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Emperor Kōgen

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Legendary emperor of Japan
Emperor Kōgen
孝元天皇
Emperor of Japan
Reign214 BC – 158 BC (traditional)[1]
PredecessorKōrei
SuccessorKaika
Born273 BC[2]
Died158 BC (aged 115)
Burial
Tsurugi no ike no shima no e no misasagi (劔池嶋上陵) (Kashihara)
SpouseUtsushikome-no-Mikoto
Issue
among others...		Emperor Kaika
Posthumous name
Chinese-styleshigō:
Emperor Kōgen (孝元天皇)

Japanese-styleshigō:
Ō-yamato-nekohikokuni-kuru no Sumeramikoto (大日本根子彦国牽天皇)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherEmperor Kōrei
MotherKuwashi-hime
ReligionShinto

Emperor Kōgen (孝元天皇,Kōgen-tennō), also known asŌyamatonekohikokunikuru no Mikoto (大倭根子日子国玖琉命) was the eighthlegendaryemperor of Japan, according to the traditionalorder of succession.[3][4] Very little is known about this Emperor due to a lack of material available for further verification and study. Kōgen is known as a "legendary emperor" among historians as his actual existence is disputed. Nothing exists in theKojiki other than his name and genealogy. Kōgen's reign allegedly began in 214 BC, he had one wife and two consorts whom he fathered six children with. After his death in 158 BC, one of his sons supposedly becameEmperor Kaika.[5]

Legendary narrative

[edit]

In theKojiki andNihon Shoki, only Kōgen's name and genealogy were recorded. The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and an Imperialmisasagi or tomb for Kōgen is currently maintained; however, no extant contemporary records have been discovered that confirm a view that this historical figure actually reigned. Kōgen was born sometime in 273 BC, and is recorded as being the eldest son ofEmperor Kōrei.[2] His empress mother was named "Kuwashi-hime", who was the daughter of Shiki no Agatanushi Oome.[citation needed] Before he was enthroned sometime in 214 BC, his pre-ascension name wasPrince Ō-yamato-neko-hiko-kuni-kuru no Mikoto.[6] The Kojiki records that he ruled from the palace ofSakaihara-no-miya (軽之堺原宮; and in theNihon Shoki as軽境原宮) at Karu in what would come to be known asYamato Province.[4] Emperor Kōgen had a chief wife (empress) namedUtsushikome, along with two consorts. His first son was named Prince Ōhiko, and according to the Nihon Shoki was the direct ancestor of theAbe clan.[7] One of Kōgen's other sons, PrinceHikofutsuoshinomakoto, was also the grandfather of the legendary Japanese hero-statesmanTakenouchi no Sukune.[8] Emperor Kōgen reigned until his death in 158 BC; his second son was then enthroned asthe next emperor.[6]

Known information

[edit]

The existence of at least the first nine Emperors is disputed due to insufficient material available for further verification and study.[9] Kōgen is thus regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor", and is considered to have been the seventh ofeight Emperors without specific legends associated with them.[a] The name Kōgen-tennō was assigned to himposthumously by later generations.[11] His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Kōgen, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of theimperial dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as theKojiki.[10] While the actual site of Kōgen'sgrave is not known, the Emperor is traditionally venerated at amemorialShintoshrine (misasagi) inKashihara. TheImperial Household Agency designates this location as Kōgen'smausoleum, and its formal name isTsurugi no ike no shima no e no misasagi.[3][5]

The first emperor that historians state might have actually existed isEmperor Sujin, the 10th emperor of Japan.[12] Outside of the Kojiki, the reign ofEmperor Kinmei[b] (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates.[15] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign ofEmperor Kanmu[c] between 737 and 806 AD.[10]

