Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron was born on 21 December 1977 inAmiens. He is the son of Françoise Macron (née Noguès), a physician, andJean-Michel Macron, professor ofneurology at theUniversity of Picardy.[2][3] The couple divorced in 2010. He has two siblings, Laurent, born in 1979, and Estelle, born in 1982. Françoise and Jean-Michel's first child was stillborn.[4]
The Macron family legacy is traced back to the village ofAuthie,Picardy.[5] One of his paternal great-grandfathers, George William Robertson, was English, and was born inBristol, United Kingdom.[6][7] His maternal grandparents, Jean and Germaine Noguès (née Arribet), are from thePyrenean town ofBagnères-de-Bigorre,Gascony.[8] He commonly visited Bagnères-de-Bigorre to visit his grandmother Germaine, whom he called "Manette".[9] Macron associates his enjoyment of reading[10] and his leftward political leanings to Germaine, who, after coming from a modest upbringing of a stationmaster father and a housekeeping mother, became a teacher and then a principal.[11]
Although raised in a non-religious family, Macron was baptized aCatholic at his own request at age 12; he isagnostic today.[12] His parents chose his name in reference to the biblical prophecy of Jesus Christ,Emmanuel.[13]
Macron was educated mainly at the Jesuit instituteLycée la Providence[14] in Amiens[15] before his parents sent him to finish his last year of school[16] at the eliteLycée Henri-IV in Paris, where he completed thehigh school curriculum and theundergraduate program with a "Bac S, Mention Très bien". At the same time, he was nominated for the "Concours général" (most selective national level high school competition) in French literature and received his diploma for his piano studies at Amiens Conservatory.[17] His parents sent him to Paris due to their alarm at the bond he had formed withBrigitte Auzière, a married teacher with three children at Jésuites de la Providence, who later became his wife.[18]
Macron did not performnational service because he was pursuing his graduate studies. Born in December 1977, he belonged to the last cohort for whom military service was mandatory.[26]
After graduating from ENA in 2004, Macron became an Inspector in theInspection générale des finances (IGF), a branch of theFinance Ministry.[23] Macron was mentored byJean-Pierre Jouyet, the then-head of the IGF.[29] During his time as an Inspector of Finances, Macron gave lectures during the summer at the "prep'ENA" (a special cram school for the ENA entrance examination) atIPESUP, an elite private school specializing in preparation for the entrance examinations of theGrandes écoles, such asHEC or Sciences Po.[30][31][32]
In August 2007, Macron was appointed deputy rapporteur forJacques Attali's "Commission to Unleash French Growth".[15] In 2008, Macron paid €50,000 to buy himself out of his government contract.[34] He then became an investment banker in a highly-paid position atRothschild & Cie Banque.[35][36] In March 2010, he was appointed to the Attali Commission as a member.[37]
Investment banker
In September 2008, Macron left his job as an Inspector of Finances and took a position atRothschild & Cie Banque.[38] Macron left the government whenNicolas Sarkozy became president. He was originally offered the job by François Henrot. His first responsibility at the bank was assisting with the acquisition ofCofidis byCrédit Mutuel Nord Europe.[39]
Macron formed a relationship withAlain Minc, a businessman on the supervisory board ofLe Monde.[40] In 2010, Macron was promoted to partner with the bank after working on the recapitalization ofLe Monde and the acquisition byAtos ofSiemens IT Solutions and Services.[41] In the same year, Macron was put in charge ofNestlé's acquisition of Pfizer's infant nutrition division for €9 billion, which made him a millionaire.[42][43]
Macron reported that he had earned €2 million between December 2010 and May 2012.[45] Official documents show that between 2009 and 2013, Macron had earned almost €3 million.[46] He left Rothschild & Cie in 2012.[47][48]
Macron metFrançois Hollande through Jean-Pierre Jouyet in 2006 and joined his staff in 2010.[51] In 2007, Macron attempted to run for a seat in theNational Assembly in Picardy under the Socialist Party label in the2007 legislative elections; however, his application was declined.[53] Macron was offered the chance to be the deputy chief of staff to Prime MinisterFrançois Fillon in 2010, though he declined.[54]
Deputy Secretary-General of the Élysée (2012–2014)
On 15 May 2012, Macron became the deputy secretary-general of theÉlysée, a senior role in President François Hollande's staff.[55][28] Macron served withNicolas Revel. He served under the secretary-general,Pierre-René Lemas.
