| Essex Brigade 161st (Essex) Brigade 161st Infantry Brigade 161st Independent Infantry Brigade | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Active | 1888–1919 1921–1941 1947–1967 |
| Country |  United Kingdom |
| Branch |  Territorial Army |
| Type | Infantry |
| Size | Brigade |
| Part of | 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division |
| Engagements | Gallipoli Campaign Senussi Campaign Battle of Romani First Battle of Gaza Second Battle of Gaza Third Battle of Gaza Battle of Megiddo (1918) |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | ColEdward Bulfin Brig-GenSydney Lawford |
TheEssex Brigade, later161st Brigade and161st Infantry Brigade, was avolunteerinfantry formation of theBritish Army in existence from 1888 until 1941, and again from 1947. It served atGallipoli and inPalestine during theFirst World War and returned toEgypt in the early part of theSecond World War before transferring to theBritish Indian Army and redesignated161st Indian Infantry Brigade. In peacetime and during the wars the brigade was an integral part of the54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division and contained mostly battalions of theEssex Regiment.
TheCardwell Reforms introduced the concept of 'localisation of the forces', whereby the country was divided into county sub-districts organised round the newly linkedLine infantry battalions, to which theMilitia andVolunteer Corps of the county were attached. The County of Essex was covered by Brigade No 44 based on the depot of the44th Foot, later theEssex Regiment, atWarley Barracks.[1]
Under a short-lived mobilisation scheme around 1880 the volunteers in Essex were organised into two local Brigades:[1]
Local Brigade No 5
Local Brigade No 6
In 1883, the RVCs formally became Volunteer Battalions (VBs) of their linked county regiment.
The more complete mobilisation scheme introduced by theStanhope Memorandum of December 1888 saw all the Volunteer units assigned to garrisons or mobile brigades. The four VBs of theEssex Regiment constituted theEssex Volunteer Brigade and in the event of war were expected to mobilise at an 'entrenched camp' based on the regiment's depot atWarley Barracks.[1][2][3][4]
Initially the brigade was commanded by the officer commanding 44th Regimental District (the Essex Regiment's depot), but afterwards Lt-Col P.C. Yorke, recently retired from theKing's Own Royal Lancaster Regiment, was appointed. The brigade historian recorded that Yorke was a 'smart and keen soldier' who did a lot for the brigade in its early days, but whose term of command was short because he died in office. He was replaced by Colonel J.F. Hornby, late of the12th Lancers, who held the post until the reorganisation of the volunteer infantry brigades in 1906.[1][5] He was followed by Colonel Harry Cooper, CMG, CBE, who had seen active service in Canada,Ashanti,Burma,Sudan andSouth Africa, and went on to serve at General Headquarters of theBritish Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France during the First World War.[6] Brigade headquarters was established at Epping Place,Epping, the home of the brigade major, Maj H.W.W. Wood.[7]
During theSecond Boer War, detachments of volunteers from the brigade served with theCity Imperial Volunteers and in the 112-strong Special Service Company serving alongside theRegulars of the 1st Battalion, Essex Regiment in the first part of the war, followed by a second company of 101 men in 1901–02.[8][9]
Under theHaldane Reforms the Volunteer Force was subsumed into theTerritorial Force (TF), theVolunteer battalions becoming numbered battalions of their parent units. The Essex Brigade now formed part of theEast Anglian Division of the TF. Brigade HQ was atBrentwood.[10] The units of East Anglian Division trained together for the first time at camp nearThetford in 1911.[11]
The East Anglian Division was a week into its fortnight's annual training at Clacton when the order to mobilise arrived on 4 August 1914. The units immediately proceeded to their designated war stations defending the East Anglian coast, with 7th Essex atFelixstowe. They were relieved on 9 August to return to Walthamstow to mobilise, and by 10 August the division was concentrated around Brentwood, with 7th Battalion HQ at the'Golden Fleece' inn. It later moved to the cavalry barracks inNorwich, and thenCostessey Hall.[10][12]
Although recruiting was brisk, the Essex men were enlisted for Home Service and only afterwards asked if they wished to volunteer forOverseas Service, which many did not. Hence the reserve or 2nd-Line battalions filled up quickly, while the 1st-Line battalions remained under strength. However, in August 1914 the Essex Brigade formed aservice battalion of volunteers from all four battalions. This was put at 24 hours notice for service in France, but was stood down in November and the men returned to their battalions.[13] In January 1915 the 2nd-Line battalions formed a 2nd Essex Brigade, which was later numbered206th (2nd Essex) Brigade but never went overseas.[14]
