NATO is amilitary alliance ofthirty-two European and North American countries that constitutes a system ofcollective defense. The process of joining the alliance is governed by Article 10 of theNorth Atlantic Treaty, which allows for the invitation of "other European States" only and by subsequent agreements. Countries wishing to join must meet certain requirements and complete a multi-step process involving political dialogue and military integration. The accession process is overseen by theNorth Atlantic Council, NATO's governing body. NATO was formed in 1949 withtwelve founding members and has added new members ten times. The first additions wereGreece andTurkey in 1952. In May 1955,West Germany joined NATO, which was one of the conditions agreed to as part of the end of the country's occupation by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, prompting the Soviet Union to form its own collective security alliance (commonly called theWarsaw Pact) later that month. Following the end of theFranco regime, newly democraticSpain chose to join NATO in 1982.
In 1990, negotiators reached an agreement that areunified Germany would be in NATO under West Germany's existing membership. Following thedissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, many former Warsaw Pact andpost-Soviet states sought to join NATO.Poland,Hungary, and theCzech Republic became members in 1999, amid much debate within NATO itself. NATO then formalized the process of joining the organization with "Membership Action Plans", which aided the accession of sevenCentral and Eastern Europe countries shortly before the2004 Istanbul summit:Bulgaria,Estonia,Latvia,Lithuania,Romania,Slovakia, andSlovenia. Two countries on theAdriatic Sea—Albania andCroatia—joined on 1 April 2009 before the2009 Strasbourg–Kehl summit. The next member states to join NATO wereMontenegro in June 2017, andNorth Macedonia in March 2020.
Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022 after Russian presidentVladimir Putin madefalse claims that NATO military infrastructure was being built up insideUkraine and that Ukraine's potential membership was a threat. Russia's invasion promptedFinland andSweden to apply for NATO membership in May 2022.[1] Finland joined in April 2023 and Sweden in March 2024.[2][3][4] Ukraine applied for membership in September 2022 after Russia illegallyannexed the country's southeast.[1] Two other states have informed NATO of their membership aspirations:Bosnia-Herzegovina andGeorgia.[5]Kosovo also aspires to join.[6] Joining the alliance is a debated topic in several other European countries outside the alliance, includingArmenia,Austria,Cyprus,Ireland,Malta,Moldova, andSerbia.[7][8]
Twelve countries were part of NATO at the time of its founding:Belgium,Canada,Denmark,France,Iceland,Italy,Luxembourg,the Netherlands,Norway,Portugal, theUnited Kingdom, and theUnited States. The start of theCold War between 1947 and 1953 saw an ideological and economic divide between the capitalist states of Western Europe backed by United States with itsMarshall Plan and theTruman Doctrine, and the communist states of Eastern Europe, backed by theSoviet Union. As such, opposition to Soviet-style communism became a defining characteristic of the organization and theanti-communist governments ofGreece, which had just fought acivil war against apro-communist army, andTurkey, whose newly-electedDemocrat Party were staunchly pro-American, came under internal and external pressure to join the alliance, which both did in February 1952.[9][10]
The US, France, and the UK initially agreed to endits occupation of Germany in May 1952 under theBonn–Paris conventions on the condition that the new Federal Republic of Germany, commonly calledWest Germany, would join NATO, because of concerns about allowing a non-aligned West Germanyto rearm. The allies also dismissedSoviet proposals of a neutral-but-united Germany as insincere.[11] France, however, delayed the start of the process, in part on the condition that areferendum be held in Saar on its future status, and a revised treaty was signed on 23 October 1954, allowing theNorth Atlantic Council to formally invite West Germany. Ratification of its membership was completed in May 1955.[12] That month the Soviet Union established its own collective defense alliance, commonly called theWarsaw Pact, in part as a response to West German membership in NATO.[13] In 1966, French president Charles de Gaulle announced the withdrawal of French forces from the integrated military structure of the NATO and ordered the removal of all foreign NATO forces from French territory.[14] In 1974, Greece suspended its NATO membership over theTurkish invasion of Cyprus, but rejoined in 1980 with Turkey's cooperation.[15]
Relations between NATO members andSpain under dictator Francisco Franco were strained for many years, in large part because Franco had cooperated with theAxis powers duringWorld War II.[16] Though staunchly anti-communist,Franco reportedly feared in 1955 that a Spanish application for NATO membership might be vetoed by its members at the time.[17] Franco however did sign regular defense agreements with individual members, including the 1953Pact of Madrid with the United States, which allowed their use of air and naval bases in Spain.[18][19] Following Franco's death in 1975,Spain began atransition to democracy, and came under international pressure to normalize relations with other western democracies. Prime MinisterAdolfo Suárez, first elected in 1976, proceeded carefully on relations with NATO because of divisions inhis coalition over the US's use of Spanish bases. In February 1981, followinga failed coup attempt,Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo became Prime Minister and campaigned strongly for NATO membership, in part to improve civilian control over the military, and Spain's NATO membership was approved in May 1982.[19][20] ASpanish referendum in 1986 confirmed popular support for remaining in NATO.[21]
During the mid-1980s the strength and cohesion of the Warsaw Pact, which had served as the main institution rivaling NATO, began to deteriorate. By 1989 theSoviet Union was unable to stem the democratic and nationalist movements which were rapidly gaining ground.Poland held multiparty elections in June 1989 that ousted the Soviet alliedPolish Workers' Party and the peaceful opening of theBerlin Wall that November symbolized the end of the Warsaw Pact as a way of enforcing Soviet control. Thefall of the Berlin Wall is recognized to be the end of the Cold War and ushered in a new period for Europe and NATO enlargement.[22]
Negotiations toreunite East and West Germany took place throughout 1990, resulting in the signing of theTwo Plus Four Treaty in September 1990 and East Germany officially joining the Federal Republic of Germany on3 October 1990. To secure Soviet approval of a united Germany remaining in NATO, the treaty prohibited foreign troops and nuclear weapons from being stationed in the former East Germany,[23] though an addendum signed by all parties specified that foreign NATO troops could be deployed east of the Cold War line after the Soviet departure at the discretion of the government of a united Germany, permitting NATO's enlargement to the east.[24][25] There is no mention of any other country joining NATO in the September–October 1990 agreements on German reunification.[26] Whether or not representatives from NATO member states informally committed to not enlarge NATO into other parts of Eastern Europe during these and contemporary negotiations with Soviet counterparts has long been a matter of dispute among historians and international relations scholars.[27][28]
With several countries threatening to withdraw from theWarsaw Pact, the Soviet military relinquished control of the organization in March 1991, allowing it to be formally dissolved that July.[29][30]The so-called "parade of sovereignties" declared by republics in the Baltic and Caucasus regions of the Soviet Union and theirWar of Laws with the government inMoscow further fractured its cohesion. Following the failure of theNew Union Treaty, the leadership of the remaining constituent republics of the Soviet Union, starting withUkraine in August 1991, declared their independence and initiated thedissolution of the Soviet Union, which was completed in December of that year.Russia, led by PresidentBoris Yeltsin, became the most prominent of the independent states.[31] The Westernization trend of many former Soviet allied states led them to privatize their economies and formalize their relationships with NATO countries, the first step for many towards European integration and possible NATO membership.[32][33]
