Spending most of his life as an academic with positions at various universities, Schrödinger, along withPaul Dirac, won theNobel Prize in Physics in 1933 for his work on quantum mechanics, the same year he left Germany due to his opposition toNazism. In his personal life, he lived with both his wife and his mistress which may have led to problems causing him to leave his position atOxford. Subsequently, until 1938, he had a position inGraz, Austria, until theNazi takeover when he fled, finally finding a long-term arrangement inDublin, Ireland, where he remained until retirement in 1955, and where he allegedlysexually abused several minors.
Biography
Early life and education
Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger was born on 12 August 1887 inVienna, the only child ofRudolf Schrödinger, a botanist,[10][11] and Georgine Emilia Brenda Bauer, the daughter of a chemistry professor atTU Wien.[12] His mother was of half Austrian and half English descent. His father wasCatholic and his mother wasLutheran. Although Schrödinger was anatheist,[13] he had strong interests inEastern religions andpantheism, and used religious symbolism in his works.[14] He believed his scientific work was an approach to divinity in an intellectual sense.[15]
Schrödinger was also able to learn English outside school, as his maternal grandmother was British.[16] From 1906 to 1910, he studied underFranz S. Exner andFriedrich Hasenöhrl at theUniversity of Vienna. He received hisPh.D. under Hasenöhrl in 1910. He also conducted experimental work with Karl Wilhelm Friedrich "Fritz" Kohlrausch. The following year, he became an assistant to Exner, under whom he completed hishabilitation (venia legendi) in 1914.[11]
In 1921, Schrödinger moved to theUniversity of Zurich. In 1927, he succeededMax Planck at theUniversity of Berlin. In 1933, he decided to leave Germany because he strongly disapproved of theNazis' antisemitism. He became a Fellow ofMagdalen College, Oxford. Soon after arriving, he received theNobel Prize in Physics together withPaul Dirac. His position at Oxford did not work out well; his unconventional domestic arrangements, sharing living quarters with two women,[17] were not met with acceptance. In 1934, he lectured atPrinceton University; he was offered a permanent position there, but did not accept it. Again, his wish to set up house with his wife and his mistress may have created a problem.[18] He had the prospect of a position at theUniversity of Edinburgh, but visa delays occurred, and in the end he took up a position at theUniversity of Graz in 1936. He had also accepted the offer of chair position at the Department of Physics atAllahabad University in India.[19]
In 1938, after theAnschluss (the Nazi German annexation of Austria), Schrödinger had problems in Graz because of his flight from Germany in 1933 and his known opposition toNazism.[21] He issued a statement recanting this opposition,[22] which he later regretted, explaining to Einstein: "I wanted to remain free – and could not do so without great duplicity".[22] However, this did not fully appease the new dispensation, and the University of Graz dismissed him from his post for "political unreliability". He suffered harassment and was instructed not to leave the country, but fled to Italy with his wife. From there, he took up visiting positions atOxford andGhent universities.[22][21]
In 1939, Schrödinger received a personal invitation from TaoiseachÉamon de Valera to reside inDublin, Ireland. The following year, he joined the newly establishedDublin Institute for Advanced Studies as Director of the School of Theoretical Physics, a position he held until his retirement in 1955.[23] He lived modestly on Kincora Road,Clontarf; a plaque has been erected at his Clontarf residence and at the address of his workplace inMerrion Square.[24][25][26] Schrödinger believed that, as an Austrian, he had a unique relationship with Ireland. In October 1940, a writer from theIrish Press interviewed Schrödinger, who spoke of theCeltic heritage of Austrians, saying: "I believe there is a deeper connection between us Austrians and theCelts. Names of places in the Austrian Alps are said to be of Celtic origin."[27] He became a naturalized Irish citizen in 1948, but also retained his Austrian citizenship.[28] He published about fifty further papers on various topics, including his explorations ofunified field theory.[29]
In 1943, Schrödinger gave a series of three major lectures atTrinity College Dublin which remain highly influential at the university. The series began annual conferences in his name,[clarification needed] and buildings at the College were named after him.[30]
In 1944, Schrödinger wroteWhat Is Life?, which contains a discussion ofnegentropy and the concept of a complexmolecule with the genetic code for livingorganisms. According toJames D. Watson's memoir,DNA, the Secret of Life, Schrödinger's book gave Watson the inspiration to research thegene, which led to the discovery of theDNAdouble helix structure in 1953.[31] Similarly,Francis Crick, in his autobiographical bookWhat Mad Pursuit, described how he was influenced by Schrödinger's speculations about how genetic information might be stored in molecules.[32]
A manuscript "Fragment from an unpublished dialogue ofGalileo"[33] from this time resurfaced atThe King's Hospital boarding school, Dublin,[34] after it was written for the school's 1955 edition of their Blue Coat, Schrödinger's last year in Dublin.[35]
In 1956, following theneutralization of Austria in 1955, Schödinger returned toVienna to become a professor emeritus at the University of Vienna.
