Enantiodromia (Ancient Greek:ἐναντίος,romanized: enantios – "opposite" and δρόμος,dromos – "running course") is a principle introduced in the West bypsychiatristCarl Jung. InPsychological Types, Jung defines enantiodromia as "the emergence of the unconscious opposite in the course of time."[1] It is similar to the principle ofequilibrium in the natural world, in that any extreme is opposed by the system in order to restorebalance. When things get to their extreme, they turn into their opposite. Jung adds that "this characteristic phenomenon practically always occurs when an extreme, one-sided tendency dominates conscious life; in time an equally powerful counterposition is built up which first inhibits the conscious performance and subsequently breaks through the conscious control."[1]
This principle was explicitly understood and discussed in the principles of traditional Chinese religion, as inTaoism andyin-yang. A central premise of theI Ching is that yang lines become yin when they have reached their extreme, and vice versa.[2] However, in Jungian terms, a thing psychicallytransmogrifies into itsshadow opposite, in the repression of psychic forces that are therebycathected into something powerful and threatening.
Jung was heavily influenced byFriedrich Nietzsche, and Nietzsche discusses this idea in several areas of his works:Human, All Too Human Aphorism 1, 2 and 3;Beyond Good and Evil Aphorism 2.
The word "enantiodromia" was apparently coined byStobaeus[3] but the concept is implied also inHeraclitus's writings. InDK fragment 126 for example, Heraclitus says "cold things warm, warm things cool, wet things dry and parched things get wet."[4] It also seems implicit in other of his sayings, like "war is father of all, king of all" (fr. 53), "they do not know that the differing/opposed thing agrees with itself; harmony is reflexive (παλίντροποςpalintropos, used of a compound bow, or "in reflexive tension"), like the bow and the lyre" (fr. 51). In these passages and others the idea of thecoincidence of opposites is clearly articulated in Heraclitus' characteristic riddling style, as well as the dynamic motion back and forth between the two, generated especially by opposition and conflict.
Jung himself wrote: "Old Heraclitus, who was indeed a very great sage, discovered the most marvellous of all psychological laws: the regulative function of opposites. He called it enantiodromia, a running contrariwise, by which he meant that sooner or later everything runs into its opposite."[5]
Roughly a generation later,Plato in thePhaedo articulated the principle clearly: "Everything arises in this way, opposites from their opposites." (sect. 71a).[6]
Since Jung's modern recognition of it many centuries later, it has been actively portrayed in modern culture. For example, it has been applied to the subject of the filmThe Lives of Others, to show how one devoted to a communist regime breaks through his loyalty and emerges ahumanist.
In particular, Jung used the term to refer to theunconscious acting against the wishes of theconsciousmind, updating the Greek concept ofakrasia in modern psychological terms. (Aspects of the Masculine, chapter 7, paragraph 294).
Enantiodromia. Literally, "running counter to," referring to the emergence of the unconscious opposite in the course of time.This characteristic phenomenon practically always occurs when an extreme, one-sided tendency dominates conscious life; in time an equally powerful counterposition is built up, which first inhibits the conscious performance and subsequently breaks through the conscious control. ("Definitions,"ibid., par. 709)
Enantiodromia is typically experienced in conjunction with symptoms associated with acuteneurosis, and often foreshadows a rebirth of the personality.
The grand plan on which the unconscious life of the psyche is constructed is so inaccessible to our understanding that we can never know what evil may not be necessary in order to produce good by enantiodromia, and what good may very possibly lead to evil. ("The Phenomenology of the Spirit in Fairytales",Collected Works 9i, par. 397)
Enantiodromia also refers to the process whereby one seeks out and embraces an opposing quality from within, internalizing it in a way that results in individual wholeness. This process is the crux of Jung's notion called the "path of individuation." One must incorporate an opposing archetype into their psyche to obtain a state of internal 'completion.'
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