During one ofJames Baker's 1990 talks with Soviet leaderMikhail Gorbachev, Baker did suggest that the German reunification negotiations could have resulted in an agreement whereby "there would be no extension of NATO's jurisdiction for forces of NATO one inch to the east,"[34] and historians like Mark Kramer have interpreted it as applying, at least in certain Soviet representatives' understanding, to all of Eastern Europe.[35][36][28] Gorbachev later stated that NATO enlargement was "not discussed at all" in 1990,[37] but, like Yeltsin, described the expansion of NATO past East Germany as "a violation of the spirit of the statements and assurances made to us in 1990."[26][38][39]
This view, that informal assurances were given by diplomats from NATO members to the Soviet Union in 1990, is common in countries like Russia,[28][23] and, according to political scientistMarc Trachtenberg, available evidence suggests that allegations made since by Russian leadership about the existence of such assurances "were by no means baseless."[27][40] Yeltsin was succeeded in 2000 byVladimir Putin, who further promoted the idea that guarantees about enlargement were made in 1990, including duringa 2007 speech in Munich.[41][39] This impression was later used by him as part of his justification forRussia's 2014 actions in Ukraine and theRussian invasion of Ukraine in 2022.[42][26]
In February 1991, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia formed theVisegrád Group to push forEuropean integration under theEuropean Union and NATO, as well as to conduct military reforms in line with NATO standards. Internal NATO reaction to these formerWarsaw Pact countries was initially negative, but by the1991 Rome summit in November, members agreed to a series of goals that could lead to accession, such as market and democratic liberalization, and that NATO should be a partner in these efforts. Debate within the American government as to whether enlargement of NATO was feasible or desirable began during theGeorge H.W. Bush administration.[43] By mid-1992, a consensus emerged within the administration that NATO enlargement was a wiserealpolitik measure to strengthen Euro-American hegemony.[43][44] In the absence of NATO enlargement, Bush administration officials worried that the European Union might fill the security vacuum inCentral Europe, and thus challenge American post-Cold War influence.[43] There was further debate during thepresidency of Bill Clinton between a rapid offer of full membership to several select countries versus a slower, more limited membership to a wide range of states over a longer time span. Victory by the Republican Party, which advocated for aggressive expansion, in the1994 US congressional election helped sway US policy in favor of wider full-membership enlargement, which the US ultimately pursued in the following years.[45] In 1996, Clinton called for former Warsaw Pact countries and post-Soviet republics to join NATO, and made NATO enlargement a part of his foreign policy.[46]
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By August 1993, Polish PresidentLech Wałęsa was actively campaigning for his country to join NATO, at which time Yeltsin reportedly told him that Russia did not perceive Poland's membership as a threat. Yeltsin however retracted this the following month,[47] writing that enlargement "would violate the spirit of the treaty on the final settlement", which "precludes the option of expanding the NATO zone into the East."[48][38] In 1996, Russian Foreign MinisterAndrei Kozyrev indicated his country's opposition to NATO enlargement.[49] Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed theNATO-Russia Founding Act in May 1997, which affirms that "NATO and Russia do not consider each other as adversaries". The agreement states that "NATO has expanded and will continue to expand its political functions", and it refers to "new members".[50] Though Yeltsin called NATO enlargement a mistake, he said "the negative consequences of NATO's enlargement will be reduced to the minimum through the NATO–Russia deal". Russia's December 1997 National Security Blueprint described NATO enlargement eastwards as "unacceptable" and a threat to Russian security.[51] Russian military actions, including theFirst Chechen War, were among the factors drivingCentral and Eastern European countries, particularly those with memories of similar Soviet offensives, to push for NATO application and ensure their long-term security.[52][53] Political parties reluctant to move on NATO membership were voted out of office, including theBulgarian Socialist Party in 1997 and SlovakHZDS in 1998.[54] Hungary's interest in joining was confirmed by aNovember 1997 referendum that returned 85.3% in favor of membership.[55] During this period, wider forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its eastern neighbors were set up, including theNorth Atlantic Cooperation Council (later theEuro-Atlantic Partnership Council) and thePartnership for Peace.[56]
While the other Visegrád members were invited to join NATO at its1997 Madrid summit, Slovakia was excluded based on what several members considered undemocratic actions by nationalist Prime MinisterVladimír Mečiar.[57]Romania andSlovenia were both considered for invitation in 1997, and each had the backing of a prominent NATO member, France and Italy respectively, but support for this enlargement was not unanimous between members, nor within individual governments, including in theUS Congress.[58] In an open letter to US President Clinton, more than forty foreign policy experts includingBill Bradley,Sam Nunn,Gary Hart,Paul Nitze, andRobert McNamara expressed their concerns about NATO enlargement as both expensive and unnecessary given the lack of a threat from Russia at that time.[59] Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic officially joined NATO in March 1999.[60]
At the1999 Washington summit NATO issued new guidelines for membership with individualized "Membership Action Plans" forAlbania,Bulgaria,Estonia,Latvia,Lithuania,North Macedonia, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia in order to standardize the process for new members.[61] In May 2000, these countries joined withCroatia to form theVilnius Group in order to cooperate and lobby for common NATO membership, and by the2002 Prague summit seven were invited for membership, which took place at the2004 Istanbul summit.[62] Slovenia had helda referendum on NATO the previous year, with 66% approving of membership.[63]
Russia was particularly upset with the addition of the threeBaltic states, the first countries that were part of the Soviet Union to join NATO.[64][62] Russian troops had been stationed in Baltic states as late as 1995,[65] but the goals of European integration and NATO membership were very attractive for the Baltic states.[66] Rapid investments in their own armed forces showed a seriousness in their desire for membership, and participation in NATO-led post-9/11 operations, particularly by Estonia in Afghanistan, won the three countries key support from individuals like US SenatorJohn McCain, French PresidentJacques Chirac, and German ChancellorGerhard Schröder.[65] A 2006 study in the journalSecurity Studies argued that the NATO enlargements in 1999 and 2004 contributed to democratic consolidation in Central and Eastern Europe.[67]
Croatia also started a Membership Action Plan at the 2002 summit, but was not included in the 2004 enlargement. In May 2003, it joined withAlbania and Macedonia to form theAdriatic Charter to support each other in their pursuit of membership.[68] Croatia's prospect of membership sparked a national debate on whether a referendum on NATO membership needed to be held before joining the organization. Croatian Prime MinisterIvo Sanader ultimately agreed in January 2008, as part of forming a coalition government with theHSS andHSLS parties, not to officially propose one.[69] Albania and Croatia were invited to join NATO at the2008 Bucharest summit that April, though Slovenia threatened to hold up Croatian membership overtheir border dispute in theBay of Piran.[70] Slovenia did ratify Croatia's accession protocol in February 2009,[71] before Croatia and Albania both officially joined NATO just before the2009 Strasbourg–Kehl summit, with little opposition from Russia.[72]