During the summer of 2012, Macron put forward a proposal that would increase the 35-hour work week to 37 hours until 2014. He also tried to hold back the large tax increases on the highest earners that were planned by the government. Hollande refused Macron's proposals.[56] In 2013, his was one of the deciding votes against regulating the salaries ofCEOs.[57] Nicolas Revel, the other deputy secretary-general of the Élysée opposed Macron on a proposed budget responsibility pact favoured by theMedef.[58]
On 10 June 2014, it was announced that Macron had resigned from his role and was replaced byLaurence Boone.[59] Reasons given for his departure included his disappointment at not being included in thefirst Government of Manuel Valls and his frustration with his lack of influence on the reforms proposed by the government.[58] This was following the appointment of Jean-Pierre Jouyet as chief of staff.[60]
Jouyet said that Macron left to "continue personal aspirations"[61] and create his own financial consultancy firm.[62] It was later reported that he was planning to create an investment firm that would attempt to fund educational projects.[49] Shortly afterwards he was hired as aresearch fellow at theUniversity of Berlin with the help of businessman Alain Minc. He had also sought a position atHarvard University.[63]
Offered a chance to be a candidate in the municipal elections in 2014 in his hometown of Amiens, Macron declined,[64] leading François Hollande to reject Manuel Valls's idea of appointing him Budget Minister, as he had never been elected to public office.[60]
He was appointed as the Minister of Economics and Finance in theSecond Valls government on 26 August 2014, replacingArnaud Montebourg.[65] He was the youngest Minister of Economics sinceValéry Giscard d'Estaing in 1962.[66] Macron was branded by the media as the "Anti-Montebourg" due to being pro-EU and much more liberal, while Montebourg waseurosceptic and left-wing.[67] As Minister of Economics, Macron was at the forefront of pushing through business-friendly reforms. On 17 February 2015, prime ministerManuel Valls pushed Macron's signature law package through a reluctant parliament using the special49.3 procedure.[68]
Macron increased the French share in the companyRenault from 15% to 20% and then enforced theFlorange law which grants double voting rights on shares registered for more than two years unless two-thirds of shareholders vote to overturn it.[69] This gave the French state a minority share in the company though Macron later stated that the government would limit its powers within Renault.[70]
Macron was widely criticized for being unable to prevent the closing down of an Ecopla factory inIsère.[71]
In August 2015, Macron said that he was no longer a member of the Socialist Party and was an independent.[52]
Macron Law
A law which had originally been sponsored byArnaud Montebourg before he left the government, and which had focused on "purchasing power", grew into theMacron law [fr], a grab bag of measures liberalizing laws prohibiting work on Sunday and at night; restrictions on coaches for public transportation; regulations for debt collectors, barristers and auctioneers; and rules governing the rental of equipment by the military from private companies. The law also sought to simplify many government procedures, such as that for obtaining a driving licence.[72][73] Manuel Valls, fearing that it would not pass in the National Assembly, decided to push the law through with the 49.3 procedure[74][68] and so it was adopted on 10 April 2015.[75]
Estimates of the increase in GDP the law might generate ranged from 0.3% to 0.5%.[76][77]
Formation of En Marche and resignation from government
Macron first became known to the French public after his appearance on the French TV programmeDes Paroles Et Des Actes in March 2015.[78] Before forming his political partyEn Marche!, he gave a number of speeches, his first one in March 2015 inVal-de-Marne.[79] He threatened to leave Manuel Valls'second government over the proposed removal of dual-nationality from terrorists.[80][81] He also took various foreign trips, including one to Israel where he spoke on the advancement of digital technology.[82]
Tensions around the question of Macron's loyalty to the Valls government and Hollande increased when they turned down a bill he put forward dubbed "Macron 2", which had a larger scope than his original law.[83][84] Macron was given the chance to help draft into theEl Khomri law and put specific parts of "Macron 2" into the law though El Khomri was able to overturn these with the help of other ministers.[citation needed][clarification needed]
Amid tensions and deterioration of relations with the current government, Macron founded an independent political party, En Marche, in Amiens on 6 April 2016.[85] Asocial-liberal,[86]progressive[87][88] political movement that gathered huge media coverage when it was first established,[89] the party and Macron were both reprimanded by President Hollande and the question of Macron's loyalty to the government was raised.[90][91] Several MEPs spoke out in support for the movement[92] though the majority of the Socialist Party spoke against En Marche includingManuel Valls,[93]Michel Sapin,[94]Axelle Lemaire andChristian Eckert.[95]
