane to a MIG-17 while one Canberra was flown by a defecting pilot to Somalia. Another Canberra was lost due to a mechanical problem deep inside Ethiopia after it suffered hits from a ground attack. Two F-5E pilots as well as the C-47 crew were captured by the Somalis while one F-5E pilot was rescued by helicopter. One of the F-5E pilots captured wasLegesse Tefera (died 5 October 2016), credited with six (or 7) Somali MiG kills, making him the most successful F-5 pilot ever.[20][21][22][23] His F-5E was shot down while overflying an area thought to be in control by Ethiopian forces. He was captured by the local Somali population and was turned over to then Somali army commander of the region, ColonelAbdullahi Yusuf, and held prisoner for over 10 years.[24] Colonel Abdullahi Yusuf later became President of Somalia. The other captured F-5E pilot, Afework Kidanu, died while in captivity in Somalia.
While the ETAF's role was critical in stopping the advance of the Somali forces, the ground forces were not ready for offensive operations to expel the Somalis from the area they controlled. The army was short in equipment of all sorts, and after theDerg acquired power United States PresidentJimmy Carter cut off all military aid to Ethiopia. Desperate, the Derg regime turned to the Soviets for help. The Soviet Union, which was providing assistance to Somalia, switched sides and agreed to provide substantial economic and military aid that proved to be decisive. As a result, the Air Force received a large number of aircraft for fighter, helicopter, transport roles.[25] The Cubans provided 17,000 troops to support the Ethiopian forces. Included were Cuban pilots who flew the newly Soviet-supplied MiG-21s.
In the 1980s, non-Soviet aircraft were also acquired. SeveralL-39C jets were acquired fromCzechoslovakia for jet transition training. In addition,SF-260TP trainers were acquired fromItaly in two batches to replace the aging Safirs, and two L-100 Hercules transport aircraft, the civilian version of the militaryC-130 Hercules transport, were acquired throughEthiopian Airlines (seeCzechoslovakia-Ethiopia relations,Ethiopia-Italy relations).
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TheDerg created a three-man committee constituting the force commander, political commissar, and representative from the security service to oversee the air force. In addition, adhering to Soviet advice, the ETAF's organization was replaced by a Soviet-style regimental structure.
The Soviet influence had a major impact on the ETAF. The Soviets offered to train all pilots at a joint training center for all their satellite states leaving the ETAF responsible only for operational training. They also offered to train engineers at their schools. Expecting to realize enormous cost savings, the ETAF accepted the offer. As a result, both the flying school and Air Academy were closed in 1980 and all recruits were sent to the Soviet Union after passing aptitude test examination and medical screening.
The Derg years saw the ETAF embroiled in theEthiopian Civil War. The ETAF played a critical role in the Derg's war effort in the north. It was the main stumbling block the rebels faced from achieving total victory. However, in the late 1980s, many in the air force began questioning the prosecution of the war. Following afailed coup in 1989, in which the ETAF's top leaders participated, its high command was decimated with arrests and executions. Eventually, the forces of theEthiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) overran the Derg's army and took control of the country in 1991.
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The change of events that followed had a tremendous impact on the ETAF. In 1991, the Soviet-backed Derg regime was deposed by EPRDF rebel forces. The EPRDF ordered all members of the military, including those of the ETAF, to report to detention camps set up throughout the country. The EPRDF started reorganizing the air force soon after taking power. Shortly after taking complete control of the country, it selected about 50 officers and NCOs from the rehabilitation camps to reactivate a transport wing. In addition, more pilots and ground crew were returned to bring back the assets that were flown to neighboring countries by fleeing pilots in the final days of the Derg.
The EPRDF government was cognizant of the critical role of airpower, having experienced it first hand during its long war with Derg. It set up a new high command which included senior EPRDF military commanders and former members of the ETAF who have previously joined the EPRDF. Its primary task was to restore the ETAF to operational status.
In August 1992, the flying school was reopened and training of cadets was resumed. As a result, many of the instructor pilots under the Derg regime were allowed to return. In addition, senior EPRDF commanders assigned to the high command were sent abroad for staff training. The first batch of pilot trainees graduated in June 1995 which continued yearly afterward. However, the early period was fraught with much friction and mistrust between the retained personnel from the former Derg regime and the EPRDF military commanders assigned to ETAF.
In 1995, the EPRDF government unveiled a plan for a newEthiopian National Defense Force. The plan called for a smaller air force with a streamlined organizational structure and fewer bases. As a medium term solution, the ETAF's air and ground assets were to be upgraded with modern systems, and completion of the maintenance and overhaul centers started under the Derg. However, lack of finance delayed the implementation of most projects. The political leadership felt there was no threat to speak of facing the country to justify large expenditures, particularly pertaining to the extensive (and expensive) upgrade project for the MIG-21/23 fighter fleet.
The unexpected outbreak ofwar with Eritrea in June 1998 led to a significant change in the ETAF. The entire Ethiopian National Defense Force was ill-prepared for the conflict. Most of theEthiopian Ground Forces were located in the south and southeast. The EPRDF government considered the northern borders to be the most secure due to its then close relationship withEritrea and had decided to leave the border security in the hands of the local militia and police forces. The case with the ETAF was no different which never had replaced its northern command base it lost when Eritrea seceded.