Montenegro declared independence on 3 June 2006; the new country subsequently joined the Partnership for Peace program at the2006 Riga summit and then applied for a Membership Action Plan on 5 November 2008,[73] which was granted in December 2009.[74] Montenegro also began full membership with the Adriatic Charter of NATO aspirants in May 2009.[75][76] NATO formally invited Montenegro to join the alliance on 2 December 2015,[77] with negotiations concluding in May 2016;[78] Montenegro joined NATO on 5 June 2017.[79]
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Macedonia joined thePartnership for Peace in 1995, and commenced itsMembership Action Plan in 1999, at the same time asAlbania. At the2008 Bucharest summit,Greece blocked a proposed invitation because it believed that the official name it was using at the time, "Republic of Macedonia," implied territorial aspirations toward its own region ofGreek Macedonia. NATO nations agreed that the country would receive an invitation upon resolution of theMacedonia naming dispute.[80] Macedonia sued Greece at theInternational Court of Justice (ICJ) over Greece's veto of Macedonia's NATO membership. Macedonia was part of theVilnius Group, and had formed theAdriatic Charter with Croatia and Albania in 2003 to better coordinate NATO accession.[81]
In June 2017, Macedonian Prime MinisterZoran Zaev signaled he would consider alternative names for the country in order to strike a compromise with Greece, settle the naming dispute and lift Greek objections to Macedonia joining the alliance. The naming dispute was resolved with thePrespa Agreement in June 2018 under which the country adopted the name North Macedonia, which was supported bya referendum in September 2018. NATO invited North Macedonia to begin membership talks on 11 July 2018;[82] formal accession talks began on 18 October 2018.[83] NATO's members signed North Macedonia's accession protocol on 6 February 2019.[84] Most countries ratified the accession treaty in 2019, withSpain ratifying its accession protocol in March 2020.[85] TheSobranie also ratified the treaty unanimously on 11 February 2020,[86] before North Macedonia became a NATO member state on 27 March 2020.[87][88]
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In 1949,Sweden chose not to join NATO and declared a security policy aiming fornon-alignment in peace and neutrality in war.[89] This position was maintained without much discussion during theCold War. During this time,Finland's relationship with NATO and the Soviet Union followed thePaasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine, whereby the country joined neither the Western nor Eastern blocs. Following thedissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, both countries joined NATO'sPartnership for Peace in 1994 and provided peacekeeping forces to various NATO missions, including Kosovo (KFOR) and Afghanistan (ISAF) in the early 2000s.[90][91][92][93]
Russia's annexation of Crimea from Ukraine in 2014 and subsequent full-scaleinvasion of Ukraine in 2022 led both countries to revisit their security and defence policies. Opinion polls in both countries shortly after the 2022 invasion for the first time showed clear majorities supported joining NATO.[94][95][96][97] The major political parties in both also re-evaluated their positions on NATO membership, with many moving to either support membership or drop long-standing opposition. On 15 May 2022, Finland's Prime MinisterMarin and PresidentNiinistö together announced that Finland would apply for NATO membership,[98] while SwedishPrime MinisterMagdalena Andersson announced that Sweden would do the same the following day.[99] Formal applications for membership were jointly submitted by both countries on 18 May 2022.[100]
Turkey, however, opposed the start of accession negotiations for Finland and Sweden over multiple issues, most notably their claim that Finland and Sweden supported theKurdish groups like thePKK,PYD, andYPG, which Turkey views as terrorists,[101] and the followers ofFethullah Gülen, whom Turkey accused of orchestrating the unsuccessful2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt.[102][103] Accession negotiations only began following the signing of a tripartite memorandum between Finland, Sweden, and Turkey during theNATO summit in Madrid in June 2022.[104][105] That memorandum allowed for formal invitations and for the ratification process to begin the following month,[106] and by that October, onlyHungary and Turkey had not approved the pair's applications.
Negotiations between the countries continued, and in February 2023, Turkish PresidentRecep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that he now had a positive view of Finland's membership, but still a negative view of Sweden's.[107] After theHungarian andTurkish parliaments both approved Finland's application in March, Finland became a member of the alliance on 4 April 2023, the 74th anniversary of theNorth Atlantic Treaty being signed.[108] Turkey and Sweden finally came to an understanding in early 2024, allowing Sweden to become the 32nd member of the alliance on 7 March 2024.[109]
According to the Russian defence ministerSergei Shoigu, Finland's accession to NATO significantly increased the risk of a wider conflict in Europe. The move doubled the length of the border that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization shares with Russia.[110][111] Russian PresidentVladimir Putin, however, has consistently dismissed Finland's and Sweden's accession to NATO,[112] stating it poses "no threat to Russia".[113]
| Date | Round | Country |  | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
18 February 1952 | First |  Greece | ||
 Turkey | ||||
9 May 1955 | Second |  West Germany | ||
30 May 1982 | Third |  Spain | ||
3 October 1990 | — | German reunification | ||
12 March 1999 | Fourth |  Czech Republic | ||
 Hungary | ||||
 Poland | ||||
29 March 2004 | Fifth |  Bulgaria | ||
 Estonia | ||||
 Latvia | ||||
 Lithuania | ||||
 Romania | ||||
 Slovakia | ||||
 Slovenia | ||||
1 April 2009 | Sixth |  Albania | ||
 Croatia | ||||
5 June 2017 | Seventh |  Montenegro | ||
27 March 2020 | Eighth |  North Macedonia | ||
4 April 2023 | Ninth |  Finland | ||
7 March 2024 | Tenth |  Sweden | ||
TheNorth Atlantic Treaty is the basis of the organization, and, as such, any changes including new membership requires ratification by all current signers of the treaty. The treaty's Article 10 describes how non-member states may joinNATO:
The Parties may, by unanimous agreement, invite any other European State in a position to further the principles of this Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area to accede to this Treaty. Any State so invited may become a Party to the Treaty by depositing its instrument of accession with the Government of the United States of America. The Government of the United States of America will inform each of the Parties of the deposit of each such instrument of accession.[114]
Article 10 poses two general limits to non-member states. First, only European states are eligible for new membership, and second, these states not only need the approval of all the existing member states, but every member state can put some criteria forward that have to be attained. In practice, NATO formulates a common set of criteria. However, for instance,Greece blocked the Republic of Macedonia's accession to NATO for many years because itdisagreed with the use of the name Macedonia. Turkey similarly opposes the participation of theRepublic of Cyprus with NATO institutions as long as theCyprus dispute is not resolved.[115]
Since the1991 Rome summit, when the delegations of its member states officially offered cooperation with Europe's newly democratic states, NATO has addressed and further defined the expectations and procedure for adding new members. The1994 Brussels Declaration reaffirmed the principles in Article 10 and led to the "Study on NATO Enlargement". Published in September 1995, the study outlined the "how and why" of possible enlargement in Europe,[116] highlighting three principles from the 1949 treaty for members to have: "democracy, individual liberty, and rule of law".[117]
