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Enfilade anddefilade are concepts inmilitary tactics used to describe a military formation's exposure to enemy fire. A formation or position is "in enfilade" if weapon fire can be directed along its longest axis. A unit or position is "in defilade" if it uses natural or artificial obstacles to shield or conceal itself from enfilade and hostile fire.[1] The strategies, named by theEnglish during theHundred Years' War, use theFrenchenfiler ("to put on a string or sling") anddéfiler ("to slip away or off") spoken byEnglish nobility of the time.[2]
Enfilade fire—gunfire directed against an enfiladed formation or position—is also commonly known as "flanking fire".[1]Raking fire is the equivalent term innaval warfare.Strafing, firing on targets from a flying platform, is often done with enfilade fire. It is a very advantageous, and much sought for, position for the attacking force.
A formation or position is "in enfilade" if weapon fire can be directed along its longest axis.[3] For instance, atrench is enfiladed if the opponent can fire down the length of the trench. Acolumn of marching troops is enfiladed if fired on from the front or rear such that the projectiles travel the length of the column. Arank or line of advancing troops is enfiladed if fired on from the side (from the flank).[1]
The advantages of enfilading missiles have been appreciated sinceantiquity, whether in pitched battles such as theBattle of Taginae or in fortifications designed to provide the defenders with opportunities to enfilade attacking forces.[4] Although sophisticated archery tactics grew rare in Western Europe during theEarly Middle Ages, enfilade fire was reemphasized by the late medievalEnglish using ranked archers combined with dismounted knights, first employed at theBattle of Dupplin Moor in 1332 and used to devastating effect against the French in theHundred Years War.[2] The benefit of enfilading an enemy formation is that, by firing along the long axis, it becomes easier to hit targets within that formation. Enfilade fire takes advantage of the fact that it is usually easier to aim laterally (traversing the weapon) than to correctly estimate the range to avoid shooting too long or short. Additionally, both indirect and direct fire projectiles that might miss an intended target are more likely to hit another valuable target within the formation if firing along the long axis.
When planning field and other fortifications, it became common for mutually supporting positions to be arranged so that it became impossible to attack any one position without exposing oneself to enfilading fire from the others, this being found for example in the mutually supporting bastions ofstar forts, and thecaponiers of later fortifications.
Fire is delivered so that the long axis of the target coincides or nearly coincides with the long axis of the beaten zone.
A unit or position is "in defilade" if it uses natural or artificial obstacles to shield or conceal. For anarmored fighting vehicle (AFV), defilade is synonymous with ahull-down orturret-down position.
Defilade is also used to refer to a position on thereverse slope of a hill or within a depression in level or rolling terrain. Defiladed positions on hilltops are advantageous because "dead space" – a space that cannot be engaged with direct fire – will be created in front of the position. Ideally, this dead space should be covered by the interlocking fields of fire of other nearby positions, and/or by pre-plannedindirect fire such asmortars or other forms ofartillery.
In the case ofantitank weapons, and especially short-range man-portable antitank rockets, defiladed positions behind a hill have several important advantages. This is because the dead space created by the intervening crest of the hill prevents an approaching tank from using the range of its direct-fire weapons, and neither the attacker nor defender will have a clear shot until the tank is within range of the defending antitank weapon. In such engagements the tank is usually at a further disadvantage because the defender will often be camouflaged while the attacking tank will be silhouetted against the sky, giving the defender an easier shot.
In addition, if the tank fails to detect the defending antitank weapon while the tank is still defiladed, but advances beyond that position to the crest of the hill, it may expose the relatively thinner armor of its lower hull or belly to the defender. Early detection and elimination of antitank threats is an important reason that tanks attack withinfantry support.
Artificial entrenchments can provide defilade by allowing troops to seek shelter behind a raisedberm that increases the effective height of the ground, within an excavation that allows the troops to shelter below the surface of the ground or a combination of the two. The same principles apply to fighting positions for artillery and armored fighting vehicles.
A unit sited in defilade threatens an enemy that decides to pass it and move forward, because the enemy would be put in an enfiladed position when moving in a rank.[1] The friendly unit would be in a position that is shielded by terrain from direct enemy fire, while still being able to fire on the enemy in an effective manner.
