| Operation Thunderbolt | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theArab–Israeli conflict and theCold War | |||||||
 Israeli commandos with aMercedes-Benz 600 resembling the one owned by Ugandan dictatorIdi Amin, used bySayeret Matkal to deceive Ugandan troops during the raid[1] | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 IsraelSupported by:  Kenya |  PFLP–EO Revolutionary Cells Uganda | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| c. 100 Israeli commandos (plus aerial crew and support personnel) | 7 hijackers: 5 Palestinians, 2 Germans 100+ Ugandan soldiers | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 1 killed (Y. Netanyahu) 5 wounded | 7 hijackers killed 45 soldiers killed[4] 11–30 Ugandan aircraft destroyed[5] | ||||||
| 4 hostages killed (incl.Dora Bloch)[6][7] 10 hostages wounded | |||||||
 | |||||||
TheEntebbe raid, also known as theOperation Entebbe and officiallycodenamedOperation Thunderbolt (also retroactively codenamedOperation Yonatan), was a 1976 Israeli counter-terrorist mission inUganda. It was launched in response to the hijacking of an international civilian passenger flight (anAirbus A300) operated byAir France between the cities of Tel Aviv and Paris. During a stopover in Athens, the aircraft was hijacked by two PalestinianPFLP–EO and two GermanRZ members,[8] who diverted the flight toLibya and then to Uganda, where they landed atEntebbe International Airport to be joined by other terrorists. Once in Uganda, the group enjoyed support from Ugandan dictatorIdi Amin.[9]
A week earlier, on 27 June, anAir FranceAirbus A300jet airliner with 248 passengers had beenhijacked by two members of thePopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations (PFLP-EO) under orders ofWadie Haddad (who had earlier broken away from thePFLP ofGeorge Habash),[8] and two members of the GermanRevolutionary Cells. The hijackers took hostages with the stated objective of compelling the release of 40 Palestinian and affiliated militants imprisoned in Israel as well as the release of 13 prisoners in four other countries.[10] Over 100 Ugandan soldiers were deployed to support the hijackers after the flight landed, and Amin, who had been informed of the hijacking from the beginning,[11] had personally welcomed the terrorists at Entebbe.[12] After moving all of the hostages to a defunct airport, the hijackers separated all Israelis and several non-Israeli Jews from the larger group of passengers, subsequently moving them into a separate room.[13][14][15] Over the next two days, 148 non-Israeli hostages were released and flown out to Paris.[14][15][16] The 94 remaining passengers, most of whom were Israelis, and the 12-member Air France crew continued to be held as hostages.[17][18]
Representatives within the Israeli government initially debated over whether to concede or respond by force, as the hijackers had threatened to kill the 106 captives if the specified prisoners were not released. Acting on intelligence provided byMossad, the decision was made to have the Israeli military undertake a rescue operation.[19] The Israeli plans included preparation for an armed confrontation with Amin'sUganda Army.[20]
Initiating the operation at nightfall on 3 July 1976, Israeli transport planes flew 100 commandos over 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) to Uganda for the rescue effort. Over the course of 90 minutes, 102 of the hostages were rescued successfully, with three having been killed. One of the dead hostages,Dora Bloch, was murdered by Ugandan authorities at a hospital inKampala shortly after the Israeli rescue operation; she had fallen ill during the hijacking and was removed from the plane for treatment prior to the commandos' arrival. The Israeli military suffered five wounded and one killed;Yonatan Netanyahu was Israel's sole fatality of Operation Entebbe, and had ledSayeret Matkal during the rescue effort – he was the older brother ofBenjamin Netanyahu, who would later become Israel's prime minister.[21] The Israeli commandos killed all of the hijackers and 45 Ugandan soldiers, and 11 of Uganda's[6][7]MiG-17s andMiG-21s were destroyed.[5] Over the course of the operation in Uganda, Israel received support from neighbouringKenya.Idi Amin, the then President of Uganda, subsequently issued orders for the Ugandan army to kill all Kenyans living in Uganda,[22] leading to the deaths of 245 Kenyan-Ugandans and the exodus of around 3000 Kenyans from Uganda.[23]
_on_1_February_1976.jpg) F-BVGG, theAir FranceAirbus A300 involved, in February 1976 | |
| Hijacking | |
|---|---|
| Date | 27 June 1976 |
| Summary | Hijacking |
| Site | Greek airspace |
 | |
| Aircraft | |
| Aircraft type | Airbus A300B4-203 |
| Operator | Air France |
| Registration | F-BVGG |
| Flight origin | Ben Gurion Int'l Airport, Israel |
| Stopover | Athens (Ellinikon) Int'l Airport, Greece |