As NATO Secretary GeneralWilly Claes noted, the 1995 study did not specify the "who or when,"[118] though it discussed how the then newly formedPartnership for Peace andNorth Atlantic Cooperation Council could assist in the enlargement process,[119] and noted that on-going territorial disputes could be an issue for whether a country was invited.[120] At the1997 Madrid summit, the heads of state of NATO issued the "Madrid Declaration on Euro-Atlantic Security and Cooperation" which invited threeCentral European countries to join the alliance, out of the twelve that had at that point requested to join, laying out a path for others to follow.[116] The text of Article 10 was the origin for the April 1999 statement of a "NATO open door policy".[121]
In practice, diplomats and officials have stated that having noterritorial disputes is a prerequisite to joining NATO, as a member with such a dispute would be automatically considered under attack by the occupying entity. However,West Germany joined NATO in 1955 despite having territorial disputes with East Germany and other states until the early 1970s.[122][123]
The biggest step in the formalization of the process for inviting new members came at the1999 Washington summit when the Membership Action Plan (MAP) mechanism was approved as a stage for the current members to regularly review the formal applications of aspiring members. A country's participation in MAP entails the annual presentation of reports concerning its progress on five different measures:[124]
NATO provides feedback as well as technical advice to each country and evaluates its progress on an individual basis.[125] Once members agree that a country meets the requirements, NATO can issue that country an invitation to begin accession talks.[126] The final accession process, once invited, involves five steps leading up to the signing of the accession protocols and the acceptance and ratification of those protocols by the governments of the current NATO members.[127]
In November 2002, NATO invited seven countries to join it via the MAP: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia.[128] All seven invitees joined in March 2004, which was observed at a flag-raising ceremony on 2 April. After that date, NATO numbered 26 allies.[129] Other former MAP participants wereAlbania andCroatia between May 2002 and April 2009,Montenegro between December 2009 and June 2017, andNorth Macedonia between April 1999 and March 2020, when it joined NATO. As of 2025[update],Bosnia and Herzegovina is the only country participating in a MAP.[130]
Intensified Dialogue was first introduced in April 2005 at an informal meeting of foreign ministers in Vilnius, Lithuania, as a response to Ukrainian aspirations for NATO membership and related reforms taking place under PresidentViktor Yushchenko, and which followed the November 22, 2002, signing of theNATO–Ukraine Action Plan under his predecessor,Leonid Kuchma.[125] This formula, which includes discussion of a "full range of political, military, financial and security issues relating to possible NATO membership ... had its roots in the1997 Madrid summit", where the participants had agreed "to continue the Alliance's intensified dialogs with those nations that aspire to NATO membership or that otherwise wish to pursue a dialog with NATO on membership questions".[131]
In September 2006,Georgia became the second to be offered the Intensified Dialogue status, following a rapid change in foreign policy under PresidentMikhail Saakashvili[132] and what it perceived as a demonstration of military readiness during the2006 Kodori crisis.[133]Montenegro,Bosnia and Herzegovina, andSerbia similarly received offers at the April2008 Bucharest summit.[134] While its neighbors both requested and accepted the dialog program, Serbia's offer was presented to guarantee the possibility of future ties with the alliance.[135]
Enhanced Opportunity Partner |
As of January 2025[update], three states have formally expressed their desire to join NATO. Bosnia and Herzegovina is the only country with aMembership Action Plan, which together with Georgia, were named NATO "aspirant countries" at the North Atlantic Council meeting on 7 December 2011.[136] During the2008 NATO summit held in Bucharest and against the urging of United States PresidentGeorge W. Bush, Georgia's and Ukraine's accessions into NATO were blocked byNicolas Sarkozy-led France, and byAngela Merkel-led Germany, which based its decision upon Germany maintaining its dependence upon hydrocarbons fromVladimir Putin-led Russia.[137][138][139][140][141] Ukraine was recognized as an aspirant country after the2014 Ukrainian revolution, and formally applied for membership in 2022 following itsinvasion by Russia.
| Country[5] | Partnership for Peace[143] | Individualized Action Plan[144] | Intensified Dialogue | Membership Action Plan[145] | Application | Accession protocol |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Bosnia and Herzegovina[146] | 2006–12 December 2006 | 2008-01IPAP September 2008 | 2008-04 April 2008[147] | 2010-04 December 2018[148][Note 2] | ||
 Georgia[150] | 1994-03 March 1994 | 2004–10IPAP October 2004 | 2006–09 September 2006[151] | |||
 Ukraine | 1994-02 February 1994 | 2002–11 Action Plan November 2002[Note 3] | 2005-04 April 2005[153] | —[Note 4] | 30 September 2022[155] |
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The1995 NATO bombing of Bosnia and Herzegovina targeted theBosnian Serb Army and together with international pressure led to the resolution of theBosnian War and the signing of theDayton Agreement in 1995. Since then, NATO has led theImplementation Force andStabilization Force, and other peacekeeping efforts in the country. Bosnia and Herzegovina joined the Partnership for Peace in 2006, and signed an agreement on security cooperation in March 2007.[156] Bosnia and Herzegovina began further cooperation with NATO within its Individual Partnership Action Plan in January 2008.[146] The country then started the process of Intensified Dialogue at the2008 Bucharest summit.[147] The country was invited to join theAdriatic Charter of NATO aspirants in September 2008.[157]
TheFederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina withinBosnia and Herzegovina has expressed willingness to join NATO, however, it faces consistent political pressure fromRepublika Srpska, the other political entity in the country, alongside its partners inRussia. On 2 October 2009,Haris Silajdžić, the Bosniak Member of the Presidency, announced official application forMembership Action Plan. On 22 April 2010, NATO agreed to launch theMembership Action Plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina, but with certain conditions attached.[149] Turkey is thought to be the biggest supporter of Bosnian membership, and heavily influenced the decision.[158]
The conditions of the MAP, however, stipulated that no Annual National Programme[clarification needed] could be launched until 63 military facilities are transferred fromBosnia's political divisions to the central government, which is one of the conditions for theOHR closure.[159][160] The leadership of theRepublika Srpska has opposed this transfer as a loss of autonomy.[161] All movable property, including all weapons and other army equipment, is fully registered as the property of the country starting 1 January 2006.[162] A ruling of theConstitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 6 August 2017 decided that a disputed military facility inHan Pijesak is to be registered as property of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[163] Despite the fact that all immovable property is not fully registered, NATO approved the activation of theMembership Action Plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina, and called on Bosnia to submit an Annual National Programme on 5 December 2018.[148]
A February 2017 poll showed that 59% of the country supports NATO membership, but results were very divided depending on ethnic groups. While 84% of those who identified asBosniak orCroat supported NATO membership, only 9% of those who identified asSerb did.[164] Bosnian chances of joining NATO may depend on Serbia's attitude towards the alliance, since the leadership of Republika Srpska might be reluctant to go against Serbian interests.[165] In October 2017, theNational Assembly of the Republika Srpska passed a nonbinding resolution opposing NATO membership for Bosnia and Herzegovina.[166] On 2 March 2022,Vjosa Osmani, the President of Kosovo, called on NATO to speed up the membership process for Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Osmani also criticizedAleksandar Vučić, the President of Serbia, accusing him of usingMilorad Dodik to "destroy the unity of Bosnia and Herzegovina".[167]