Consorts and children

[edit]
  • Empress:Utsushikome (欝色謎命; d.157 BC), Oyakuchisukune's daughter
    • Prince Ōhiko (大彦命), ancestor of all theAbe clan's descendants.[7][d]
    • Prince Sukunaokokoro (少彦男心命)
    • Prince Wakayamatonekohikooobi (稚日本根子彦大日日尊), laterEmperor Kaika.[4]
    • Princess Yamatototo-hime (倭迹迹姫命)
  • Consort:Ikagashikome (伊香色謎命), Ōhesoki's daughter
  • Consort: Haniyasu-hime (埴安媛), Kawachi-no-Aotamakake's daughter
    • Prince Takehaniyasuhiko ((武埴安彦命; d.88 BC)

Family tree

[edit]
Genealogy of early Japanese emperors and empresses
Nunakawahime[16]Ōkuninushi[17][18]: 278 
(Ōnamuchi)[19]		Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto[20]
Kotoshironushi[21][22]Tamakushi-hime[20]Takeminakata[23][24]Susa Clan[25]
1Jimmu[26]1Himetataraisuzu-hime[26]Kamo no Okimi[21][27]Mirahime [ja]
2Suizei[28][29][30][31][32][33]2Isuzuyori-hime[31][32][33][27][34]Kamuyaimimi[28][29][30]
3Annei[35][21][31][32][33]〔Ō clan[36][37]〕〔Aso clan[38]〕3Nunasokonakatsu-hime[39][21]Kamo clan
TakakurajiMiwa clan
4Itoku[35][21]Ikisomimi no mikoto [ja][35]Ame no Murakumo [ja]
4Amonotoyototsu-hime[35]Amaoshio no mikoto [ja]
5Emperor Kōshō[35][21][40]5Yosotarashi-hime[21]Okitsu Yoso [ja]
6Emperor Kōan[21]Prince Ameoshitarashi [ja][40]Owari clan
6Oshihime[21][40]〔Wani clan〕[41]
7Emperor Kōrei[42][21][40][43]7Kuwashi-hime[43]
8Emperor Kōgen[44][43]8Utsushikome[44]Princess Yamato Totohi Momoso[42]Kibitsuhiko-no-mikoto[45]Wakatakehiko [ja]
9Ikagashikome[e][47][48]
Hikofutsuoshi no Makoto no Mikoto [ja][48]9Emperor Kaika[44]Prince Ōhiko[49]〔Kibi clan〕
Yanushi Otake Ogokoro no Mikoto [ja][48]10Emperor Sujin[50][51]10Mimaki-hime[52]〔Abe clan〕[49]
Takenouchi no Sukune[48]11Emperor Suinin[53][54]11Saho-hime[55]12Hibasu-hime[56]Yasaka Iribiko[57][58][59]Toyosukiiri-hime [ja][60]Nunaki-iri-hime [ja][42]
Yamatohime-no-mikoto[61]
〔Katsuragi clan〕13Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume12Emperor Keiko[54][56]14Yasakairi-hime[57][58][59]
Otoyo no mikoto [ja]
Futaji Irihime[62]Yamato Takeru[63][64]Miyazu-himeTakeinadane [ja] Ioki Iribiko13Emperor Seimu[63][64]
14Emperor Chūai[63][64][65]15Empress Jingū[66] Homuda
Mawaka
15Emperor Ōjin[66]16Nakatsuhime[67][68][69]
16Emperor Nintoku[70]


See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Also known as the "eight undocumented monarchs" (欠史八代,Kesshi-hachidai).[10]
  2. ^The 29th Emperor[13][14]
  3. ^Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty
  4. ^The first "Abe" was known as Abe no Omi (阿倍臣).
  5. ^There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used byTsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used byWilliam George Aston.[46]