| Destination | Charles De Gaulle Int'l Airport, France |
| Occupants | 260 |
| Passengers | 248 |
| Crew | 12 |
| Fatalities | 4 |
| Injuries | 10 |
| Survivors | 256 |
On 27 June 1976,Air France Flight 139, anAirbus A300B4-203registered as F-BVGG withserial number 019, departed fromTel Aviv, Israel, carrying 246 mainly Jewish andIsraeli passengers and a crew of 12.[24][25] The plane flew to Athens, Greece, where it picked up an additional 58 passengers, including four hijackers.[26][nb 1] It departed for Paris at 12:30 pm. Just after takeoff, the flight washijacked by twoPalestinians from thePopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations (PFLP-EO), Jayel al-Arja and Fayez Abdul-Rahim al Jaber, and two Germans,Wilfried Böse andBrigitte Kuhlmann, from the GermanRevolutionary Cells.[27] The hijackers diverted the flight toBenghazi, Libya.[28] There it was held on the ground for seven hours for refuelling. During that time the hijackers released British-born Israeli citizen Patricia Martell, who pretended to have amiscarriage.[19][29] The plane left Benghazi and at 3:15 pm on the 28 June, more than 24 hours after the flight's original departure, it arrived atEntebbe International Airport in Uganda.[28]
At Entebbe, the four hijackers were joined by at least four others, supported by the forces of Uganda's president,Idi Amin.[30] The hijackers transferred the passengers to the transit hall of the disused former airport terminal where they kept them under guard for the following days. Amin came to visit the hostages almost on a daily basis, updating them on developments and promising to use his efforts to have them freed through negotiations.[24]
On 28 June, a PFLP-EO hijacker issued a declaration and formulated their demands. In addition to a ransom of US$5 million for the release of the airplane, they demanded the release of 53 Palestinian and pro-Palestinian militants, 40 of whom were prisoners in Israel.[31] They threatened that if these demands were not met, they would begin to kill hostages on 1 July 1976.[32]
On 29 June, after Ugandan soldiers had opened an entrance to a room next to the crowded waiting hall by destroying a separating wall, the hijackers separated the Israelis (including those holding dual citizenship) from the other hostages[nb 2] and told them to move to the adjoining room.[34] As they did so, aHolocaust survivor showed hijacker Wilfried Böse acamp registration number tattooed on his arm. Böse protested "I'm no Nazi! ... I am an idealist."[39] In addition, five non-Israeli hostages – two ultra-orthodox Jewish couples[24] from the US and Belgium[8] and a French resident of Israel – were forced to join the Israeli group.[36] According to Monique Epstein Khalepski, the French hostage among the five, the captors had singled them out for questioning and suspected them of hiding their Israeli identities.[36] On the other hand, according to French hostage Michel Cojot-Goldberg, the captors failed to identify at least one Israeli among the passengers who was a military officer with dual citizenship then using his non-Israeli passport and he was later freed as part of the second release of non-Israeli hostages.[38] US citizen Janet Almog, Frenchwoman Jocelyne Monier (whose husband or boyfriend was Israeli),[40][41] and French-Israeli dual citizen Jean-Jacques Mimouni, whose name had not been called up during the reading of the original passport-based list, reportedly joined the Israeli hostage group by their own choice.[42]
On 30 June, the hijackers released 48 hostages. The released were picked from among the non-Israeli group – mainly elderly and sick passengers and mothers with children. Forty-seven of them were flown by a chartered Air FranceBoeing 747 out of Entebbe to Paris, and one passenger was treated in hospital for a day.[27] On 1 July, after the Israeli government had conveyed its agreement to negotiations, the hostage-takers extended their deadline to noon on 4 July and released another group of 100 non-Israeli captives who again were flown to Paris a few hours later. Among the 106 hostages staying behind with their captors at Entebbe airport were the 12 members of the Air France crew who refused to leave,[43] about ten young French passengers, and the Israeli group of some 84 people.[2][9][28][44]
In the week before the raid, Israel tried using political avenues to obtain the release of the hostages. Many sources indicate that theIsraeli cabinet was prepared to release Palestinian prisoners if a military solution seemed unlikely to succeed. A retired IDF officer, Baruch "Burka" Bar-Lev, had known Idi Amin for many years and was considered to have a strong personal relationship with him. At the request of the cabinet, he spoke with Amin on the phone many times, trying to gain the release of the hostages, without success.[45][46] The Israeli government also approached the United States government to deliver a message to Egyptian presidentAnwar Sadat, asking him to request that Amin release the hostages.[47] Prime ministerYitzhak Rabin and defence ministerShimon Peres spent one week disagreeing on whether to give in to the hijackers' demands (Rabin's position) or not, to prevent more terrorism (Peres' position).[48]
