Mostenergy inBelarus is cheapfossil gas from Russia,[1] and Belarus is a net energy importer. According toIEA, the energy import vastly exceeded theenergy production in 2015, describing Belarus as one of the world's least energy sufficient countries in the world.[2] Belarus imports oil from Russia,[3] and sends back some refined products such as gasoline.[4]
Total energy consumption (measured by total primary energy supply) in Belarus was 27.0 Mtoe in 2018, similar to consumption in Norway and Hungary.[2] Primary energy use in Belarus was 327 TWh or 34 TWh per million persons in 2008.[5]
Primary energy use per capita in Belarus in 2009 (34 MWh) was slightly more than inPortugal (26 MWh) and about half of the use inBelgium (64 MWh) orSweden (62 MWh).[5]
Electricity consumed in 2021 was 32.67 billion kWh, 3,547 kWh per capita.[6]
| Population (million) | Total energy supply (TWh) | Production (TWh) | Net Import (TWh) | Electricity (TWh) | CO2-emission (Mt) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 10.19 | 518.8 | 39.5 | 489.7 | 44.6 | 99.8 |
| 1991 | 10.19 | 504.3 | 41.1 | 464.8 | 44.8 | 96.2 |
| 1992 | 10.22 | 423.6 | 41.4 | 381.5 | 40.0 | 86.8 |
| 1993 | 10.24 | 360.5 | 38.2 | 322.3 | 35.3 | 75.4 |
| 1994 | 10.23 | 307.7 | 40.9 | 264.2 | 31.4 | 64.0 |
| 1995 | 10.19 | 281.1 | 39.4 | 251.2 | 28.4 | 56.9 |
| 1996 | 10.16 | 287.6 | 39.7 | 247.0 | 28.5 | 57.8 |
| 1997 | 10.12 | 287.9 | 39.7 | 261.1 | 29.9 | 58.2 |
| 1998 | 10.07 | 279.0 | 38.4 | 249.7 | 30.4 | 56.3 |
| 1999 | 10.03 | 275.0 | 42.1 | 237.8 | 30.1 | 54.1 |
| 2000 | 9.98 | 279.7 | 41.0 | 245.2 | 29.9 | 52.1 |
| 2001 | 9.93 | 279.9 | 42.3 | 244.8 | 29.9 | 50.9 |
| 2002 | 9.87 | 287.2 | 43.3 | 247.8 | 29.6 | 50.8 |
| 2003 | 9.80 | 295.4 | 41.9 | 257.6 | 30.0 | 51.4 |
| 2004 | 9.73 | 309.1 | 42.4 | 270.5 | 30.9 | 54.5 |
| 2005 | 9.66 | 308.1 | 44.6 | 266.5 | 31.4 | 55.0 |
| 2006 | 9.60 | 327.9 | 45.6 | 286.5 | 32.3 | 57.2 |
| 2007 | 9.56 | 321.0 | 46.4 | 275.6 | 32.4 | 55.7 |
| 2008 | 9.53 | 323.9 | 46.1 | 285.8 | 33.2 | 58.4 |
| 2009 | 9.51 | 303.8 | 45.7 | 257.5 | 31.4 | 55.3 |
| 2010 | 9.48 | 316.7 | 47.0 | 271.4 | 33.8 | 59.5 |
| 2011 | 9.46 | 333.5 | 48.7 | 285.3 | 34.4 | 56.4 |
| 2012 | 9.45 | 346.1 | 48.3 | 308.6 | 35.0 | 57.5 |
| 2013 | 9.44 | 308.9 | 46.4 | 273.4 | 34.5 | 57.5 |
| 2014 | 9.45 | 317.9 | 43.1 | 282.0 | 34.9 | 56.8 |
| 2015 | 9.46 | 290.1 | 41.7 | 248.7 | 33.8 | 52.6 |
| 2016 | 9.47 | 287.6 | 42.5 | 242.1 | 33.7 | 53.0 |
| 2017 | 9.46 | 293.6 | 46.1 | 251.5 | 34.2 | 54.0 |
| 2018 | 9.44 | 313.8 | 48.2 | 269.1 | 35.2 | 57.1 |
| 2019 | 9.42 | 303.5 | 50.8 | 256.8 | 35.4 | 55.4 |
| 2020 | 9.38 | 292.2 | 51.7 | 244.6 | 35.3 | 52.5 |
| 2021 | 9.30 | 317.2 | 70.2 | 248.1 | 38.1 | 53.1 |
| 2022 | 9.21 | 307.9 | 71.9 | 236.8 | 36.0 | 50.5 |
| Change 1990-2022 | -9.6% | -40.6% | 82.0% | -51.6% | -19.3% | -49.4% |
| Name | Region/city | Capacity, MW[8] |
|---|---|---|
| Lukoml GRES | Vitebsk Region | 2,889 |
| Byaroza GRES | Brest Region | 1,095 |
| Minsk thermal No. 4 | Minsk city | 1,035 |
| Minsk thermal No. 5 | Minsk Region | 719.6 |