At an important lecture during theWorld Power Conference, Schrödinger refused to speak onnuclear power because of his scepticism about it and gave a philosophical lecture instead. During this period, he turned from mainstream quantum mechanics' definition ofwave–particle duality and promoted thewave idea alone, causing much controversy.[36][37]
Schrödinger suffered fromtuberculosis and several times in the 1920s stayed at asanatorium inArosa, Switzerland. It was there that he formulated his wave equation.[38]
Schrödinger died of tuberculosis on 4 January 1961 in Vienna at the age of 73.[39] Although not Catholic, he was buried in a Catholic cemetery inAlpbach, after the priest in charge of the cemetery learnt Schrödinger was a Member of thePontifical Academy of Sciences.[40]
Research and interests
Early in his life, Schrödinger experimented in the fields ofelectrical engineering,atmospheric electricity, and atmosphericradioactivity, but he usually worked with his former teacher Franz Exner. He also studiedvibrational theory, the theory ofBrownian motion, andmathematical statistics. In 1912, at the request of the editors of theHandbook of Electricity and Magnetism, he wrote an article titledDielectrism. That same year, he gave a theoretical estimate of the probable height distribution of radioactive substances, which is required to explain the observed radioactivity of the atmosphere, and in August 1913 executed several experiments in Zeehame that confirmed his theoretical estimate and those ofVictor Hess. For this work, he was awarded theHaitinger Prize of theAustrian Academy of Sciences in 1920.[41] Other experimental studies conducted by the young researcher in 1914 were checking formulas for capillary pressure in gas bubbles and the study of the properties of softbeta radiation produced bygamma rays striking a metal surface. The last work he performed together with his friend Fritz Kohlrausch. In 1919, he performed his last physical experiment oncoherent light and subsequently focused on theoretical studies.[citation needed]
Quantum mechanics
New quantum theory
In the first years of his career, Schrödinger became acquainted with the ideas of theold quantum theory, developed in the works of Einstein,Max Planck,Niels Bohr,Arnold Sommerfeld, and others. This knowledge helped him work on some problems intheoretical physics, but the Austrian scientist at the time was not yet ready to part with the traditional methods ofclassical physics.[42]
Schrödinger's first publications aboutatomic theory and the theory of spectra began to emerge only from the beginning of the 1920s, after his personal acquaintance with Sommerfeld andWolfgang Pauli and his move to Germany. In January 1921, Schrödinger finished his first article on this subject, about the framework of theBohr–Sommerfeld quantization of the interaction of electrons on some features of the spectra of the alkali metals. Of particular interest to him was the introduction of relativistic considerations in quantum theory. In autumn 1922, he analyzed the electron orbits in an atom from a geometric point of view, using methods developed by his friendHermann Weyl. This work, in which it was shown that quantum orbits are associated with certain geometric properties, was an important step in predicting some of the features of wave mechanics. Earlier in the same year, he created the Schrödinger equation of therelativistic Doppler effect for spectral lines, based on the hypothesis of light quanta and considerations of energy and momentum. He liked the idea of his teacher Exner on the statistical nature of the conservation laws, so he enthusiastically embraced theBKS theory of Bohr,Hans Kramers, andJohn C. Slater, which suggested the possibility of violation of these laws in individual atomic processes (for example, in the process of emission of radiation). Although theBothe–Geiger coincidence experiment soon cast doubt on this, the idea of energy as a statistical concept was a lifelong attraction for Schrödinger, and he discussed it in some reports and publications.[43]
Wave mechanics