At the 1 July deadline[49] the Israeli cabinet offered to negotiate with the hijackers to extend the deadline to 4 July. Amin also asked them to extend the deadline until that date. This meant he could take a diplomatic trip toPort Louis, Mauritius, to officially hand over chairmanship of theOrganisation of African Unity toSeewoosagur Ramgoolam.[50] This extension of the hostage deadline proved crucial to providing Israeli forces enough time to get to Entebbe.[26]
On 3 July at 18:30, the Israeli cabinet approved a rescue mission,[51] presented byMajor GeneralYekutiel Adam and Brigadier GeneralDan Shomron. Shomron was appointed as the operation commander.[52]
As the crisis unfolded, attempts were made to negotiate the release of the hostages. According to declassified diplomatic documents, the Egyptian government under Sadat tried to negotiate with both the PLO and the Ugandan government.[53][54] PLO chairmanYasser Arafat sent his political aideHani al-Hassan to Uganda as a special envoy to negotiate with the hostage takers and with Amin.[8] However, the PFLP-EO hijackers refused to see him.[55]
When Israeli authorities failed to negotiate a political solution, they decided that their only option was an attack to rescue the hostages. Lt. Col.Joshua Shani [he], lead pilot of the operation, later said that the Israelis had initially conceived of a rescue plan that involved dropping naval commandos intoLake Victoria. The commandos would have ridden rubber boats to the airport on the edge of the lake. They planned to kill the hijackers and after freeing the hostages, they would ask Amin for passage home. The Israelis abandoned this plan because they lacked the necessary time and also because they had received word that Lake Victoria was inhabited by theNile crocodile.[56]
Amnon Biran, the mission's intelligence officer, later stated that the proper layout of the airport was unknown, as was the exact location of the hostages and whether the building had been prepared with explosives.[48]
While planning the raid, the Israeli forces had to plan how to refuel theLockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft they intended to use while en route to Entebbe. The Israelis lacked the logistical capacity toaerially refuel four to six aircraft so far from Israeli airspace. While several East African nations, including the logistically preferred choice Kenya, were sympathetic, none wished to incur the wrath of Amin or the Palestinians by allowing the Israelis to land their aircraft within their borders.[citation needed]
The raid could not proceed without assistance from at least one East African government. The Israeli government secured permission from Kenya for the IDF task force to cross Kenyan airspace and refuel at what is todayJomo Kenyatta International Airport. KenyanMinister of AgricultureBruce MacKenzie persuaded Kenyan PresidentJomo Kenyatta to permit Mossad to collect intelligence prior to the operation, and to allow theIsraeli Air Force access to the Nairobi airport.[57] MacKenzie's support for the operation came afterSir Maurice Oldfield, the then head ofBritain'sMI6 intelligence agency, put his contacts in Mossad in touch with MacKenzie, who had been an MI6 contact for some time.[58] The Jewish owner of the Block hotels chain in Kenya, along with other members of the Jewish and Israeli community inNairobi, may also have used their political and economic influence to help persuade Kenya's President Jomo Kenyatta to help Israel.[59]
Uganda's ambassador toLesotho,Isaac Lumago,[60] overheard some of the details of the operation fromKenya Air Force officers who were discussing the possibility of Israeli compensation for the assistance and forwarded the information to Ugandan commanderIsaac Maliyamungu. Maliyamungu did not alert Amin or take any action on the intelligence,[61] allegedly dismissing the report as "gasiya" (rubbish).[62] According to Amin's son, Jaffar Remo, the Ugandan president still managed to receive Lumago's warning via telephone and, after completing his responsibilities at the OAU meeting, boarded a plane and flew back to Uganda.[60] An ex-agent of Uganda's intelligence service, theState Research Bureau, also claimed that Amin was informed by Lumago of the imminent raid. The agent stated that Amin was terrified of possible reprisals in case his troops actually fought the Israeli military, allegedly resulting in his ordering that theUganda Army should not open fire on Israeli aircraft during a possible raid.[63]
