E1S is produced viaestrogen sulfotransferases from the peripheralmetabolism of the estrogensestradiol andestrone.[18][19][20] Estrogen sulfotransferases are expressed minimally or not at all in thegonads.[21] In accordance, E1S is not secreted in meaningful amounts from the gonads in humans.[22][18] However, measurable amounts of estrogen sulfates are said to be secreted by the ovaries in any case.[23]
Notes: "Theconcentration of a steroid in the circulation is determined by the rate at which it is secreted from glands, the rate of metabolism of precursor or prehormones into the steroid, and the rate at which it is extracted by tissues and metabolized. Thesecretion rate of a steroid refers to the total secretion of the compound from a gland per unit time. Secretion rates have been assessed by sampling the venous effluent from a gland over time and subtracting out the arterial and peripheral venous hormone concentration. Themetabolic clearance rate of a steroid is defined as the volume of blood that has been completely cleared of the hormone per unit time. Theproduction rate of a steroid hormone refers to entry into the blood of the compound from all possible sources, including secretion from glands and conversion of prohormones into the steroid of interest. At steady state, the amount of hormone entering the blood from all sources will be equal to the rate at which it is being cleared (metabolic clearance rate) multiplied by blood concentration (production rate = metabolic clearance rate × concentration). If there is little contribution of prohormone metabolism to the circulating pool of steroid, then the production rate will approximate the secretion rate."Sources: See template.
Studies in animals and humans have had mixed findings on uptake of exogenously administered E1S in normal andtumorousmammary glandtissue.[26][27][28][24][25] This is in contrast to substantial uptake of exogenously administered estradiol and estrone by the mammary glands.[26] Another animal study found that E1S wasn't taken up by theuterus but was taken up by theliver, where it washydrolyzed into estrone.[29][26]
E1S levels have been characterized in humans.[33][34][35] E1S usingradioimmunoassay (RIA) have been reported to be 0.96 ± 0.11 ng/mL in men, 0.96 ± 0.17 ng/mL during thefollicular phase in women, 1.74 ± 0.32 ng/mL during theluteal phase in women, 0.74 ± 0.11 ng/mL in women takingoral contraceptives, 0.13 ± 0.03 ng/mL inpostmenopausal women, and 2.56 ± 0.47 ng/mL in postmenopausal women onmenopausal hormone therapy.[35] In addition, E1S levels inpregnant women were 19 ± 5 ng/mL in the first trimester, 66 ± 31 ng/mL in the second trimester, and 105 ± 22 ng/mL in the third trimester.[35] E1S levels are about 10 to 15 times higher than those of estrone in women.[36]
^abBjerregaard-Olesen C, Ghisari M, Kjeldsen LS, Wielsøe M, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC (January 2016). "Estrone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate: Transactivation of the estrogen and androgen receptor".Steroids.105:50–8.doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2015.11.009.PMID26666359.S2CID46663814.
^abLongcope C, Flood C, Tast J (1994). "The metabolism of estrone sulfate in the female rhesus monkey".Steroids.59 (4):270–273.doi:10.1016/0039-128X(94)90112-0.ISSN0039-128X.PMID8079382.S2CID42846339.The source of E1SO4 in humans is from the peripheral conversion of E1 and E2, 6,7 [...] In human females there is little evidence for the ovarian secretion of E1SO4. 7 Since most of our monkeys were ovariectomized, we cannot say that the rhesus ovaries do not secrete E1SO4, but it is probably unlikely.
^Hobkirk R (1985). "Steroid sulfotransferases and steroid sulfate sulfatases: characteristics and biological roles".Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology.63 (11):1127–1144.doi:10.1139/o85-141.ISSN0714-7511.PMID3910206.
^Brooks, S. C., Horn, L., Pack, B. A., Rozhin, J., Hansen, E., & Goldberg, R. (1980). Estrogen metabolism and function in vivo and in vitro. In Estrogens in the Environment (Vol. 5, pp. 147-167). Elsevier/North Holland New York.
^abcPurohit A, Riaz AA, Ghilchik MW, Reed MJ (November 1992). "The origin of oestrone sulphate in normal and malignant breast tissues in postmenopausal women".Horm. Metab. Res.24 (11):532–6.doi:10.1055/s-2007-1003382.PMID1452119.S2CID260167615.
^Masamura S, Santner SJ, Santen RJ (July 1996). "Evidence of in situ estrogen synthesis in nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors via the enzyme estrone sulfatase".J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.58 (4):425–9.doi:10.1016/0960-0760(96)00065-9.PMID8903427.S2CID22100628.
^Holinka CF, Gurpide E (April 1980). "In vivo uptake of estrone sulfate by rabbit uterus".Endocrinology.106 (4):1193–7.doi:10.1210/endo-106-4-1193.PMID7358033.
^abKirilovas D, Schedvins K, Naessén T, Von Schoultz B, Carlström K (2009). "Conversion of circulating estrone sulfate to 17β-estradiol by ovarian tumor tissue: A possible mechanism behind elevated circulating concentrations of 17β-estradiol in postmenopausal women with ovarian tumors".Gynecological Endocrinology.23 (1):25–28.doi:10.1080/09513590601058333.ISSN0951-3590.PMID17484508.S2CID25115594.
^abNuñez M, Aedo AR, Landgren BM, Cekan SZ, Diczfalusy E (November 1977). "Studies on the pattern of circulating steroids in the normal menstrual cycle. 6. Levels of oestrone sulphate and oestradiol sulphate".Acta Endocrinol.86 (3):621–33.doi:10.1530/acta.0.0860621.PMID579025.
^Honjo H, Kitawaki J, Itoh M, Yasuda J, Iwasaku K, Urabe M, Naitoh K, Yamamoto T, Okada H, Ohkubo T (1987). "Serum and urinary estrone sulfate during the menstrual cycle, measured by a direct radioimmunoassay, and fate of exogenously injected estrone sulfate".Horm Res.27 (2):61–8.doi:10.1159/000180788.PMID3653846.
Rezvanpour A, Don-Wauchope AC (March 2017). "Clinical implications of estrone sulfate measurement in laboratory medicine".Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences.54 (2):73–86.doi:10.1080/10408363.2016.1252310.PMID27960570.S2CID1825531.