References

[edit]
Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylizedchrysanthemum blossom
  1. ^"Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan"(PDF).Kunaicho.go.jp. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on March 22, 2011. RetrievedMay 16, 2019.
  2. ^abKenneth Henshall (2013).Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487.ISBN 9780810878723.
  3. ^ab"孝元天皇 (8)".Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō) (in Japanese). RetrievedMay 15, 2019.
  4. ^abcBrown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979).A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. pp. 22, 248 & 252.ISBN 9780520034600.
  5. ^abPonsonby-Fane, Richard (1959).The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. pp. 24, 30 & 418.
  6. ^abNussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002).Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 542.ISBN 9780674017535.
  7. ^abAsakawa, Kan'ichi (1903).The Early Institutional Life of Japan. Tokyo Shueisha. p. 140.ISBN 9780722225394.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  8. ^abShimazu Norifumi (March 15, 2006)."Takeshiuchi no Sukune".eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp. RetrievedMay 16, 2019.
  9. ^Kelly, Charles F."Kofun Culture".www.t-net.ne.jp. RetrievedMay 15, 2019.
  10. ^abcAston, William George. (1896).Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 109,147–148.ISBN 9780524053478.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  11. ^Brinkley, Frank (1915).A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 21.Posthumous names for the earthlyMikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of theRecords and theChronicles.
  12. ^Yoshida, Reiji. (March 27, 2007)."Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl".Japan Times. RetrievedMay 16, 2019.
  13. ^Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 34–36.
  14. ^Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979).A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. pp. 261–262.ISBN 9780520034600.
  15. ^Hoye, Timothy. (1999).Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78.ISBN 9780132712897.According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
  16. ^Philippi, Donald L. (2015).Kojiki. Princeton University Press. pp. 104–112.
  17. ^Atsushi, Kadoya; Tatsuya, Yumiyama (20 October 2005)."Ōkuninushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved2010-09-29.
  18. ^Herbert, J. (2010).Shinto: At the Fountainhead of Japan. Routledge Library Editions: Japan. Taylor & Francis. p. 402.ISBN 978-1-136-90376-2. Retrieved2020-11-21.
  19. ^Atsushi, Kadoya (21 April 2005)."Ōnamuchi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved2010-09-29.
  20. ^abThe Emperor's Clans: The Way of the Descendants, Aogaki Publishing, 2018.
  21. ^abcdefghijVarley, H. Paul. (1980).Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. Columbia University Press. p. 89.ISBN 9780231049405.
  22. ^Atsushi, Kadoya (28 April 2005)."Kotoshironushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved2010-09-29.
  23. ^Sendai Kuji Hongi, Book 4 (先代舊事本紀 巻第四), inKeizai Zasshisha, ed. (1898).Kokushi-taikei, vol. 7 (国史大系 第7巻). Keizai Zasshisha. pp. 243–244.
  24. ^Chamberlain (1882).Section XXIV.—The Wooing of the Deity-of-Eight-Thousand-Spears.
  25. ^Tanigawa Ken'ichi [de] 『日本の神々 神社と聖地 7 山陰』（新装復刊） 2000年 白水社 ISBN 978-4-560-02507-9
  26. ^abKazuhiko, Nishioka (26 April 2005)."Isukeyorihime". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Archived fromthe original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved2010-09-29.
  27. ^ab『神話の中のヒメたち　もうひとつの古事記』p94-97「初代皇后は「神の御子」」
  28. ^ab日本人名大辞典+Plus, デジタル版."日子八井命とは".コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved2022-06-01.
  29. ^abANDASSOVA, Maral (2019)."Emperor Jinmu in the Kojiki".Japan Review (32):5–16.ISSN 0915-0986.JSTOR 26652947.
  30. ^ab"Visit Kusakabeyoshimi Shrine on your trip to Takamori-machi or Japan".trips.klarna.com. Retrieved2023-03-04.
  31. ^abcNussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002).Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 32.ISBN 9780674017535.
  32. ^abcPonsonby-Fane, Richard (1959).The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 29 & 418.
  33. ^abcBrown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979).A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 251.ISBN 9780520034600.
  34. ^『図説　歴代天皇紀』p42-43「綏靖天皇」
  35. ^abcdeAnston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  36. ^Grapard, Allan G. (2023-04-28).The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History. University of California Press.ISBN 978-0-520-91036-2.
  37. ^Tenri Journal of Religion. Tenri University Press. 1968.
  38. ^Takano, Tomoaki; Uchimura, Hiroaki (2006).History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine. Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.: Aso Shrine.