In the two years that followed from 1998 to 2000 and despite the many constraints, the ETAF was able to provide crucial support to the ground forces.Su-27 air superiority fighters were acquired along with advanced versions of theMi-35 helicopter gunships. The Su-27s were used to shoot down fourEritrean Air ForceMIG-29s; the first on 25 February 1999, and the second on 26 February 1999. In return, Eritrean MiG-29s shot down a total of twoMiG-21 and oneMiG-23 fighters during the war. One of the experienced pilots, Colonel Bezabih Petros, was one of the lead fighters and was captured by Eritrean forces for the second time, where his whereabouts are unknown. Lessons learned from the war were incorporated throughout which increased the effectiveness of the ETAF in the second year of the war.Su-25T jets with precision strike capability were acquired along with sophisticated electronic warfare systems. Its members undertook dangerous missions deep inside Eritrean territory from interdicting supply lines, reconnaissance, and destruction of air defense systems. This in turn greatly raised the morale of the Ethiopian army which enabled them to break the highly fortified Eritrean front line in an amazingly short period of time. Hence, changing the tide of the war back in the Eritrean heartland.
After the war, the ETAF was reorganized to better prepare it for future conflicts based on lessons learned during the 1998–2000 war. Changes were made to better reflect in its doctrine the effects of the newer equipments acquired ability to deploy precision guided munitions. The long running maintenance and overhaul center project,DAVEC, was also sped up and inaugurated in 2004.[26][27]
The ETAF took part in theinvasion of Somalia against theIslamic Courts Union in 2006 and during the military occupation that followed. During the invasion phase of the conflict, ETAF MiGs bombed targets inMogadishu.[28] Several helicopters were reported destroyed by Somali insurgents during the conflict, including anMi-24 gunship over the Somali capital.[29][30][31][32] Since the withdrawal of most Ethiopian military forces from Somalia in 2009, the ETAF has occasionally carried out airstrikes in the country.[33] During the2022 al-Shabaab invasion the ETAF struck al-Shabaab positions in Somalia from the air in late July and early August.[34] The air force is presently participating in attacks against Al-Shabaab insurgents in the ongoing2025 Shabelle Offensive.[35]
In early November 2020 aconflict broke out in theTigray Region of Ethiopia between forces loyal to theTigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) and the ENDF.[36] The ETAF would almost immediately start carrying out airstrikes on TPLF targets bombing arms depots, military bases, and other targets.[37] On 22 June 2021, an Ethiopian fighter plane bombed a market in the townTogoga killing 64 civilians and wounding 180 more.[38] Several ETAF aircraft have also been shot down. On 29 November 2020, an ETAFMig-23 was shot down by the TPLF leading to the capture of the pilot.[39] On 20 April 2021, an ETAFMil Mi-35 was shot down near Guya killing three crew members.[40] On 23 June 2021 an ETAFLockheed L-100 Hercules was shot down near Gijet.[41]
In 2023armed conflict broke out betweenFano insurgents and the ENDF. Since the start of a majorcounter insurgency operation in October 2024, the ETAF has been extensively employed throughout as the government intensified its air campaign against Fano.Helicopter gunships anddrones have reportedly been used throughout theAmhara region.[42] Armed drones in particular have been reportedly used indiscriminately.[43] A military helicopter reportedly crashed atBahir Dar Airport on 16 November 2024.Gojjam Fano claimed they had downed the aircraft, while the ENDF denied any helicopter had crashed.[44]
The primary base is atHarar Meda Airport, inBishoftu. There are four smaller bases used by the air force, these are:
| Aircraft | Origin | Type | Variant | In service | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combat aircraft | |||||
| MiG-23 | Soviet Union | Fighter-bomber | MiG-23BN | 9[45] | |
| Sukhoi Su-25 | Soviet Union | CAS | Su-25TK | 3[45] | 1 used as training aircraft |
| Sukhoi Su-27 | Russia | Multirole | Su-27SK | 20[45] | 6 used for training |
| Sukhoi Su-30 | Russia | Multirole | Su-30K | 2[46] | |
| Transport | |||||
| Antonov An-12 | Ukraine | Transport | 4[45] | ||
| Antonov An-32 | Ukraine | Transport | 1[45] | ||
| C-130 Hercules | United States | Tactical airlifter | C-130B/E | 2[45] | |
| DHC-6 Twin Otter | Canada | Transport | 1[45] | ||
| Beechcraft King Air | United States | Transport | 3 | One for VIP transport | |
| Helicopters | |||||
| Mil Mi-8 | Russia | Utility | Mi-8/17 | 14[45] | |
| Mil Mi-24 | Russia | Attack | Mi-35 | 6[45] | |
| Alouette III | France | Liaison | 3[45] | ||
| Surveillance aircraft | |||||
| Tsehay 2.0 | Ethiopia | Surveillance aircraft | 1 | More to be produced | |
| Trainer aircraft | |||||
| Aero L-39 | Czech Republic | Jet trainer | 10[45] | ||
| Grob G 120TP | Germany | Trainer | 6[45][47] | ||
| SIAI-Marchetti SF.260 | Italy | Trainer | 4[45] | ||
| UAV | |||||
| Bayraktar TB2 | Turkey | UCAV | [48] | ||
| Bayraktar Akıncı | Turkey | UCAV | N/A | [49] | |
| Wing Loong II | China | UCAV | 2[50] | ||
| Qods Mohajer-6 | Iran | UCAV | N/A | [50] | |
In addition to the Air Force inventory, theEthiopian Army operates twoDHC-6, and eightBell 205 helicopters.[45]
On 28 November 2024, on the Ethiopian Air Force 89th anniversary.Abiy Ahmed showcased a locally customised surveillance plane for the Ethiopian Air Force. The plane is called theTsehay 2.0. It will be deployed to surveillance fighting during wars or certain battles.[citation needed]
Previous notable aircraft operated by Ethiopia were theLockheed T-33,F-86,Northrop F-5,MiG-17,Electric Canberra,Douglas C-54,Fairchild C-119,de Havilland Dove,Mil Mi-6,Mil Mi-14,Aérospatiale SA 330,North American T-28,Saab 91 Safir, andSaab 17.[51]
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