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Georgia moved quickly following theRose Revolution in 2003 to seek closer ties with NATO[168] (although the previous administration had also indicated that it desired NATO membership a year before the revolution took place[169]). Georgia's northern neighbor,Russia, opposed the closer ties, including those expressed at the2008 Bucharest summit, where NATO members promised that Georgia would eventually join the organization.[170] Complications in the relationship between NATO and Georgia includes the presence of Russian military forces in internationally recognized Georgian territory as a result of multiple recent conflicts, like the 2008Russo-Georgian War over the territories ofAbkhazia andSouth Ossetia, both of which are home to a large number of citizens of Russia. On 3 December 2008, NATO's 26 foreign ministers voted to reject aMembership Action Plan (MAP) to Georgia, arguing that it would antagonize Russia and that Georgia needed to enact more reforms.[171] On 21 November 2011,Russian PresidentDmitry Medvedev while addressing soldiers inVladikavkaz near the Georgian border stated that Russia's 2008 invasion had prevented any further NATO enlargement into the formerSoviet sphere.[170]
Anonbinding referendum in 2008 resulted in 77 percent of voters supporting NATO accession.[172] In May 2013,Georgian Prime MinisterBidzina Ivanishvili stated that his goal was to get aMembership Action Plan (MAP) for his country from NATO in 2014.[173] In June 2014, diplomats from NATO suggested that while a MAP was unlikely, a package of "reinforced cooperation" agreements was a possible compromise.[174]Anders Fogh Rasmussen confirmed that this could include the building of military capabilities and armed forces training.[175]
In September 2019, Russian Foreign MinisterSergey Lavrov said that "NATO approaching our borders is a threat to Russia."[176] He was quoted as saying that ifNATO accepts Georgian membership with the article on collective defense covering only Tbilisi-administered territory (i.e., excluding the Georgian territories ofAbkhazia andSouth Ossetia, both of which are currently anunrecognized breakaway republics supported by Russia), "we will not start a war, but such conduct will undermine our relations with NATO and with countries who are eager to enter the alliance."[177]
On 29 September 2020,NATO Secretary GeneralJens Stoltenberg called on Georgia to use every opportunity to move closer to the Alliance and speed up preparations for membership. Stoltenberg stressed that earlier that year, the Allies agreed to further strengthen the NATO-Georgia partnership, and that NATO welcomed the progress made by Georgia in carrying out reforms, modernizing its armed forces and strengthening democracy.[178] Georgian PresidentSalome Zourabichvili, who took office in 2018, has conceded that NATO membership might not be possible while Russia occupies Georgian territory, and has sought to focus on European Union membership,[179] for whichGeorgia submitted its application in May 2022.[180]
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Ukraine's relationship with NATO has been politically divisive, and is part of a larger debate over Ukraine's ties to both the European Union and Russia. Ukraine established ties to the alliance with a NATO–Ukraine Action Plan in November 2002,[152][181] joined NATO'sPartnership for Peace in February 2005,[182] then entered into the Intensified Dialogue program with NATO in April 2005.[183]
The position of Russian leaders onUkraine-NATO relations has changed over time. In 2002, Russia's presidentVladimir Putin declared no objections to Ukraine's growing relations with the Alliance, saying it was a matter for Ukraine and NATO.[184] In 2005, Putin said that if Ukraine joined NATO, "we will respect their choice, because it is their sovereign right to decide their own defence policy, and this will not worsen relations between our countries".[185] Ahead of the2008 Bucharest summit, Ukraine applied for aMembership Action Plan (MAP), the first step in joining NATO. At the summit, Putin called Ukrainian membership "a direct threat". NATO Secretary GeneralJaap de Hoop Scheffer declared that Ukraine would someday join, but would not yet be offered a Membership Action Plan.[186][187]
WhenViktor Yanukovych became Ukraine's president in 2010, he said that Ukraine would remain a "European, non-aligned state",[188][189] and remain a member of NATO's outreach program.[190] In June 2010 theUkrainian parliament voted to drop the goal of NATO membership, in a bill drafted by Yanukovych.[191] This affirmed Ukraine's neutral status and forbade its membership in any military bloc, but allowed for co-operation.[192]
In the February 2014Ukrainian Revolution, Ukraine's parliament voted to remove Yanukovych. Soon after, while Ukraine was still a neutral country,[193][194] Russiaoccupied andannexed Crimea. The following month, new Prime MinisterArseniy Yatsenyuk said Ukraine was not seeking NATO membership.[195] In August 2014, the Russian militaryinvaded eastern Ukraine to support itsseparatist proxies. Because of this,[196] Yatsenyuk announced the resumption of the NATO membership bid,[197] and in December 2014, Ukraine's parliament voted to drop non-aligned status.[198] NATO Secretary GeneralAnders Fogh Rasmussen said membership was still an option.[199] Support for membership rose to 64 percent in government-held Ukraine according to a July 2015 poll,[200] and polls showed that the rise in support for NATO was linked to Russia's ongoing military intervention.[201]
In 2017, as Russian-backed forces continued to occupy parts of the country, Ukraine's parliament voted to make NATO integration a foreign policy priority,[202] and PresidentPetro Poroshenko announced he would negotiate aMembership Action Plan.[203] Ukraine was acknowledged as an aspiring member by March 2018.[204] In September 2018, Ukraine's parliament voted to include the goal of NATO membership in the constitution.[205]
During 2021, there were massiveRussian military build-ups near Ukraine's borders. In April 2021, PresidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy said that NATO membership is the only way to endRussian aggression in eastern Ukraine.[206] Russia sentan ultimatum to NATO, demanding that Ukraine and other former Soviet states be barred from ever joining.[207] Secretary GeneralJens Stoltenberg replied that this was a matter between Ukraine and NATO, adding that "Russia has no right to establish asphere of influence to try to control their neighbors".[208]
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Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022. In hisspeech announcing the invasion, Putinfalsely claimed that NATO military infrastructure was being built up inside Ukraine, threatening Russia.[209] Russia's invasion drove Finland and Sweden to apply for NATO membership. Putin said their membership wasn't a problem for Russia, but Ukraine's membership is a "completely different thing" because of "territorial disputes".[210] Peter Dickinson of theAtlantic Council wrote that Putin's "dislike of NATO enlargement is real enough, but it has nothing to do with legitimate national security concerns. Instead, Putin objects to NATO because it prevents him from bullying Russia's neighbours".[112]
Since the invasion, calls for Ukrainian NATO membership have grown.[211] On 30 September 2022, Ukraine submitted an application for NATO membership, after Russia proclaimed it hadannexed the southeast.[155] According toPolitico, NATO members are reluctant to discuss Ukraine's entry because of Putin's "hypersensitivity" on the issue.[212] At the2023 Vilnius NATO summit it was decided that Ukraine would no longer be required to participate in a Membership Action Plan before joining the alliance.[154]
The Soviet Union was the primary ideological adversary for NATO during the Cold War. Following its dissolution, several states which had maintainedneutrality during the Cold War or werepost-Soviet states increased their ties with Western institutions; a number of them requested to join NATO. The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine reignited debate surrounding NATO membership in several countries.