  39. ^Anston, p. 143 (Vol. 1)
  40. ^abcdAnston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  41. ^Watase, Masatada[in Japanese] (1983). "Kakinomoto no Hitomaro".Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten日本古典文学大辞典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Tokyo:Iwanami Shoten. pp. 586–588.OCLC 11917421.
  42. ^abcAston, William George. (1896).Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 150–164.ISBN 9780524053478.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  43. ^abc"Kuwashi Hime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史".. A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved2023-11-17.
  44. ^abcAnston, p. 149 (Vol. 1)
  45. ^Louis-Frédéric,"Kibitsu-hiko no Mikoto" inJapan Encyclopedia, p. 513.
  46. ^Ujiya, Tsutomu (1988).Nihon shoki. Grove Press. p. 121.ISBN 978-0-8021-5058-5.
  47. ^Aston, William George. (1896).Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 149–150.ISBN 9780524053478.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  48. ^abcdShimazu Norifumi (March 15, 2006)."Takeshiuchi no Sukune".eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp. RetrievedMay 16, 2019.
  49. ^abAsakawa, Kan'ichi (1903).The Early Institutional Life of Japan. Tokyo Shueisha. p. 140.ISBN 9780722225394.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  50. ^Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979).A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253.ISBN 9780520034600.
  51. ^Henshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07).Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press.ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
  52. ^"Mimakihime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史".. A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved2023-11-18.
  53. ^Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979).A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253–254.ISBN 9780520034600.
  54. ^abHenshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07).Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press.ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
  55. ^"Sahobime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史".. A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved2023-11-18.
  56. ^abMemoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34.Toyo Bunko. 1974. p. 63. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  57. ^ab"Yasakairihime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史".. A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved2023-11-28.
  58. ^abKenneth Henshall (2013).Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487.ISBN 9780810878723.
  59. ^abMemoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34.Toyo Bunko. 1974. pp. 63–64. Retrieved1 August 2019.
  60. ^"Saigū | 國學院大學デジタルミュージアム".web.archive.org. 2022-05-22. Retrieved2023-11-29.
  61. ^Brown Delmeret al. (1979).Gukanshō, p. 253; Varley, H. Paul. (1980).Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 95-96;Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 10.
  62. ^Kidder, Jonathan E. (2007).Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai: Archaeology, History, and Mythology. University of Hawaii Press. p. 344.ISBN 9780824830359.
  63. ^abcPackard, Jerrold M. (2000).Sons of Heaven: A Portrait of the Japanese Monarchy. FireWord Publishing, Incorporated. p. 45.ISBN 9781930782013.
  64. ^abcXinzhong, Yao (2003).Confucianism O - Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 467.ISBN 9780415306539.
  65. ^Aston, William George. (1998).Nihongi, p. 254–271.
  66. ^abAston, William. (1998).Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 224–253.
  67. ^文也 (2019-05-26)."仲姫命とはどんな人？".歴史好きブログ (in Japanese). Retrieved2023-01-19.
  68. ^"日本人名大辞典+Plus - 朝日日本歴史人物事典,デジタル版 - 仲姫命(なかつひめのみこと)とは？ 意味や使い方".コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved2023-01-19.
  69. ^"Nunasoko Nakatsuhime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史".. A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved2023-11-18.
  70. ^Aston, William. (1998).Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 254–271.

Further reading

[edit]
Regnal titles
Preceded byLegendary Emperor of Japan
214 BC – 158 BC
(traditional dates)		Succeeded by
Legendary
Jōmon
660 BC–291 BC
Yayoi
290 BC–269 AD
Yamato
Kofun
269–539
Asuka
539–710
Nara
710–794
Heian
794–1185
Kamakura
1185–1333
Northern Court
1333–1392
Muromachi
1333–1573
Azuchi–Momoyama
1573–1603
Edo
1603–1868
Empire of Japan
1868–1947
Japan
1947–present

Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are inCE / AD *Imperial Consort andRegentEmpress Jingū is not traditionally listed.

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