In January 1926, Schrödinger published inAnnalen der Physik the paper "Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem" (Quantization as anEigenvalue Problem)[44] on wave mechanics and presented what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. In this paper, he gave a "derivation" of the wave equation for time-independent systems and showed that it gave the correct energy eigenvalues for a hydrogen-like atom. This paper has been universally celebrated as one of the most important achievements of the twentieth century and created a revolution in most areas of quantum mechanics and indeed of all physics and chemistry. A second paper was submitted just four weeks later that solved thequantum harmonic oscillator,rigid rotor, anddiatomic molecule problems and gave a new derivation of the Schrödinger equation. A third paper, published in May, showed the equivalence of his approach to that ofWerner Heisenberg'smatrix mechanics and gave the treatment of theStark effect. A fourth paper in this series showed how to treat problems in which the system changes with time, as in scattering problems. In this paper, he introduced a complex solution to the wave equation in order to prevent the occurrence of fourth- and sixth-order differential equations. Schrödinger ultimately reduced the order of the equation to one.[45]
Building on a paper by Einstein,Boris Podolsky, andNathan Rosen, which introduced the thought-experiment now known as theEPR paradox, Schrödinger published in 1935 a paper that codified the concept ofquantum entanglement.[46] He deemed this quantum phenomenon "the one that enforces its entire departure fromclassical lines of thought."[47]
Schrödinger was not entirely comfortable with the implications of quantum theory referring to his theory as "wave mechanics".[48][49] He wrote about the probability interpretation of quantum mechanics, saying, "I don't like it, and I'm sorry I ever had anything to do with it." (In order to ridicule theviewpoints of Bohr and Heisenberg on quantum mechanics, he contrived the famous thought experiment called theSchrödinger's cat paradox.[50] He was said to have angrily complained to his students that "now the damned Göttingen physicists use my beautiful wave mechanics for calculating their shitty matrix elements."[51])
Unified field theory
Following his work on quantum mechanics, Schrödinger devoted considerable effort to working on aunified field theory that would unitegravity,electromagnetism, and nuclear forces within the basic framework ofgeneral relativity, doing the work with an extended correspondence with Albert Einstein.[52] In 1947, he announced a result, "Affine Field Theory",[53] in a talk at the Royal Irish Academy, but the announcement was criticized by Einstein as "preliminary" and failed to lead to the desired unified theory.[52] Following the failure of his attempt at unification, Schrödinger gave up his work on unification and turned to other topics. Additionally, Schrödinger reportedly never collaborated with a major physicist for the remainder of his career.[52]
Color
Erwin Schrodinger
Schrödinger had a strong interest inpsychology, in particularcolor perception andcolorimetry (German:Farbenmetrik). He spent quite a few years of his life working on these questions and published a series of papers in this area:
"Theorie der Pigmente von größter Leuchtkraft",Annalen der Physik, (4), 62, (1920), 603–22 (Theory of Pigments with Highest Luminosity)
"Grundlinien einer Theorie der Farbenmetrik im Tagessehen",Annalen der Physik, (4), 63, (1920), 397–456; 481–520 (Outline of a theory of colour measurement for daylight vision)
"Über das Verhältnis der Vierfarben- zur Dreifarben-Theorie",Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, 134, 471, (On The Relationship of Four-Color Theory to Three-Color Theory).
"Lehre von der strahlenden Energie",Müller-Pouillets Lehrbuch der Physik und Meteorologie, Vol 2, Part 1 (1926) (Thresholds of Color Differences).
His work on the psychology of color perception follows the step ofIsaac Newton,James Clerk Maxwell andHermann von Helmholtz in the same area. Some of these papers have been translated into English and can be found in:Sources of Colour Science, Ed. David L. MacAdam, MIT Press (1970) and inErwin Schrödinger’s Color Theory, Translated with Modern Commentary, Ed. Keith K. Niall, Springer (2017).ISBN978-3-319-64619-0doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64621-3.
Philosophy
Schrödinger had a deep interest in philosophy, and was influenced by the works ofArthur Schopenhauer andBaruch Spinoza. In his 1956 lecture "Mind and Matter", he said that "The world extended inspace and time is but ourrepresentation."[54] This is a repetition of the first words of Schopenhauer's main work. Schopenhauer's works also introduced him toIndian philosophy, more specifically to theUpanishads andAdvaita Vedanta’s interpretation. He once took on a particular line of thought: "If the world is indeed created by our act of observation, there should be billions of such worlds, one for each of us. How come your world and my world are the same? If something happens in my world, does it happen in your world, too? What causes all these worlds to synchronize with each other?"
