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TheEncyclopédistes (French:[ɑ̃siklɔpedist]) (also known in British English asEncyclopaedists,[1] or in U.S. English asEncyclopedists) were contributors to theEncyclopédie, the first encyclopedia with signed contributions from numerous collaborators. TheEncyclopédie (1751-72) was edited by Jean-Paul De Gua de Malves from 1746 to 1747, co-edited byDenis Diderot andJean le Rond d'Alembert from 1747 to 1758, and edited by Diderot alone through 1772.[2]
The composition of the 17 volumes of text and 11 volumes ofplates of theEncyclopédie was the work of at least 139 authors and 66 artists.[3]
The known contributors to the text of theEncyclopédie were not a unified group, neither in ideology nor social class.[4] Nevertheless, many of the authors belonged to the vaguely defined intellectual group known as thephilosophes. As such, they promoted the advancement of science and secular thought and supported the tolerance, rationality, and open-mindedness of theEnlightenment. They were also skilled propagandists who used theEncyclopédie to subtly influence public opinion and spread Enlightenment ideas in France both before and after theFrench Revolution.
Below, some of the contributors are listed in alphabetical order, by the number of articles that they wrote and by the identifying "signature" by which their contributions were identified in theEncyclopédie. Some of them are well-known, but others, such as Allard,[5] remain a mystery to us. Around half of the articles in the Encyclopédie lack a signature, in some cases because a collaborator wished for anonymity.
Writing a critique of theEncyclopédie in 1768, Diderot recognized that the contributors were a diverse lot: "Along with some excellent men, there were some weak, average, and absolutely bad ones. Whence the spotty quality of the work, where we find the draft of a schoolboy next to a masterpiece."[6]
An incomplete machine-generated list of authors sorted by the number of signed articles can be found on website of ARTFL's digitized edition of theEncyclopédie. There are lists by frequency[7] and by letter.[7]
In the early 1740s, Diderot was working on a French translation ofRobert James'sA Medicinal Dictionary for the booksellers Antoine-Claude Briasson, Laurent Durand, and Michel-Antoine David. When the latter three became involved with a project for translating Ephraim Chambers'Cyclopaedia (1728) into English, it was only natural that they would turn to Diderot for help. After having worked on the project in other capacities for some time already, Diderot was named co-editor of theEncyclopédie, as the greatly expanded translation was now called, on 16 October 1747. As editor, Diderot wrote the prospectus and, with D'Alembert, reviewed others' articles. As a contributor, he wrote thousands of articles, many on the mechanical arts, philosophy, and natural history.
Jean le Rond d'Alembert was already one of Europe's foremost mathematicians when he became the a co-editor of theEncyclopédie in 1747. He wrote thePreliminary Discourse, which borrowed material from Diderot's prospectus. In addition, he contributed articles on mathematics, physics, and other topics. Several of his articles were among the most controversial. In his article on Geneva, published in 1757, he praised his own idealized version of Geneva in such a way as to condemn France implicitly, and he claimed that some Genevan pastors no longer believed in the divinity of Jesus Christ.[8] For some time already, he had found himself frustrated by attacks against theEncyclopédie, and for this and other, undisclosed reasons, he announced his decision to resign as co-editor in early 1758.[9] He continued to write on mathematical subjects for subsequent volumes.
Louis de Jaucourt was born in Paris into a noble family that practiced Protestantism in secret. He trained as a physician but chose to devote himself to the life of a gentleman-scholar. Before becoming a contributor to theEncyclopédie, he had already compiled a multi-volume medical dictionary, but the manuscript was lost in a shipwreck. After the publication of volume 1 of theEncyclopédie, Jaucourt contacted the bookseller David and volunteered his services. Over time, the extent of his collaboration dramatically increased, so that, in the end, he wrote about a quarter of the articles in theEncyclopédie. His articles were on a great variety of subjects, including religion, politics, medicine, botany, and the fine arts.[10] Especially after D'Alembert's resignation as co-editor, Jaucourt became a sort of unofficial co-editor. For example, he began introducing biographies in geographical articles in volume 6, thereby contravening Diderot and D'Alembert's initial decision not to include biographies.[11]
71,818 articles in 17 volumes:
In theEncyclopédie, most of the regular authors are identified by a letter at the end of an article. By contrast, irregular contributors were often identified with their full names.
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