Mossad built an accurate picture of the whereabouts of the hostages, the number of hijackers, and the involvement of Ugandan troops, based on information from the released hostages in Paris.[64] Further, Israeli firms had been involved in construction projects in Africa during the 1960s and 1970s: while preparing the raid, the Israeli army consulted withSolel Boneh, a large Israeli construction firm that had built the terminal where the hostages were held.[65] While planning the military operation, the IDF erected a partial replica of the airport terminal with the assistance of civilians who had helped build the original.[citation needed]
IDF majorMuki Betser later remarked in an interview that Mossad operatives extensively interviewed the hostages who had been released. He said that a French-Jewish passenger who had a military background and "a phenomenal memory" had provided detailed information about the number of weapons carried by the hostage-takers.[66]
The Israeli ground task force numbered approximately 100 personnel, and comprised the following elements:[52]
Taking off fromSharm el-Sheikh,[67] the task force flew along the international flight path over theRed Sea, mostly flying at a height of no more than 30 m (100 ft) to avoid radar detection by Egyptian, Sudanese, and Saudi Arabian forces. Near the south outlet of the Red Sea the C-130s turned south and crossed into Ethiopian territory, passing west ofDjibouti. From there, they went to a point northeast of Nairobi, Kenya. They turned west, passing through theAfrican Rift Valley and overLake Victoria.[68][69]
TwoBoeing 707 jets followed the cargo planes. The first Boeing contained medical facilities and landed at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, Kenya. The commander of the operation, General Yekutiel Adam, was on board the second Boeing, which circled over Entebbe Airport during the raid.[52]
The Israeli forces landed at Entebbe on 3 July at 23:00IST, with theircargo bay doors already open. Because the proper layout of the airport was not known, the first plane almost taxied into a ditch.[48] A blackMercedes car that looked like President Idi Amin's vehicle and Land Rovers that usually accompanied Amin's Mercedes were brought along. The Israelis hoped they could use them to bypass security checkpoints. When the C-130s landed, Israeli assault team members drove the vehicles to the terminal building in the same fashion as Amin.[20][70] As they approached the terminal, two Ugandan sentries, aware that Idi Amin had recently purchased a white Mercedes, ordered the vehicles to stop.[71] The first commandos shot the sentries using silenced pistols.[20] This was against the plan and against the orders – the Ugandans were to be ignored, as they were believed not to be likely to open fire at this stage.[48] An Israeli commando in one of the following Land Rovers opened fire with an unsuppressed rifle.[20] Fearing the hijackers would be alerted prematurely, the assault team quickly approached the terminal.[70]
The Israelis left their vehicles and ran towards the terminal. The hostages were in the main hall of the airport building, directly adjacent to the runway. Entering the terminal, the commandos shouted through a megaphone, "Stay down! Stay down! We are Israeli soldiers," in bothHebrew and English. Jean-Jacques Maimoni, a 19-year-old French immigrant to Israel, stood up and was killed when Muki Betser and another soldier mistook him for a hijacker and fired at him.[28] Another hostage, Pasco Cohen, 52, was also fatally wounded by gunfire from the commandos.[72] In addition, a third hostage, 56-year-old Ida Borochovitch, a Russian Jew who hademigrated to Israel, was killed by a hijacker in the crossfire.[73]
According to hostage Ilan Hartuv, Wilfried Böse was the only hijacker who, after the operation began, entered the hall housing the hostages. At first he pointed hisKalashnikov rifle at hostages, but "immediately came to his senses" and ordered them to find shelter in the restroom, before being killed by the commandos. According to Hartuv, Böse fired only at Israeli soldiers and not at hostages.[8]
At one point an Israeli commando called out in Hebrew, "Where are the rest of them?" referring to the hijackers.[74] The hostages pointed to a connecting door of the airport's main hall, into which the commandos threw severalhand grenades. They then entered the room and shot dead the three remaining hijackers, ending the assault.[26] Meanwhile, the other three C-130 Hercules aeroplanes had landed and unloadedarmoured personnel carriers to provide defence during the anticipated hour of refuelling. The Israelis then destroyed Ugandan MiG fighter planes to prevent them from pursuing, and conducted a sweep of the airfield to gather intelligence.[26]
_-_Rescued_Air_France_Passengers.jpg)