In June 2016, support for Macron and his movement, En Marche, began to grow in the media withLibération reporting thatL'Express,Les Échos,Le 1 [fr], andL'Opinion had begun to support him.[96] Following several controversies surrounding trade unionists and their protests,Acrimed [fr] reported that major newspapers began to run front-page stories about Macron and En Marche.[97] Criticized by both the far-left and the far-right, these pro-Macron influencers in the press were dubbed "Macronites".[98][99]
In May 2016,Orleans mayorOlivier Carré invited Macron to the festival commemorating the 587th anniversary ofJoan of Arc's efforts during theSiege of Orléans.[100][101]LCI reported that Macron was trying to take back the symbol of Joan of Arc from the far-right.[102] Macron later went toPuy du Fou and declared he was "not a socialist" in a speech amid rumours he was going to leave the current government.[103]On 30 August 2016, Macron resigned from the government ahead of the2017 presidential election,[104][105] to devote himself to his En Marche movement.[106][107] There had been rising tensions and several reports that he had wanted to leave the Valls government since early 2015.[108] He initially planned to leave after the cancellation[clarification needed] of his "Macron 2" law[84] but decided to stay on temporarily after a meeting with President François Hollande.[109] Michel Sapin was announced as Macron's replacement,[110] while Hollande said he felt Macron had "methodically betrayed" him.[111] AnIFOP poll showed that 84% of those surveyed agreed with his decision to resign.[112]
First round of the presidential election
Macron first showed his intention to run by forming En Marche, but following his resignation from the government, he was able to dedicate more time to his movement. He first announced that he was considering running for president in April 2016,[113] and after his resignation from the position of economy minister, media sources began to identify patterns in his fundraising indicating he would run.[114] In October 2016, Macron criticized Hollande's goal of being a "normal" president, saying that France needed a more "Jupiterian presidency".[115]
On 16 November 2016, Macron formally declared his candidacy for the French presidency after months of speculation. In his announcement speech, he called for a "democratic revolution" and promised to "unblock France".[116] He had expressed hope that Hollande would run several months earlier, saying that—as the sitting president—he was the legitimate Socialist party candidate.[117][118] Macron's bookRévolution was published on 24 November 2016 and reached fifth position on the French best-seller list in December 2016.[119]
Macron's campaign, headed by French economistSophie Ferracci,[123] announced in December 2016 that it had raised 3.7 million euros in donations,[124] three times the budget of then-front runnerAlain Juppé.[125] Macron came under criticism from several individuals, includingBenoît Hamon−who requested he reveal a list of his donors and accused him of conflicts of interest due to the time he spent at Rothschilds,[126] which Macron dismissed as "demagogy".[127] Journalists Marion L'Hour and Frédéric Says later reported that he had spent €120,000 on setting up dinners and meetings with various personalities within the media and in French popular culture while at Bercy.[128]Christian Jacob andPhilippe Vigier accused him of using this money to campaign without campaigning.[129] His successor, Michel Sapin, saw nothing illegal about his actions, saying that he had the right to spend the funds.[130] Macron called the allegations "defamatory" and said that none of the ministerial budget had been spent on his party.[128]
Macron's campaign enjoyed considerable coverage from the media.[131] Mediapart reported that over fifty magazine covers were dedicated purely to him.[132] Friends with the owners of Le Monde[133] and Claude Perdiel, the former owner ofNouvel Observateur,[134] he was labelled the "media candidate" by the far-left and far-right and was viewed as such in opinion polls.[135][136][137] Many observers compared his campaign to a product being sold[138] due toMaurice Lévy, a formerPublicis CEO, using marketing tactics to try to advance his presidential ambitions.[139][140] The magazineMarianne reported thatBFM TV, owned byPatrick Drahi, broadcast more coverage of Macron than of all the other main candidates combined.[141]Marianne speculated that this might be due to the campaigns links with Drahi throughBernard Mourad.[142][143]
François Bayrou, with whom Macron had been compared, announced he was not going to stand in the presidential election and instead formed an electoral alliance with Macron,[144][145] whose poll ratings began to rise. After several legal issues surrounding François Fillon were publicized, Macron overtook him in the polls to become the front-runner.[146][147]
Macron attracted criticism for the time taken to spell out a formal program during his campaign; despite declaring in November that he had still not released a complete set of proposals by February, attracting both attacks from critics and concern among allies and supporters.[148] He eventually laid out his 150-page formal program on 2 March, publishing it online and discussing it at a marathon press conference that day.[149]
Macron's supporters celebrating his victory at theLouvre on 7 May 2017
On 23 April 2017, Macron received the most votes in the first round of the presidential election, with more than 8 million votes (24%) and facedMarine Le Pen in the second round, with the support of former candidates François Fillon and Benoît Hamon[152] and the sitting president François Hollande.[153]
