Born toEmperor Meiji and his concubineYanagiwara Naruko, Yoshihito was proclaimed crown prince andheir apparent in 1888, his two older siblings having died in infancy. He suffered various health problems as a child, includingmeningitis soon after his birth. In 1900, he marriedSadako Kujō, a member of theKujō family of theFujiwara clan; the couple had four sons. In 1912, Yoshihito became emperor upon the death of his father, but as he suffered from neurological issues for much of his life, he played only a limited role in politics and undertook no official duties from 1919. His declining health led to appointment of his eldest son, Crown PrinceHirohito, asregent in 1921, and Hirohito succeeded him as emperor when he died in 1926.
Prince Yoshihito was born at theTōgū Palace inAkasaka, Tokyo toEmperor Meiji andYanagiwara Naruko, aconcubine with the official title ofgon-no-tenji (imperial concubine). As was common practice at the time, Emperor Meiji's consort,Empress Shōken, was officially regarded as his mother. He received the personal name of Yoshihito Shinnō and the titleHaru-no-miya from the Emperor on 6 September 1879. His two older siblings had died in infancy, and he too was born sickly.[2]
As was the practice at the time, Prince Yoshihito was entrusted to the care of his great-grandfather, MarquessNakayama Tadayasu, in whose house he lived from infancy until the age of seven. Prince Nakayama had also raised Taishō's father, the Emperor Meiji, as a child.[4]
From March 1885, Prince Yoshihito moved to the Aoyama Detached Palace, where he was tutored in the mornings on reading, writing, arithmetic, and morals, and in the afternoons on sports, but progress was slow due to his poor health and frequent fevers.[5] From 1886, he was taught together with 15–20 selected classmates from theōke and higher rankingkazoku peerage at a special school, theGogakumonsho, within the Aoyama Palace.[5]
Yoshihito was officially declaredheir on 31 August 1887, and had his formal investiture ascrown prince on 3 November 1888. While crown prince, he was often referred to simply asTōgu (東宮) ('Eastern Palace', ametonymy for heir to the throne, which originated fromChina'sHan dynasty).
Crown Prince Tōgu with his father and stepmother strolling inAsukayama Park accompanied by ladies of the court. Colour woodblock print byYōshū Chikanobu, 1890
When Yoshihito became the age to enter elementary school in 1886, due to his health problems, Takehiko Yumoto was appointed as the special education officer to educate him within theTōgū Palace.[6]For these health reasons, he spent much of his youth at the Imperial villas atHayama andNumazu, both of which are located at the sea. Although the prince showed skill in some areas, such as horse riding, he proved to be poor in areas requiring higher-level thought.[citation needed] He was finally withdrawn from Gakushuin before finishing the middle school course in 1894. However, he did appear to have an aptitude for languages and continued to receive extensive tutoring inFrench,Chinese, and history from private tutors at theAkasaka Palace;[citation needed] Emperor Meiji gavePrince Takehito responsibility for taking care of Prince Yoshihito, and the two princes became friends.
From 1898, largely at the insistence ofItō Hirobumi, the Prince began to attend sessions of theHouse of Peers of theDiet of Japan as a way of learning about the political and military concerns of the country. In the same year, he gave his first official receptions to foreign diplomats, with whom he was able to shake hands and converse graciously.[7] His infatuation with western culture and tendency to sprinkle French words into his conversations was a source of irritation for Emperor Meiji.[8]
On 10 May 1900, Crown Prince Yoshihito married the then 15-year-oldKujō Sadako, daughter of PrinceKujō Michitaka, the head of the five senior branches of theFujiwara clan. She had been carefully selected by Emperor Meiji for her intelligence, articulation, and pleasant disposition and dignity – to complement Prince Yoshihito in the areas where he was lacking.[3] TheAkasaka Palace was constructed from 1899 to 1909 in a lavish Europeanrococo style, to serve as the Crown Prince's official residence. The Prince and Princess had the following children: Hirohito, Yasuhito, Nobuhito, and Takahito.