The East Anglian division was employed on coast defence until May 1915, when it concentrated aroundSt Albans to prepare for overseas service. At this time it was numbered, becoming the54th (East Anglian) Division, and the Essex Brigade became161st (Essex) Brigade. On 8 July it heard that it was to be employed atGallipoli.[10][15]
161st Brigade comprised the following units during the war:[10][16]
During the war, the brigade adopted shoulder flashes coloured red and black, divided vertically, with the red worn to the front on each arm. The four battalions adopted distinctive shapes for these patches:[17]
161st Brigade sailed fromDevonport, Devon between 21 and 26 July 1915 and assembled atMudros. The rest of 54th Division landed atSuvla Bay on 10 August in a last attempt to restart the stalledGallipoli Campaign, but was misused and stalemate ensued.[18][19] 161st Brigade (less 1/4th Essex) landed during the night of 11/12 August and relieved163rd (Norfolk and Suffolk) Brigade who were to make an attack.[20][21] The Essex battalions arrived still understrength, and armed with obsolete longLee–Enfield rifles – many soldiers exchanged these for modernSMLE weapons picked up from casualties.[22] On the afternoon of 14 August the brigade advanced over open ground to relieve theNorfolks andSuffolks after their disastrous attack.[23] The Essex Brigade's historian records that 'Though they were met with a fusillade as they advanced steadily over the plain there was no hesitation'. They reached the line and spent all night consolidating the position.[21][24][25]
On 17/18 August the brigade (now completed by the arrival of 1/4th Battalion) relieved the10th (Irish) Division at Kiretch Tepe. Intermittent shellfire on these positions caused considerable casualties before the brigade was relieved on 22 August. The brigade then moved to the Lala Baba sector, and from 1 to 10 September interchanged with parties of the4th Australian Brigade, some holding positions known as 'Table Top', and 'Rhododendron Spur', others working on new trenches.[21][26]
Throughout September and October 1915, 54th Division made preparations to complete the capture ofHill 60 sector, described by one of the officers as 'notoriously one of the most unpleasant spots on the peninsula'. The main task was assigned to 163rd Brigade, which was strengthened by 1/7th Essex, the1/8th Battalion,Hampshire Regiment being transferred to 161st Brigade in exchange for three months. However, although a mine was exploded under Hill 60, the main operation was cancelled because of the weak state of 54 Division: during September to November 1915, 161st Brigade lost 2 officers and 33 other ranks killed and 8 officers and 103 men wounded, but in the same period 45 officers and 1659 other ranks were admitted to hospital sick.[27]
On the night of 26/27 November, the 161st (Essex) Brigade was relieved byGurkhas and theNew Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade, the relief being delayed by a severe rainstorm that flooded the trenches. After a few days in the rest area, 54 Division marched down to the beach and embarked forMudros, where the battalions reverted to their former brigades. It did not return to the peninsula, which was later evacuated, and instead the division sailed toAlexandria.[21][28]
As soon as it arrived in Egypt, 161st Brigade became involved in theSenussi Campaign, marching out on 28 December to replace theNew Zealand Rifle Brigade guarding the coast railway from Alexandria to Da'aba. The Essex battalions were relieved from this duty on 4 March 1916 by the2nd County of London Yeomanry and moved into the No 1 (Southern) Section of theSuez Canal Defences.[10][29]
The Brigade Machine Gun Company was formed at Shallufah on 22–23 April by taking two officers and the machine-gun (MG) detachment from each battalion. The 8Vickers machine guns thus collected were increased to 16 and the Essex men transferred to theMachine Gun Corps[10][30]
In August the troops were moved northwards to counter a Turkish thrust at the canal, resulting in theBattle of Romani. 161st Machine Gun Company was the only unit of 54th Division engaged in this action, though 1/5th and 1/7th Essex were in the area. On 5 August, supporting52nd (Lowland) Division round Mount Rowston, the company took part in the decisive action of the battle, resisting a stiff attack in which it suffered several casualties, and won a number of gallantry awards.[10][31]
During 1916, the units of 54 Division were steadily brought up to strength by the arrival of drafts, and in mid-January 1917 the division assembled for the opening of thePalestine Campaign. It took the whole of February for 161st Brigade to cross theSinai Desert in stages. It was then involved in all three Battles of Gaza, in March, April and November 1917.[32][33]