| Gomel thermal No. 2 | Gomel city | 544 |
| Minsk thermal No. 3 | Minsk city | 442 |
| Mogilev thermal No. 2 | Mogilev city | 347 |
| Grodno thermal No. 2 | Grodno city | 302.5 |
| Novopolotsk thermal | Novopolotsk city | 270 |
| Mazyr thermal | Mazyr city | 205 |
| Babruysk thermal No. 2 | Babruysk city | 182.6 |
| Svietlahorsk thermal | Svietlahorsk city | 155 |
| Minsk thermal No. 2 | Minsk city | 94 |
| Viciebsk thermal | Vitebsk city | 80 |
| Orsha thermal | Orsha city | 79.8 |
| Barysaw thermal | Barysaw city | 65 |
| Zhodzina thermal | Zhodzina city | 54 |
| Lida thermal | Lida city | 43 |
| Vitebsk hydro | Vitebsk Region | 40 |
| Mogilev thermal No. 1 | Mogilev city | 38.5 |
| Gomel thermal No. 1 | Gomel city | 37.3 |
| Zhlobin thermal | Zhlobin city | 26.2 |
| Pinsk thermal | Pinsk city | 22 |
| Polotsk hydro | Vitebsk Region | 21.7 |
| Mogilev thermal No. 3 | Mogilev city | 19.5 |
| Baranavichy thermal | Baranavichy city | 18 |
| Grodno hydro | Grodno Region | 17 |
| Brest thermal | Brest city | 12 |
| Babruysk thermal No. 1 | Babruysk city | 12 |
TheAstravets Nuclear Power Plant became operational in 2020.[9] In 2024, it produced 15.7 TWh of electricity generating up to 40% of the country's supply.[10]
The country is one of the world’s largest importers of natural gas with estimates for 2018 being about 17 Mtoe (20 billion cubic metres [bcm]) of natural gas, making it the leading importer among the so-called EU4Energy countries:Armenia,Azerbaijan, Belarus,Georgia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Moldova,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,Ukraine andUzbekistan. In 2018 almost all generated electricity came fromnatural gas (97%, or 39 terawatt hours [TWh]).[2] In 1990, the IEA reported natural gas as constituting 52% of electricity generation, with oil generating 48%.[11]
There are two large gas pipes running through Belarus, theYamal–Europe pipeline andNorthern Lights. In addition there is theMinsk–Kaliningrad Interconnection that connects toKaliningrad.
In 2021 18.64 billion m3 were consumed with 0.06 billion produced, the rest imported.[6]
Belarus is a large oil refiner, listed 36th in the world, at 19 Mt of oil products in 2018 by the IEA.[2] It has two refineries and oil pipelines built during the Soviet era including theMozyr Oil Refinery.
Oil consumed in 2021 amounted to 49.13m barrels with 12.52 m barrels produced, the rest imported.[6]
Renewable energy generation accounted for 6% of Belarus’s energy in 2018, rising to 8% in 2020, mostly frombiofuels and waste. Renewables share in electricity generation was 2% in 2018 (0.8 TWh).[2]
| Achievement | Year | Achievement | Year | Achievement | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4% | 1999 | 6% | 2001 | 8% | 2020 |
Renewable energy includes wind, solar, biomass and geothermal energy sources.
Because non-nuclear thermal power plants are ramped up and down depending on heat requirements, and nuclear is not very flexible, increased battery storage has been suggested.[12]
Fossil fuelled heat is heavily subsidized.[13]: 62