After the raid, the Israeli assault team returned to their aircraft and began loading the hostages. Ugandan soldiers shot at them in the process. The Israeli commandos returned fire, inflicting casualties on the Ugandans. During this brief but intense firefight, Ugandan soldiers fired from theairport control tower. At least five commandos were wounded, and the Israeli unit commander, Yonatan Netanyahu, was killed. Israeli commandos fired light machine guns and arocket-propelled grenade back at the control tower, suppressing the Ugandans' fire. According to one of Idi Amin's sons, the soldier who shot Netanyahu, a cousin of the Amin family, was killed by return fire.[60] The Israelis finished evacuating the hostages, loaded Netanyahu's body into one of the planes, and left the airport.[75] The entire operation lasted 53 minutes – of which the assault lasted only 30 minutes. All seven hijackers present, and 45 Ugandan soldiers, were killed.[26] Eleven[7] Soviet-builtMiG-17 andMiG-21 fighter planes of the Uganda Army Air Force were destroyed on the ground at Entebbe Airport.[5][30] Out of the 106 hostages, 3 were killed, 1 was left in Uganda (74-year-oldDora Bloch), and approximately 10 were wounded. The 102 rescued hostages were flown to Israel via Nairobi, Kenya, shortly after the raid.[21]
_-_Dora_Bloch%2527s_Family_Pays_Last_Respects.jpg)
Amin was furious upon learning of the raid, and reportedly boasted that he could have taught the Israelis a lesson if he had known that they would strike.[63] Following the raid, Maliyamungu had 14 soldiers arrested under suspicion of collaborating with the Israelis. Once they were gathered in a room at Makindye Barracks, he shot 12 of them with his pistol.[76] Uganda Army Chief of StaffMustafa Adrisi reportedly wanted to incarcerate or executeGodwin Sule, the Entebbe Air Base commander, who was absent from his post during the raid. Sule had left the air base early that day to meet a female companion at Lake Victoria Hotel on 4 July. Despite Adrisi's demands, Sule's closeness to President Amin guaranteed his safety.[77]
Dora Bloch, a 74-year-old Israeli who also held British citizenship, was taken toMulago Hospital inKampala after choking on a chicken bone.[78] After the raid she was murdered by officers of the Uganda Army, as were some of her doctors and nurses, apparently for trying to intervene.[28][nb 3][80] In April 1987,Henry Kyemba, Uganda'sAttorney general andMinister of Justice at the time, told theUganda Human Rights Commission that Bloch had been dragged from her hospital bed and killed by two army officers on Amin's orders.[81] Bloch was shot and her body was dumped in the trunk of a car that had Ugandan intelligence services number plates. Her remains were recovered near a sugar plantation 20 miles (32 km) east of Kampala in 1979,[82] after theUganda–Tanzania War ended Amin's rule.[79]
Amin also ordered the killing of hundreds of Kenyans living in Uganda in retaliation for Kenya's assistance to Israel in the raid. Uganda killed 245 Kenyans, including airport staff at Entebbe. To avoid massacre, approximately 3000 Kenyans fled Uganda as refugees.[23][83][84]
On 24 May 1978, Kenya's former agriculture minister,Bruce MacKenzie, was killed when a bomb attached to his aircraft exploded as MacKenzie departed a meeting with Amin. Some have asserted that Ugandan president Idi Amin ordered Ugandan agents to assassinate MacKenzie in retaliation for Kenya's involvement and MacKenzie's actions prior to the raid.[57][85][86][87] Others have indicated various other possible causes for the bombing, including that another person aboard the plane may have been the target.[88][89] Later, Mossad Chief DirectorMeir Amit had a forest planted in Israel in MacKenzie's name.[57]
TheUnited Nations Security Council convened on 9 July 1976, to consider a complaint from the Chairman of the Organization of African Unity charging Israel with an "act of aggression".[90] The Council allowed Israel's ambassador to the United Nations,Chaim Herzog, and Uganda's foreign minister,Juma Oris Abdalla, to participate without voting rights.[90] UN Secretary GeneralKurt Waldheim told the Security Council that the raid was "a serious violation of the sovereignty of a Member State of the United Nations" though he was "fully aware that this is not the only element involved ... when the world community is now required to deal with unprecedented problems arising from international terrorism."[90] Abdalla, the representative of Uganda, alleged that the affair was close to a peaceful resolution when Israel intervened while Herzog, the representative of Israel, accused Uganda of direct complicity in the hijacking.[90] The US and UK sponsored a resolution which condemned hijacking and similar acts, deplored the loss of life arising from the hijacking (without condemning either Israel or Uganda), reaffirmed the need to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all states, and called on the international community to enhance the safety of civil aviation.[91] However, the resolution failed to receive the required number of affirmative votes because two voting members abstained and seven were absent.[92] A second resolution sponsored by Benin, Libya and Tanzania, that condemned Israel, was not put to a vote.[92][93]