There is obviously only one alternative, namely the unification of minds or consciousnesses. Their multiplicity is only apparent, in truth there is only one mind. This is the doctrine of the Upanishads.[55]
Schrödinger's attitude with respect to the relations between Eastern and Western thought was one of prudence, expressing appreciation for Eastern philosophy while also admitting that some of the ideas did not fit with empirical approaches to natural philosophy.[58] Some commentators have suggested that Schrödinger was so deeply immersed in a non-dualist Vedântic-like view that it may have served as a broad framework or subliminal inspiration for much of his work including that in theoretical physics.[58] Schrödinger expressed sympathy for the idea oftat tvam asi, stating "you can throw yourself flat on the ground, stretched out uponMother Earth, with the certain conviction that you are one with her and she with you."[59]
Schrödinger said that "Consciousness cannot be accounted for in physical terms. For consciousness is absolutely fundamental. It cannot be accounted for in terms of anything else."[60]
He also anticipated themany-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.[61][62] In 1952, he suggested that the different terms of a superposition evolving under the Schrödinger equation are "not alternatives but all really happen simultaneously".[63] Schrödinger's later writings also contain elements resembling themodal interpretation originated byBas van Fraassen. Because Schrödinger subscribed to a kind of post-Machianneutral monism, in which "matter" and "mind" are only different aspects or arrangements of the same common elements, treating the wavefunction as physical and treating it as information became interchangeable.[64]
Personal life
On 6 April 1920, Schrödinger married Annemarie (Anny) Bertel.[39][65]
When Schrödinger immigrated to Ireland in 1938, he obtained visas for himself, his wife and also another woman, Hilde March. March was the wife of an Austrian colleague and Schrödinger had fathered a daughter with her in 1934.[66] Schrödinger wrote to theTaoiseach,Éamon de Valera, personally, so as to obtain a visa for March. In October 1939 theménage à trois duly took up residence in Dublin.[66] His wife, Anny (born 3 December 1896), died on 3 October 1965.
At the age of 39, Schrödinger tutored a 14-year-old girl named "Ithi" Junger. Walter Moore relates in his 1989 biography of Schrödinger that the lessons "included 'a fair amount of petting and cuddling'" and Schrödinger "had fallen in love with his pupil".[69] Moore further relates that "not long after her seventeenth birthday, they became lovers". The relationship continued and in 1932 she became pregnant (then aged 20[70]). "Erwin tried to persuade her to have the child; he said he would take care of it, but he did not offer to divorce [his wife] Anny ... in desperation, Ithi arranged for an abortion."
Moore describes Schrödinger having a 'Lolita complex'. He quotes from Schrödinger's diary from the time where he said that "men of strong, genuine intellectuality are immensely attracted only by women who, forming the very beginning of the intellectual series, are as nearly connected to the preferred springs of nature as they". A 2021Irish Times article summarized this as a "predilection for teenage girls", and denounced Schrödinger as "a serial abuser whose behaviour fitted the profile of a paedophile in the widely understood sense of that term".[71] Schrödinger's grandson and his mother were unhappy with the accusation made by Moore, and once the biography was published, their family broke off contact with him.[72]
Carlo Rovelli notes in his bookHelgoland that Schrödinger "always kept a number of relationships going at once – and made no secret of his fascination with preadolescent girls". In Ireland, Rovelli writes, he fathered children from two students[73] identified in aDer Standard article as being a 26-year-old and a married political activist of unknown age.[72] Moore's book described both of these episodes, giving the name Kate Nolan as a pseudonym for the first and naming the other as Sheila May, though neither was a student.[74] The book also described an episode of Schrödinger being "infatuated" with a twelve-year-old girl, Barbara MacEntee, while in Ireland. He desisted from attentions after a "serious word" from someone, and later "listed her among the unrequited loves of his life."[75] This episode from the book was highlighted by theIrish Times article and others.[72]
Walter Moore stated that Schrödinger's attitude towards women was "that of a male supremacist",[76] but that he disliked the "official misogyny" at Oxford which socially excluded women.Helge Kragh, in his review of Moore's biography, said the "conquest of women, especially very young women, was the salt of life for this sincere romantic and male chauvinist".[77]
The physics department of Trinity College Dublin announced in January 2022 that they would recommend a lecture theatre that had been named for Schrödinger since the 1990s be renamed in light of his history of sexual abuse,[78] while a picture of the scientist would be removed, and the renaming of an eponymous lecture series would be considered.[79]
Bust of Schrödinger, in the courtyard arcade of the main building,University of Vienna, Austria
The philosophical issues raised by Schrödinger's cat are still debated today and remain his most enduring legacy inpopular science, while Schrödinger's equation is his most enduring legacy at a more technical level. Schrödinger is one of several individuals who have been called "the father of quantum mechanics".
