| Episiotomy | |
|---|---|
 Medio-lateral episiotomy as baby crowns | |
| Pronunciation | /əˌpiːziˈɒtəmi,ˌɛpəsaɪˈ-/ |
| Other names | Perineotomy |
| Specialty | Obstetrics |
| ICD-9-CM | 73.6 |
| MeSH | D004841 |
| MedlinePlus | 002920 |
Episiotomy, also known asperineotomy, is a surgical incision of theperineum and the posterior vaginal wall generally done by anobstetrician. This is usually performed during the second stage of labor to quickly enlarge the aperture, allowing the baby to pass through. The incision, which can be done from the posterior midline of thevulva straight toward theanus or at an angle to the right or left (medio-lateral episiotomy), is performed underlocal anesthetic (pudendal anesthesia), and issutured after delivery.
Its routine use is no longer recommended, asperineal massage applied to the vaginal opening, is an alternative to enlarge the orifice for the baby.[1][2][3] It was once one of the most common surgical procedures specific to women. In the United States, as of 2012, it was performed in 12% of vaginal births.[1] It is also widely practiced in many parts of the world, includingKorea,Japan,Taiwan,China, andSpain in the early 2000s.[4][5]
Vaginal tears can occur during childbirth, most often at theintroitus as the baby's head passes through, especially if the baby descends quickly. Episiotomies are used in an effort to preventsoft-tissue tearing (perineal tear) which may involve the anal sphincter and rectum. Tears can involve the perineal skin or extend to the muscles and the anal sphincter and anus. The midwife or obstetrician may decide to make a surgical cut to the perineum with scissors or ascalpel to make the baby's birth easier and prevent severe injuries that can be difficult to repair. The cut is repaired with stitches (sutures). Some childbirth facilities have a policy of routine episiotomy.[6]
Specific reasons to do an episiotomy are unclear.[1] Though indications on the need for episiotomy vary and may even be controversial (seediscussion below), where the technique is applied, there are two main variations. Both are depicted in the above image.
In 2009, aCochrane meta-analysis based on studies with over 5,000 women concluded that: "Restrictive episiotomy policies appear to have a number of benefits compared to policies based on routine episiotomy. There is less posterior perineal trauma, less suturing and fewer complications, no difference for most pain measures and severe vaginal or perineal trauma, but there was an increased risk of anterior perineal trauma with restrictive episiotomy".[6] The authors were unable to find quality studies that compared mediolateral versus midline episiotomy.[6]
There are four main types of episiotomy:[7]
Traditionally, physicians have used episiotomies in an effort to deflect the cut in the perineal skin away from the anal sphincter muscle, as control over stool (faeces) is an important function of the anal sphincter, i.e. lessenperineal trauma, minimizepostpartum pelvic floor dysfunction, and as muscles have a good blood supply, by avoiding damaging the anal sphincter muscle, reduce the loss ofblood during delivery, and protect againstneonatal trauma. While episiotomy is employed to obviate issues such as post-partum pain, incontinence, andsexual dysfunction, some studies suggest that episiotomy surgery itself can cause all of these problems, the episiotomy and wound can continue as a tear and damage the ring of muscle around the lower part of the large bowel , the anal sphincter.[8] Research has shown that natural tears typically are less severe (although this is perhaps surprising since an episiotomy is designed for when natural tearing will cause significant risks or trauma). Slow delivery of the head in between contractions will result in the least perineal damage.[9] Studies in 2010 based on interviews with postpartum women have concluded that limiting perineal trauma during birth is conducive to continued sexual function after birth. At least one study has recommended that routine episiotomy be abandoned for this reason.[10]
In various countries, routine episiotomy has been an accepted medical practice for many years. Since about the 1960s, routine episiotomies have been rapidly losing popularity amongobstetricians andmidwives in almost all countries in Europe, Australia, Canada, and the United States. A nationwide U.S. population study suggested that 31% of women having babies in U.S. hospitals received episiotomies in 1997, compared with 56% in 1979.[11] In Latin America, it remains popular and is performed in 90% of hospital births.[12]
Having an episiotomy may increase perineal pain duringpostpartum recovery, resulting introubledefecating, particularly in midline episiotomies.[13] In addition, it may complicatesexual intercourse by making it painful and replacingerectile tissues in thevulva withscar tissue.[14]
In cases where an episiotomy is indicated, a mediolateral incision may be preferable to a median (midline) incision, as the latter is associated with a higher risk of injury to the anal sphincter and the rectum.[15] Damage to the anal sphincter caused by episiotomy can result infecal incontinence (loss of control over defecation). Conversely, one of the reasons episiotomy is performed is to prevent tearing of the anal sphincter, which is also associated with fecal incontinence.[citation needed]
Some midwives compare routine episiotomy tofemale genital mutilation.[16] One study found that women who underwent episiotomy reported morepainful intercourse and insufficient lubrication 12–18 months after birth but did not find any problems with orgasm or arousal.[17]
Perineal pain after episiotomy has immediate and long-term negative effects on women and their babies. These effects can interfere with breastfeeding and the care of the infant.[18] The pain from injection sites and episiotomy is managed by the frequent assessment of the report of pain from the mother. Pain can come from possible lacerations, incisions, uterine contractions and sore nipples. Appropriate medications are usually administered. Nonpharmacologic interventions can also be used: a warm salt bath increases blood flow to the area, decreases local discomfort, and promotes healing.[19] Routine episiotomies have not been found to reduce the level of pain after the birth.[20]
| |||||||||||||||||
| Sexual health |
| ||||||||||||||||
| Non-reproductive health |
| ||||||||||||||||
| Sociocultural factors | |||||||||||||||||
| Politics, research and advocacy |
| ||||||||||||||||
| Women's health by country | |||||||||||||||||