Western nations spoke in support of the raid. Switzerland and France publicly praised the operation.[citation needed]
West Germany praised the raid and used it to advance its push for a multilateral U.N. convention against hostage-taking. Although the United States strongly backed the initiative, its support alienated many developing nations, which feared the convention could give great powers cover to infringe on weaker states' sovereignty. Despite the setback, West Germany persisted in its efforts, later leading the 1979International Convention against the Taking of Hostages.[94]
In the United States, the raid’s coincidence with theAmerican bicentennial sparked the "Entebbe Derby," a dramatic surge in media attention, books, films, and television portrayals. President Gerald Ford publicly congratulated Israel, while members of Congress introduced 12 separate resolutions praising the operation and urging an international conference on terrorism. UnderColonel Charles Beckwith's leadership, the Army began laying the groundwork for theDelta Force, though it only received full authorization after theGSG 9 antiterrorist raid onLufthansa Flight 181 in 1977.[95] Despite blanket public support for the raid,Henry Kissinger privately criticized Israeli use of U.S. equipment during the operation during a conversation with Israeli AmbassadorSimcha Dinitz.[96] In mid-July 1976, the supercarrierUSS Ranger and her escorts entered the Indian Ocean and operated off the Kenyan coast in response to a threat of military action by forces from Uganda.[97]
The hijacked aircraft's pilot, CaptainMichel Bacos, was awarded theLegion of Honour, and the other crew members were awarded theFrench Order of Merit.[98][99][100][101]
In the ensuing years, Betser and the Netanyahu brothers –Iddo andBenjamin, all Sayeret Matkal veterans – argued in increasingly public forums about who was to blame for the unexpected early firefight that caused Yonatan's death and partial loss of tactical surprise.[102][103]
In a letter dated 13 July 1976, the Supreme Commander's Staff of theImperial Iranian Armed Forces praised the Israeli commandos for the mission and extended condolences for "the loss and martyrdom" of Netanyahu.[104]
F-BVGG, the aircraft in the hijacking of Air France Flight 139, was repaired and returned to service with Air France.[105] In April 1996, the aircraft was leased toVietnam Airlines for three months. In December the same year, the aircraft was converted into a freighter and was delivered to S–C Aviation, having been re-registered as N742SC. In 1998, the aircraft was delivered toMNG Airlines and re-registered as TC-MNA. In 2009, the aircraft was placed into storage at Istanbul Atatürk Airport and was scrapped in 2020.[citation needed]
The Norfolk Hotel in Nairobi, owned by a prominent member of thelocal Jewish community, was bombed on 31 December 1980. The bomb flattened the hotel, killing 20 people, of several nationalities, and injuring 87 more. It was believed to be an act of revenge by pro-Palestinian militants for Kenya's supporting role in Operation Entebbe.[106][107][108]
In August 2012, Uganda and Israel commemorated the raid at a somber ceremony at the base of the tower at the old terminal, whereYonatan Netanyahu was killed. Uganda and Israel renewed their commitment to "fight terrorism and to work towards humanity".[109] In addition, wreaths were laid, a moment of silence was held, speeches were given, and a poem was recited. The flags of Uganda and Israel were flown side by side, symbolising the two countries' strong bilateral relations, next to a plaque bearing a history of the raid. The ceremony was attended by Ugandan State Minister for Animal IndustryBright Rwamirama and the deputyForeign Affairs Minister of IsraelDaniel Ayalon, who laid wreaths at the site.[109]
In 2016, forty years to the day after the rescue operation, Israeli prime ministerBenjamin Netanyahu, brother of slain Israeli commando Yonatan Netanyahu, visited Entebbe with an Israeli delegation, and laid the groundwork for further Israeli–sub-Saharan African bilateral relations.[110] In the U.S., the commemoration of the 40th anniversary of the operation was held at Temple Mikvah Israel, in Philadelphia, PA where a memorial to Yonatan Netanayahu who was killed in the operation was built in 1982.[111][112]
Where are the rest of them? entebbe.
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