^Bub, Jeffrey (2023),"Quantum Entanglement and Information", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.),The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved22 October 2023
^abcPhysics 1922-1941. Nobel Lectures. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company. 1965. Erwin Schrödinger Biographical.Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved19 February 2023 – via nobelprize.org.
^Moore 1994, pp. 289–290 Quote: "In one respect, however, he is not a romantic: he does not idealize the person of the beloved, his highest praise is to consider her his equal. 'When you feel your own equal in the body of a beautiful woman, just as ready to forget the world for you as you for her – oh my good Lord – who can describe what happiness then. You can live it, now and again – you cannot speak of it.' Of course, he does speak of it, and almost always with religious imagery. Yet at this time he also wrote, 'By the way, I never realized that to be nonbelieving, to be an atheist, was a thing to be proud of. It went without saying as it were.' And in another place at about this same time: 'Our creed is indeed a queer creed. You others, Christians (and similar people), consider our ethics much inferior, indeed abominable. There is that little difference. We adhere to ours in practice, you don't.'"
^Halpern, Paul (2015).Einstein's Dice and Schrödinger's Cat. Perseus Books Group. p. 157.ISBN978-0-465-07571-3.In the presentation of a scientific problem, the other player is the good Lord. He has not only set the problem but also has devised the rules of the game--but they are not completely known, half of them are left for you to discover or deduce. I am very astonished that the scientific picture of the real world around me is very deficient. It gives a lot of factual information, puts all our experience in a magnificently consistent order, but is ghastly silent about all that is really near to our heart, that really matters to us. It cannot tell us a word about red and blue, bitter and sweet, physical pain and physical delight; it knows nothing of beautiful and ugly, good or bad, God and eternity. Science sometimes pretends to answer questions in these domains, but the answers are very often so silly that we are not inclined to take them seriously. I shall quite briefly mention here the notorious atheism of science. The theists reproach it for this again and again. Unjustly. A personal God cannot be encountered in a world picture that becomes accessible only at the price that everything personal is excluded from it. We know that whenever God is experienced, it is an experience exactly as real as a direct sense impression, as real as one's own personality. As such He must be missing from the space-time picture. "I do not meet with God in space and time", so says the honest scientific thinker, and for that reason he is reproached by those in whose catechism it is nevertheless stated: "God is a Spirit." Whence came I and whither go I? That is the great unfathomable question, the same for every one of us. Science has no answer for it
^Moore 1992, p. 4 Quote: "He rejected traditional religious beliefs (Jewish, Christian, and Islamic) not on the basis of any reasoned argument, nor even with an expression of emotional antipathy, for he loved to use religious expressions and metaphors, but simply by saying that they are naive." ... "He claimed to be an atheist, but he always used religious symbolism and believed his scientific work was an approach to the godhead."
^Hoffman, D. (1987).Эрвин Шрёдингер. Мир. pp. 13–17.
^Watson, James D.; Stent, Gunther S. (1998).The double helix: a personal account of the discovery of the structure of DNA (1st Scribner ed.). New York: Scribner.ISBN978-0-684-85279-9.
^Crick, Francis (1988).What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery. New York: Basic Books.ISBN0-465-09137-7.
^Moore 1992, p. 482: "There was some problem about burial in the churchyard since Erwin was not a Catholic, but the priest relented when informed that he was a member in good standing of the Papal Academy, and a plot was made available at the edge of the Friedhof."
