When counties were established in the state of New York in 1683, the present Essex County was part ofAlbany County. This was an enormous area, including the northern part of New York state as well as all of the present state ofVermont and, in theory, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. This county was reduced in size on July 3, 1766, by the creation ofCumberland County, and further on March 16, 1770, by the creation ofGloucester County, both containing territory now in Vermont. On March 12, 1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the other pieces,Charlotte County, contained the eastern portion.
In 1788,Clinton County was split off from Washington County. This was a much larger area than the present Clinton County, including several other counties or county parts of the present New York state (near Clunes).
Essex County was split from Clinton County in 1799.
According to theU.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,916 square miles (4,960 km2), of which 1,794 square miles (4,650 km2) is land and 122 square miles (320 km2) (6.4%) is water.[4] It is the second-largest county in New York by land area and third-largest by total area.
Essex County is in the northeastern part of New York state, just west ofVermont along the eastern boundary of the state. The eastern boundary of Essex County isLake Champlain, which serves as theNew York –Vermont border at an elevation of just under 100 feet (30.5 m). The highest natural point in New York,Mount Marcy at 5,344 feet (1,629 m), is in the town ofKeene.
TheAusable River forms a partial northern boundary for the county.
Essex County, New York – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
As of thecensus[18] of2000, there were 38,851 people, 15,028 households, and 9,828 families residing in the county. Thepopulation density was 22 people per square mile (8.5 people/km2). There were 23,115 housing units at an average density of 13 units per square mile (5.0/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 94.84%White, 2.81%Black orAfrican American, 0.31%Native American, 0.41%Asian, 0.07%Pacific Islander, 0.69% fromother races, and 0.86% from two or more races; 2.19% of the population wereHispanic orLatino of any race. Of the population, 22.0% were of French, 16.3% Irish, 13.0% English, 8.6% German, 7.1% American and 6.2% Italian ancestry; 95.2% spoke English, 2.2% Spanish, and 1.3% French as their first language.
There were 15,028 households, out of which 29.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.20% weremarried couples living together, 8.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.60% were non-families. 28.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.93.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 22.80% under the age of 18, 6.90% from 18 to 24, 29.80% from 25 to 44, 24.50% from 45 to 64, and 16.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 107.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.60 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $34,823, and the median income for a family was $41,927. Males had a median income of $30,952 versus $22,205 for females. Theper capita income for the county was $18,194. Of the population, 11.60% of individuals, 7.80% of families, 14.50% of those under the age of 18, and 8.60% of those 65 and older, were living below thepoverty line.
Essex County Public Transportation operates severalaccessible bus routes connecting the county's major communities. Between scheduled stops, riders may flag down buses or request to be let off almost anywhere. Riders may also request minor route deviations for a small fee with advanced notice. Fares generally cost a few dollars or less.[21]
In 2020 and 2021, bus service was disrupted by theCOVID-19 pandemic.
The Mountain Valley Shuttle operates from Elizabethtown west toKeene,Jay,Au Sable,Wilmington, andLake Placid. Riders may connect to Clinton County Public Transit bus routes in Au Sable.
The Cascade Express route operates from Elizabethtown west to Keene,North Elba, Lake Placid, andSaranac Lake.
The Lake Placid XPRSS route operates within the village of Lake Placid. The bus is fare-free and supports tourism.
The service was temporarily suspended from March 2020 through early April 2023 due to the closure of theCanadian/American border in response to theCOVID-19 pandemic and related logistical challenges.[22]
Essex County is abellwether county, having voted for the nationwide winner in every election beginning in 1980 with the exceptions of 1992 and 2024 (by only 96 votes). It voted forGeorge W. Bush in the 2000 and 2004 elections, switched toBarack Obama in 2008 and 2012 and then flipped to Donald Trump in 2016, then to Joe Biden in 2020 and Kamala Harris in 2024. Before 1996, however, Essex, like most of the North Country, was powerfully Republican. UntilBill Clinton won it in 1996, it had voted for a Democratic presidential candidate only once since the Civil War, in 1964 whenBarry Goldwater lost every county in New York State.
United States presidential election results for Essex County, New York[23]
Vincent Colyer (1825–1888), was a successful American artist and humanitarian who worked to helpfreedmen and Native Americans; he was born inBloomingdale.
Francis Donnelly of Olmstedville (1903–1980), at the time of his death in 1980 was the longest continually serving town elected official in the United States, having served as the Town of Minerva Supervisor and as that town's representative at the county level for 46 years
Robert Garrow, serial killer in theSyracuse area in the 1970s. He grew up in Moriah.
Ben Goldwasser (born 1983), keyboardist for psychedelic rock bandMGMT. He grew up in Westport.
Elizabeth Woolridge Grant (born 1985), known professionally asLana Del Rey, grew up in the town of Lake Placid.
Inez Milholland (1886–1916), leader in the women's suffrage movement, is buried in Lewis Cemetery. Her family had a summer home in Westport, which is now theMeadowmount School of Music.