In 1902, Yoshihito continued his tours to observe the customs and geography of Japan, this time of centralHonshū, where he visited the Buddhist temple ofZenkō-ji inNagano.[10] With tensions rising between Japan andRussia, Yoshihito was promoted in 1903 to the rank ofcolonel in theImperial Japanese Army andcaptain in the Imperial Japanese Navy. His military duties were only ceremonial, but he traveled to inspect military facilities inWakayama,Ehime,Kagawa andOkayama that year.[11]
Emperor Yoshihito in 1912Emperor Yoshihito on his way to the opening ceremony of the Imperial Diet in 1917, duringWorld War I
On 29 July 1912, upon the death of his father,Emperor Meiji, Prince Yoshihito ascended the throne. The new emperor was kept out of view of the public as much as possible, having suffered from various neurological problems. At the 1913 opening of theImperial Diet of Japan, one of the rare occasions he was seen in public, he is famously reported to have rolled his prepared speech into a cylinder and stared at the assembly through it, as if through aspyglass.[13] Although rumors attributed this to poor mental condition, others, including those who knew him well, believed that he may have been checking to make sure the speech was rolled up properly, as his manual dexterity was also handicapped.[14]
His lack of articulation and charisma, his disabilities and his eccentricities, led to an increase in incidents oflèse majesté. As his condition deteriorated, he had less and less interest in daily political affairs, and the ability of thegenrō,Keeper of the Privy Seal, andImperial Household Minister to manipulate his decisions came to be a matter of common knowledge.[15] The two-party political system that had been developing in Japan since the turn of the century came of age afterWorld War I, giving rise to the nickname for the period, "Taishō Democracy", prompting a shift in political power to the Imperial Diet of Japan and the democraticparties.[16]
After 1918, the emperor no longer was able to attend Army or Navy maneuvers, appear at the graduation ceremonies of the military academies, perform the annualShinto ritual ceremonies, or even attend the official opening of sessions of the Diet of Japan.[17]
After 1919, he undertook no official duties, and Crown PrinceHirohito was namedprince regent (sesshō) on 25 November 1921.[18]
The emperor's reclusive life was unaffected by theSpanish Flu Pandemic of 1918 andGreat Kantō Earthquake of 1923. Fortuitously, he had moved by imperial train toTamozawa Imperial Villa atNikko the week before the devastating calamity; but his son, Crown Prince Hirohito, remained at the Imperial Palace where he was at the heart of the event.[19]Carrier pigeons kept the Emperor informed as information about the extent of the devastation became known.[20]
The funeral was held at night (February 7 to February 8, 1927) and consisted of a 4-mile-long procession in which 20,000 mourners followed a herd of sacred bulls and an ox-drawn cart containing the imperial coffin. The funeral route was lit with wood fires in iron lanterns. The emperor's coffin was then transported to his mausoleum in the western suburbs of Tokyo.[22]
Emperor Taishō has been called the first Tokyo Emperor because he was the first to live his entire life in or near Tokyo. His father was born and reared in Kyoto; and although he later lived and died in Tokyo, Emperor Meiji's mausoleum is located on the outskirts of Kyoto, near the tombs of his imperial forebears; but Emperor Taishō's grave is in Tokyo, in theMusashi Imperial Graveyard inHachiōji.[23] His wife and his son, the Emperor Shōwa, are buried near him.
^The Taishō era (大正時代, Taishō jidai) is a period in Japanese history that lasted from July 30, 1912, to December 25, 1926. It corresponds to the reign of Emperor Taishō (Yoshihito), who succeeded Emperor Meiji and was later succeeded by Emperor Shōwa (Hirohito).The name "Taishō" means "Great Justice" or "Great Righteousness": 大 (tai) = great 正 (shō) = justice, correctness, or righteousness Era names in Japan (called "nengō") are chosen to reflect aspirations for the emperor's reign. "Taishō" was intended to reflect hopes for a just and virtuous government.[1]
^"Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold",Almanach Royale Belgique (in French), Bruxelles, 1899, p. 72 – via hathitrust.org{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^"Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden",Norges Statskalender for Aaret 1926 (in Norwegian), Oslo: Forlagt av H. Aschehoug & Co. (w. Nygaard), 1926, pp. 993–994 – via runeberg.org
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