^Schrödinger, Erwin (1935). "Discussion of probability relations between separated systems".Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.31 (4):555–563.Bibcode:1935PCPS...31..555S.doi:10.1017/S0305004100013554.
^Beller, Mara. "Matrix Theory before Schrodinger: Philosophy, Problems, Consequences." Isis, vol. 74, no. 4, [The University of Chicago Press, The History of Science Society], 1983, pp. 469–91,http://www.jstor.org/stable/232208Archived 6 October 2021 at theWayback Machine. "The Gottingen-Copenhagen physicists, however, presented a united front. They cooperated intimately, each contributing extensively to the emergence of the new philosophy. The distribution of talents in the Gottingen-Copenhagen group could not have been better. The youthful vigor and brilliance of Heisenberg, together with the mathematical virtuosity of Dirac, Jordan, and Born, were balanced by Bohr's philosophical profundity and Pauli's penetrating critical mind."
^Stone, A. Douglas (2013). "Confusion and Then Uncertainty."Einstein and the Quantum: The Quest of the Valiant Swabian. Princeton University Press, pp. 268–78,http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fgxvv.32."Ironically, Schrödinger was correct; his method was much more intuitive and visualizable than that of Heisenberg and Born, and it has become the overwhelmingly preferred method for presenting the subject. But with Born's probabilistic interpretation of the wave-function, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, and Bohr's mysterious complementarity principle, the 'Copenhagen interpretation' reigned supreme, and the term 'wave mechanics' disappeared; it was all quantum mechanics."
^"A Quantum Sampler".The New York Times. 26 December 2005.Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved13 August 2021.
^Rechenberg, Helmut. "Werner Heisenberg: Die Sprache der Atome" Springer-Verlag, 2010, pp. 485,https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-540-69222-5Archived 28 May 2022 at theWayback Machine. "Noch drastischer sollte Schrödinger seine Meinung im Züricher Seminar nach einem Vortrag über eine neue Arbeit der Konkurrenten ausgedrückt haben. Er setzte sich nachher leicht verzweifelt und verärgert auf die Straße und sagte: "Jetzt benützen die verdammten Göttinger meine schöne Wellenmechanik zur Ausrechnung ihrer Scheiß-Matrixelemente."
^Schrödinger, E.,Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol. 51A (1947),pp. 163–171Archived 6 April 2015 at theWayback Machine. (accessed 3 November 2017)
^Schrödinger, Erwin (1992).What is life? : the physical aspect of the living cell; with Mind and matter; & Autobiographical sketches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 136.ISBN0-511-00114-2.OCLC47010639.
^abSchrödinger, Erwin. What is life? Epilogue: On Determinism and Free Will
^abBitbol, Michel."Schrödinger and Indian Philosophy"(PDF).Cahiers du service culturel de l'ambassade de France en Inde, Allahabad, August 1999: 20.Archived(PDF) from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved22 January 2022.
^Schrödinger, Erwin.My View of the World, chapter iv, andWhat Is life?
^"General Scientific and Popular Papers." InCollected Papers, Vol. 4. Vienna:Austrian Academy of Sciences. Braunschweig/Wiesbaden: Vieweg & Sohn. p. 334.
^Schrödinger, Erwin (1996). Bitbol, Michel (ed.).The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics: Dublin Seminars (1949–1955) and other unpublished essays. OxBow Press.
^Moore 1992 discusses Schrödinger's unconventional relationships, including his affair with Hildegunde March, in chapters seven and eight, "Berlin" and "Exile in Oxford".
^abRonan Fanning,Éamon de Valera: A Will to Power, Faber & Faber, 2015
^Salerno, Bella (8 February 2022)."Schrödinger Lecture Theatre to be renamed the Physics Lecture Theater".Trinity News.Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved9 February 2022.The Schrödinger Lecture Theatre is to be renamed the Physics Lecture Theatre, as it was known during the early to mid 20th century. ... "...it was clear that a large majority of both staff and students now favour changing the name [of] the lecture theatre in the Fitzgerald Building that has borne his name since the 1990s" ... "The current approach continues to honour the indisputable scientific contribution of Erwin Schrödinger, while acknowledging disturbing information – much of it from Schrödinger's own diaries – which is now also known." ... a portrait of Schrödinger will be removed from the Fitzgerald building.
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