Austria,Ireland,Switzerland, andMalta have maintained their Cold War–era neutrality. All are now members of thePartnership for Peace, and all except Switzerland are now members of theEuropean Union.[213] The defence ministry of Switzerland, which has along-standing policy of neutrality, initiated a report in May 2022 analyzing various military options, including increased cooperation and joint military exercises with NATO. That month, a poll indicated 33% of Swiss supported NATO membership for Switzerland, and 56% supported increased ties with NATO.[214]Cyprus is also amember state of the European Union, but it is the only one that is neither a full member state nor participates in the Partnership for Peace. Any treaty concerning Cyprus' participation in NATO would likely be blocked byTurkey because of theCyprus dispute.[215]
Russia,Armenia,Belarus, andKazakhstan are all members of theCollective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), a post-Soviet alternative military alliance.Azerbaijan was a member of the CSTO but has committed to a policy of neutrality since 1999.[216] In 2000, Russian PresidentVladimir Putin floated the idea of Russia potentially joining NATO.[217] However these prospects went nowhere, and Putin began developing anti-NATO sentiment and espousing hostile views towards NATO from the early 2000s.[218] In 2009, Russian envoyDmitry Rogozin did not rule out joining NATO at some point, but stated that Russia was currently more interested in leading a coalition as agreat power.[219]
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Austria wasoccupied by the four victoriousAllied powers followingWorld War II under theAllied Control Council, similar toGermany. During negotiations to end the occupation, which were ongoing at the same time as Germany's, the Soviet Union insisted that the reunified country adopt the model ofSwiss neutrality. The US feared that this would encourageWest Germany to accept similarSoviet proposals for neutrality as a condition forGerman reunification.[220] Shortly after West Germany's accession to NATO, the parties agreed to theAustrian State Treaty in May 1955, which was largely based on the Moscow Memorandum signed the previous month between Austria and the Soviet Union. While the treaty itself did not commit Austria to neutrality, this was subsequently enshrined into Austria's constitution that October with theDeclaration of Neutrality. The Declaration prohibits Austria from joining a military alliance, from hosting foreign military bases within its borders, and from participating in a war.[221]
Membership of Austria in theEuropean Union (or its predecessor organizations) was controversial because of the Austrian commitment to neutrality. Austria only joined in1995, together with Sweden and Finland, which had also declared their neutrality in the Cold War. Austria joined NATO'sPartnership for Peace in 1995, and participates in NATO'sEuro-Atlantic Partnership Council. TheAustrian military also participates in theUnited Nations peacekeeping operations and has deployments in several countries as of 2022[update], includingKosovo,Lebanon, andBosnia and Herzegovina, where it has led theEUFOR mission there since 2009.[221] Individual politicians from theAustrian People's Party (ÖVP) have supported NATO membership as part of European integration, including the Chancellor from 2000 to 2007,Wolfgang Schüssel and his defense minister,Werner Fasslabend.[222]
The 2022Russian invasion of Ukraine, and subsequent NATO membership of Finland and Sweden, did lead to additional calls to re-open the issue of neutrality, including fromAndreas Khol, the 2016 ÖVP presidential nominee.[223][224][225][226] However, only theNEOS party, which then held 15 of the 183 seats in theNational Council, supported a May 2022 open letter asking the government to review its commitment to neutrality,[227][228] and ChancellorKarl Nehammer, of the ÖVP, has rejected the idea.[229] Membership is not widely popular with the Austrian public. A March 2023 survey found only 21% in favor, with 61% against, a small increase of both 7% in favor and 7% unsure, compared to the last survey 10 months prior.[230][231]
Prior to gaining its independence in 1960, Cyprus was a crown colony of the United Kingdom and as such the UK's NATO membership also applied toBritish Cyprus. TheSovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia in Cyprus remained under British control as aBritish Overseas Territory following independence.[232] NeighbouringGreece and Turkey competed for influence in the newly independent Cyprus, with intercommunal rivalries and movements forunion with Greece orpartition and partial union with Turkey. The firstPresident of the independent Republic of Cyprus (1960–1977), Archbishop of CyprusMakarios III, adopted a policy of non-alignment and took part in the 1961 founding meeting of theNon-Aligned Movement inBelgrade.