At theFirst Battle of Gaza (26 March 1917), the main attack was made by53rd (Welsh) Division with 161st Brigade in support. Towards the end of the day the Essex Brigade was ordered to take Green Hill: despite heavy fighting the attack was a complete success and the brigade held the whole position by nightfall. However, confusion set in, and 53rd Division withdrew during the night. The men of 161st Brigade were enraged by the order to withdraw. The following day patrols showed that the Turks had not reoccupied the position; 1/7th Bn was sent up to support the patrols, but a violent Turkish counter-attack finished the battle. The battalion's casualties at Green Hill were 228, of whom 68 were missing after the fighting withdrawal.[33][34]
For theSecond Battle of Gaza (17–19 April 1917) 1/7th Battalion was detached from 161st Brigade and was assigned to theImperial Camel Corps (ICC), which was protecting the left flank of 54th Division. On 16 and 17 April the 1/7th Essex was escorting artillery. On 19 April the battalion remained with the Hong Kong and Singapore Battery in support of the ICC's morning attack, and then at 10.30 pushed forward to help the right flank of 3rd (Australian) Camel Battalion when the Australian Light Horse retired. The rest of 161st Brigade was in divisional reserve and only suffered a few casualties from shellfire.. However, the main assault had failed again and Gaza remained untaken.[33][35]
During the summer months 161st Brigade held the line without suffering serious casualties, and recovered its strength for the forthcomingThird Battle of Gaza (1–3 November 1917). On the morning of 2 November the 54th Division put in a holding attack at the El Arish Redoubt. The fighting was confused, but the division took all its objectives. However, the 1/7th Battalion found that the fourth objective, 'John Trench', was a mere scrape in the ground and could not be held. The brigade commander considered that this battalion had the hardest time of all that day. At 04.00 on 3 November, 1/7th made a renewed attempt to take their objective, but were again held up by Turkish machine-gun fire. The battalion's casualties over the three days were heavy, at 281 all ranks. During the rapid pursuit after the fall of Gaza, 1/4th and 1/6th Essex assisted theANZAC Mounted Division, while 1/5th and 1/7th were left marching in the rear.[33][36]
As well as battle casualties, the whole brigade suffered considerably frominfluenza during November–December 1917 and throughout 1918. The weakened brigade was mainly engaged in line-holding until September 1918. 54th Division was held in readiness to move to reinforce theWestern Front, but in the end was not sent.[37]
54th Division returned to the offensive for theBattle of Megiddo (19–25 September 1918), which finally broke the Turkish resistance. To support the breakthrough, 161st Brigade was to secure the Es Zakur line and then form a defensive flank. The brigade formed up before dawn on 19 September, and attacked under the cover of an overhead barrage from the machine gun companies. The brigade's first line took the two objectives successfully. The main assault completely broke through the Turkish lines and opened the way for the cavalry to pursue the defeated enemy.[38] 161st Brigade was left behind for a week on battlefield clearance before joining the pursuit. By the time theArmistice with Turkey was signed on 30 October 1918, 54th Division had reachedBeirut.[39]
Soon after the Armistice, 54th Division moved back to Egypt by sea. Preparations for demobilisation began, but civil unrest in Egypt meant that 161st Brigade was engaged in peacekeeping duties from March to May 1919. After June the duties became very light and demobilisation proceeded. 1/7th Battalion was absorbed by 1/5th Battalion, and the Essex Brigade was fully demobilised by Christmas 1919.[10][40]
When the renamedTerritorial Army (TA) was reconstituted in 1920–22, the161st (Essex) Infantry Brigade[41] reformed with the same four battalions of theEssex Regiment as before, in 54th (East Anglian) Divisional Area.[42] During the 1930s the air defences of the United Kingdom were strengthened, with a number of TA infantry battalions being converted to new roles: in 1935 the7th Battalion, Essex Regiment was transferred to theRoyal Artillery (RA) as59th (The Essex Regiment) Anti-Aircraft Brigade, RA, (TA) and left 161st Brigade.[43] They were replaced in the brigade by the 5th (Hackney) Battalion,Royal Berkshire Regiment, previously the10th Battalion, the London Regiment (Hackney)[44] from1st London Infantry Brigade fromThe London Division.[45]
After theMunich Agreement in 1938 the TA was doubled in size by duplicating units. The Essex Regiment chose to designate its battalions '1/' and '2/' as it did in the First World War. During 1939 the6th Battalion, Essex Regiment duplicated and both the 1/6th and 2/6th battalions became the64th and65th Searchlight Regiment respectively, but still remained part of the Essex Regiment. They were transferred to41st (London) Anti-Aircraft Brigade,2nd Anti-Aircraft Division, previously the46th (North Midland) Division.