The 1974Turkish invasion of Cyprus and ongoingdispute, in which Turkey continues to occupyNorthern Cyprus, complicates Cyprus' relations with NATO. Any treaty concerning Cyprus' participation in NATO, either as a full member, PfP orEuro-Atlantic Partnership Council, would likely be vetoed byTurkey, a full member of NATO, until the dispute is resolved.[215] NATO membership for a reunified Cyprus has been proposed as a solution to the question of security guarantees, given that all three of the current guarantors under theTreaty of Guarantee (1960) (Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom) are already NATO members.[233]
TheParliament of Cyprus voted in February 2011 to apply for membership in the PfP program, butPresidentDemetris Christofias vetoed the decision, arguing that it would hamper his attempts to negotiate an end to the Cyprus dispute and demilitarize the island.[234][235]Nicos Anastasiades, who waselected President in 2013, stated that he intended to apply for membership in the PfP program soon after taking over.[236] His foreign ministerNikos Christodoulides later dismissed Cypriot membership of NATO or Partnership for Peace, preferring to keep Cyprus'foreign and defence affairs within the framework of the EU, i.e. theCommon Security and Defence Policy (CSDP).[237] In May 2022, defence minister Charalambos Petrides confirmed that the country would not apply to NATO despite theRussian invasion of Ukraine.[238]
After the2023 presidential election, Anastasiades' foreign minister Christodoulides succeeded him as President. In November 2024, Christodoulides reversed his previous stance and revealed a plan to deepen Cyprus' relations with NATO and eventually join as a full member. Under the first phase of the plan, Cyprus would seek to join preparatory organisations linked to NATO, which would require progress in resolving the Cyprus dispute with NATO member Turkey and improvements toEU–Turkey relations. Practical steps of the plan include securing a longer-term exemption from the U.S. arms embargo, expanding joint military training opportunities for theCypriot National Guard at U.S. military academies, and modernisation of Cyprus' defence infrastructure to meet NATO standards.[239][240] Christodoulides stated that "the U.S. response has been very positive" and that these steps "will ensure that, once all conditions are met, Cyprus can join NATO".[241][242]
Ireland wasneutral during World War II, though the country cooperated with Allied intelligence and permitted the Allies use of Irish airways and ports. Ireland continued its policy ofmilitary neutrality during the Cold War, and before soldiers in the Irish military, theDefence Forces, can be sent abroad, Irish law requires approval from the government, theDáil Éireann, and theUnited Nations, which has been referred to as a "triple lock" on Irish neutrality since the early 2000s.[244] Ireland supplied a small number of troops to the NATO-ledInternational Security Assistance Force (ISAF) inAfghanistan (2001–2014) and supports the ongoing NATO-ledKosovo Force (KFOR).[245][246]
Ireland joined NATO'sPartnership for Peace (PfP) program andEuro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) in 1999,[247] and participates in the alliance's PfP Planning and Review Process (PARP). This aims to increase theinteroperability of theDefence Forces with NATO member states and bring them into line with accepted international standards so as to successfully deploy with other professional military forces onpeacekeeping operations overseas.[248] The country most recently renewed their agreement with NATO regarding interoperability in February 2024, with the issues of cybersecurity and the security ofunderseas communication cables in Irish waters being added as additional areas of cooperation.[249]
While there are a number of individual politicians who support Ireland joining NATO, mainly within the center-rightFine Gael party,[250][251] no major political party in Ireland currently supports full accession to NATO, a reflection on public opinion in the country.[252] Though its stance was softened during the2024 election campaign,[253] therepublican partySinn Féin has long supported both withdrawal from PfP and passage of aconstitutional amendment to prohibit the country from joining a military alliance like NATO. The Dáil Éireann has considered and defeated such an amendment in April 2019 and in November 2023.[254][255] While TaoiseachMicheál Martin said in 2022 that Ireland would not need to hold a referendum in order to join NATO, Irish constitutional lawyers have pointed to the precedent set by the 1987 caseCrotty v. An Taoiseach as suggesting it would be necessary, and that any attempt to join NATO without a referendum would likely be legally challenged in the country's courts in a similar way.[256] Former TaoiseachLeo Varadkar has also highlighted the possibility that aUnited Ireland would likely have to reconsider defense arrangements, namely those with NATO, as the six counties ofNorthern Ireland are currently part of the alliance.[257]
Polling did show a rise in support for joining NATO following the February 2022Russian invasion of Ukraine, as a March 2022 poll reported 48% supporting NATO membership and 39% opposing it,[258] while one in August 2022 found 52% in favor of joining and 48% opposed.[259] By June 2023, however, the numbers had returned to prior levels, with around 34% in favour and 38% opposed.[260] FormerSecretary General of NATOAnders Fogh Rasmussen said during a visit to the country in 2013 that the "door is open" for Ireland to join NATO at any time.[261]
According toMinister of Foreign AffairsEnver Hoxhaj, integration with NATO is a priority forKosovo, whichdeclared independence from Serbia in 2008.[262] Kosovo submitted an application to join the PfP program in July 2012,[263] and Hoxhaj stated in 2014 that the country's goal is to be a NATO member by 2022.[264] In December 2018,Kosovar Prime Minister Ramush Haradinaj stated that Kosovo will apply for NATO membership after the formation of theKosovo Armed Forces.[265] Kosovo's lack ofrecognition by fourNATO member states—Greece,Romania,Spain, andSlovakia—could impede its accession.[266][263]United Nations membership, which Kosovo does not have, is considered to be necessary for NATO membership.[267]
In February 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Minister of DefenseArmend Mehaj requested a permanent US military base in the country and an accelerated accession process to the organization, citing an "immediate need to guarantee peace, security and stability in the Western Balkans".[6] On 3 March 2022, a resolution was passed by Kosovo's Parliament requesting that the government "take all necessary steps to join NATO,European Union,Council of Europe and other international organizations".[268]
When the North Atlantic Treaty was signed in 1949, the Mediterranean island ofMalta was a dependent territory of the United Kingdom, one of the treaty's original signatories. As such, theCrown Colony of Malta shared the UK's international memberships, including NATO. Between 1952 and 1965, the headquarters of theAllied Forces Mediterranean was based in the town ofFloriana, just outside Malta's capital ofValletta. When Malta gained independence in 1964, prime ministerGeorge Borg Olivier wanted the country to join NATO. Olivier was concerned that the presence of the NATO headquarters in Malta, without the security guarantees that NATO membership entailed, made the country a potential target. However, according to a memorandum he prepared at the time he was discouraged from formally submitting a membership application byDeputy Secretary General of NATO James A. Roberts. It was believed that some NATO members, including the United Kingdom, were opposed to Maltese NATO membership. As a result Olivier considered alternatives, such as seeking associate membership or unilateral security guarantees from NATO, or closing the NATO headquarters in Malta in retaliation.[270][271][272] Ultimately, Olivier supported the alliance and signed a defense agreement with the UK for use of Maltese military facilities in exchange for around £2 million a year.[273][274]
This friendly policy changed in 1971, whenDom Mintoff, of theLabour Party, was elected as prime minister. Mintoff supportedneutrality as his foreign policy,[275] and the position was later enshrined into the country'sconstitution in 1974 as an amendment to Article 1.[276] The country joined theNon-Aligned Movement in 1979, at the same time when the BritishRoyal Navy left its base at theMalta Dockyard. In 1995, under Prime MinisterEddie Fenech Adami of theNationalist Party, Malta joined theEuro-Atlantic Partnership Council multilateral defense forum and NATO'sPartnership for Peace program. When the Labour Party regained power the following year, however, it withdrew Malta from both organizations. Though the Nationalists resumed the majority in parliament in 1998, Malta didn't rejoin the EAPC and PfP programs again until 2008, after the country had joined theEuropean Union in 2004. Since re-joining, Malta has been building its relations with NATO and getting involved in wider projects including the PfP Planning and Review Process and theNATO Science for Peace and Security Program.[277][278]
NATO membership is not supported by any of the country's political parties, including neither the governing Labour Party nor the oppositionNationalist Party. NATO's secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg has stated that the alliance fully respects Malta's position of neutrality, and put no pressure for the country to join the alliance.[277] Polling done by the island-nation'sMinistry of Foreign Affairs found in February 2022 that 63% of those surveyed supported the island's neutrality, and only 6% opposed the policy, with 14% undecided.[279] AEurobarometer survey in May 2022 found that 75% of Maltese would however support greater military cooperation within the European Union.[280]
Moldova gained independence in 1991 following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Thecountry's current constitution was adopted in 1994, and forbids the country from joining a military alliance, but some politicians, such as former Moldovan Minister of DefenceVitalie Marinuța, have suggested joining NATO as part of a larger European integration. Moldova joined NATO'sPartnership for Peace in 1994, and initiated an Individual Partnership Action Plan in 2010.[281] Moldova also participates in NATO's peacekeeping force in Kosovo.[282] Following the 2014annexation of Crimea by Russia, NATO officials warned thatRussiamight seek to annexTransnistria, a breakaway Moldovan region.[283] This separatist issue could preclude Moldova from joining NATO.[281]
The current Prime Minister of Moldova,Dorin Recean, supportsEuropean Union membership, but not NATO membership.[284] Moldova's PresidentMaia Sandu stated in January 2023 that there was "serious discussion" about joining "a larger alliance", though she didn't specifically name NATO.[282] The second largest alliance in theparliament of Moldova, theElectoral Bloc of Communists and Socialists, strongly opposes NATO membership.[285] A poll in December 2018 found that, if given the choice in a referendum, 22% of Moldovans would vote in favor of joining NATO, while 32% would vote against it and 21% would be unsure.[286] Some Moldovan politicians, including formerPrime MinisterIurie Leancă, have also supported the idea ofunifying with neighboring Romania, with which Moldova shares a language and much of its history, and a poll in April 2021 found that 43.9% of those surveyed supported that idea.Romania is a current member of both NATO and the European Union.[287]
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Yugoslavia'scommunist government sided with theEastern Bloc at the beginning of theCold War, but pursued a policy ofneutrality following theTito–Stalin split in 1948 after an initial indirect alignment with NATO via theBalkan Pact.[288] It was afounding member of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961. Sincethat country's dissolution most of itssuccessor states have joined NATO, but the largest of them,Serbia, has maintained neutrality.
TheNATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 againstBosnia-Serbian forces and theNATO bombing of targets in Serbia (then part ofFR Yugoslavia) during theKosovo War in 1999 resulted in strained relations between Serbia and NATO.[289] After the overthrow of PresidentSlobodan Milošević Serbia wanted to improve its relations with NATO, though membership in the military alliance remained highly controversial among political parties and society.[290][291] In the years under Prime MinisterZoran Đinđić the country (thenSerbia and Montenegro) did not rule out joining NATO, but afterĐinđić's assassination in 2003 Serbia increasingly started preferring a course of military neutrality.[292][293]Serbia's Parliament passed a resolution in 2007 which declared Serbia'smilitary neutrality until such time as a referendum could be held on the issue.[294] Relations with NATO were further strained followingKosovo's declaration of independence in 2008, while it was aprotectorate of the United Nations with security support from NATO.
Serbia was invited to and joined NATO'sPartnership for Peace program during the2006 Riga summit, and in 2008 was invited to enter the intensified dialog program whenever the country was ready.[135] On 1 October 2008, Serbian Defence MinisterDragan Šutanovac signed the Information Exchange Agreement with NATO, one of the prerequisites for fuller membership in thePartnership for Peace program.[295] In April 2011 Serbia's request for an IPAP was approved by NATO,[296] and Serbia submitted a draft IPAP in May 2013.[297] The agreement was finalized on 15 January 2015.[298] Serbian PresidentAleksandar Vučić, in office since 2017, reiterated in March 2022 that his government was not interested in NATO membership.[299] A poll that month suggested that 82% of Serbians opposed joining NATO, while only 10% supported the idea.[300] The minorSerbian Renewal Movement, which has two seats in theNational Assembly, and theLiberal Democratic Party, which currently has none, remain the most vocal political parties in favor of NATO membership.[301] TheDemocratic Party abandoned its pro-NATO attitude, claiming the Partnership for Peace is enough.
Serbia maintainsclose relations with Russia, which are due to their shared stances on the Kosovo issue and popular affinity for Russia. Serbia and Belarus are the only European states that refused to impose sanctions on Russia in response to itsinvasion of Ukraine.[302][303][304]
Some individuals have proposed expanding NATO outside of Europe, although doing so would require amending Article 10 of theNorth Atlantic Treaty, which specifically limits new membership to "any other European State in a position to further the principles of this Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area."[305]
Christopher Sands of theHudson Institute proposedMexican membership of NATO in order to enhance NATO cooperation with Mexico and develop a "North American pillar" for regional security,[306] while Christopher Skaluba and Gabriela Doyle of theAtlantic Council promoted the idea as way to support democracy in Latin America.[307] In June 2013,Colombian PresidentJuan Manuel Santos stated his hope that Colombia's cooperation with NATO could result in NATO membership, though his Foreign Minister,Juan Carlos Pinzon, quickly clarified that Colombia is not actively seeking NATO membership.[308] In June 2018,Qatar expressed its wish to join NATO,[309] but its application was rejected by NATO.[310] In March 2019, US PresidentDonald Trump madeBrazil amajor non-NATO ally, and expressed support for the eventual accession of Brazil into NATO.[311] France's Foreign Ministry responded to this by reiterating the limitations of Article 10 on new membership, and suggested that Brazil could instead seek to become aglobal partner of NATO, like Colombia.[312]
Several other current NATO global partners have been proposed as candidates for full membership. In 2006,Ivo Daalder, later the US Ambassador to NATO, proposed a "global NATO" that would incorporate democratic states from around the world, including Asia-Pacific partnersAustralia,New Zealand,Japan, andSouth Korea, collectively known as theIndo-Pacific Four (IP4),[313][314] who all signed on as global partners in the 2010s, as well as Brazil,South Africa, andIndia.[305] In 2007, then-US presidential candidateRudy Giuliani suggested includingSingapore andIsrael, among others.[315] In 2020, Trump stated that Middle Eastern countries should be admitted to NATO.[316] Because of its close ties to Europe,Cape Verde has been suggested as a future member and the government of Cape Verde suggested an interest in joining as recently as 2019.[317][318]
Internal enlargement is the process of new member states arising from the break-up of or secession from an existing member state. There have been and are a number ofactive separatist movements within member states. After a long history ofopposition to NATO, theseparatistScottish National Party agreed at its conference in 2012 that it wished for Scotland to retain its NATO membership were it to become independent from the United Kingdom.[319] In 2014, in the run up to theself-determination referendum, theGeneralitat de Catalunya published a memo suggesting anindependent Catalonia would want to keep all of Spain's current foreign relationships, including NATO, though other nations, namely Belgium, have questioned whether quick membership for breakaway regions could encourage secessionist movements elsewhere.[320]
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)I am absolutely convinced that Ukraine will not shy away from the processes of expanding interaction with NATO and the Western allies as a whole. Ukraine has its own relations with NATO; there is the Ukraine–NATO Council. At the end of the day, the decision is to be taken by NATO and Ukraine. It is a matter for those two partners.
We had to take unavoidable steps so that events did not develop as they are currently developing in southeast Ukraine. ... Of course our troops stood behind Crimea's self-defence forces.
| External videos | |
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 Q&A interview with Sarotte onNot One Inch, April 17, 2022,C-SPAN |