161st Brigade had the following composition during the war:[46][47][48]
Soon after the outbreak of theSecond World War on 3 September 1939, 161st Brigade had been in the process of creating a duplicate or 2nd Line brigade. Shortly afterwards this was allocated the number 163 (replacing the original 163rd Brigade of 54th Division that had been renumbered53rd Brigade and reassigned to a new18th Division).[46][47][49]
The54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division did not join theBritish Expeditionary Force in France, but remained part of Home Forces throughout 1939–40. In December 1940, 161st Brigade left the 54th Division and sailed toSierra Leone in West Africa. Here it was rejoined by 1/4th Essex, which had preceded it in July 1940.[46][47][50]
The brigade was stationed in Sierra Leone from January to June 1941. It then travelled on to Egypt, arriving in July, where it came underMiddle East Forces, spending short periods under command of4th Indian Infantry Division,XIII Corps, andBritish Eighth Army, while most of its units were stripped away. In November 1941, Brigade HQ and 1/4th Essex sailed again toCyprus, where it was joined by twoIndian Army battalions and assigned to5th Indian Division. On 26 November 1941 the brigade was transferred to the Indian Army as161st Indian Infantry Brigade.[46][47] As an Indian Army formation, it took part in theWestern Desert andBurma campaigns, playing a large part in fighting theImperial Japanese Army in theSiege of Kohima in mid-1944.
When the TA was reformed in 1947, 54th (East Anglian) was not reconstituted as a field division, but 161st Brigade was reformed as an independent infantry brigade inEastern Command with the following composition:[51]
161st Independent Infantry Brigade
In 1967, with the establishment of theTerritorial Army Volunteer Reserve (TAVR), these battalions were reduced to small cadres.[53][54][55][56][57][58][59]
Among the brigade's commanders were the following officers:
| Date | Rank | Name | Notes | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lieutenant-Colonel | P. C. Yorke | [10][46][60] | ||
| 18 March 1896 | Colonel | J. F. Hornby | ||
| Colonel | W. Wood | |||
| 16 May 1902 | Lieutenant-Colonel | Thomas Stock | [61] | |
| 1 June 1906 | Colonel | Harry Cooper | [10][46][62] | |
| 1911 | Colonel | Edward Bulfin | ||
| 30 June 1913 | Colonel | S. T. B. Lawford | Later promotedbrigadier-general | |
| 9 September 1914 | Brigadier-General | F. F. W. Daniell | ||
| 19 June 1916 | Brigadier-General | W. Marriott-Dodington | ||
| 24 July 1917 | Lieutenant-Colonel | John Brown | Acting | |
| 31 July 1917 | Brigadier-General | W. Marriott-Dodington | ||
| 8 February 1918 | Lieutenant-Colonel | B. C. Wells | Acting | |
| 12 February 1918 | Brigadier-General | H. B. H. Orpen-Palmer | ||
| 3 September 1939 | Brigadier | Hanbury Pawle | [46] | |
| 13 November 1939 | Brigadier | J. W. L. Hobart | ||
| 25 November 1941 | Brigadier | W. D. Stamer |
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