A debate was arranged between Macron and Le Pen on 3 May 2017. The debate lasted for two hours and opinion polls showed that he was perceived to have won.[156]
In March 2017, Macron's digital campaign manager,Mounir Mahjoubi, told Britain'sSky News that Russia is behind "high level attacks" on Macron, and said that its state media are "the first source of false information". He said: "We are accusingRT (formerly known as Russia Today) andSputnik News (of being) the first source of false information shared about our candidate...".[157]
Two days before the French presidential election on 7 May, it was reported that nine gigabytes ofMacron's campaign emails had been anonymously posted toPastebin, a document-sharing site. These documents were then spread onto the imageboard4chan, which led to the hashtag "#macronleaks" trending on Twitter.[158][159] In a statement the same evening, Macron's political movement, En Marche, said: "The En Marche movement has been the victim of a massive and coordinated hack this evening which has given rise to the diffusion on social media of various internal information".[160] Macron's campaign had previously been presented a report in March 2017 by the Japanese cyber security firmTrend Micro detailing howEn Marche had been the target of phishing attacks.[161] Trend Micro said that the group conducting these attacks was the Russian hacking groupFancy Bear, also accused of hacking theDemocratic National Committee on22 July 2016.[161] 21,075 verified emails and another 50,773 emails it could not verify werereleased in July 2017 by WikiLeaks.[162] This followed Le Pen accusing Macron of tax avoidance.[163]
On 7 May 2017, Macron was elected President of France with 66.1% of the vote to Marine Le Pen's 33.9%. The election had record abstention at 25.4%, and 8% of ballots were blank or spoiled.[164] Macron resigned from his role as president of En Marche[165] and Catherine Barbaroux became interim leader.[166]
Macron formally became president on 14 May.[167] At 39, he became the youngest president in French history and the youngest French head of state sinceNapoleon.[168][169] He is also the first president of France born after the establishment of theFifth Republic in 1958.
In the2017 legislative election, Macron's party La République En Marche and its Democratic Movement allies secured a comfortable majority, winning 350 seats out of 577.[176] After the Republicans emerged as the winners of theSenate elections, government spokesman Christophe Castaner stated the elections were a "failure" for his party.[177]
On 3 July 2020, Macron appointed thecentre-rightJean Castex as the Prime Minister of France. Castex, described as asocial conservative, was a member ofthe Republicans.[178] The appointment was described as "doubling down on a course that is widely seen as centre-right in economic terms".[179]
Domestic policy
In his first few months as president, Macron pressed for the enactment of a package of reforms on public ethics, labour laws, taxes, and law enforcement agency powers.[citation needed]
Anti-corruption
In response toPenelopegate, the National Assembly passed a part of Macron's proposed law to stop mass corruption in French politics by July 2017, banning elected representatives from hiring family members.[180] Meanwhile, the second part of the law scrapping a constituency fund was scheduled for voting after Senate objections.[181]
Macron's plan to give his wife an official role within government came under fire with criticisms ranging from its being undemocratic to what critics perceive as a contradiction to his fight againstnepotism.[182] Following an online petition of nearly 290,000 signatures onchange.org Macron abandoned the plan.[183] On 9 August, the National Assembly adopted the bill on public ethics, a key theme of Macron's campaign, after debates on the scrapping the constituency funds.[184]
Labour policy and unions
Macron aims to shift union-management relations away from the adversarial lines of the current French system and toward a more flexible, consensus-driven system modelled afterGermany and Scandinavia.[185][186] He has also pledged to act against companies employing cheaper labour from eastern Europe and in return affecting jobs of French workers, what he has termed as "social dumping". Under thePosted Workers Directive 1996, eastern European workers can be employed for a limited time at the salary level in eastern European countries, which has led to dispute between the EU states.[187]
The French government announced the proposed changes to France's labour rules ("Code du Travail"), being among the first steps taken by Macron and his government to galvanize the French economy.[188] Macron's reform efforts have encountered resistance from some French trade unions.[189] The largest trade union, theCFDT, has taken a conciliatory approach to Macron's push and has engaged in negotiations with the president, while the more militantCGT is more hostile to reforms.[185][186] Macron's labour minister,Muriel Pénicaud, is overseeing the effort.[190]
The National Assembly, including the Senate approved the proposal, allowing the government to loosen the labour laws after negotiations with unions and employers' groups.[191] The reforms, which were discussed with unions, limit payouts for dismissals deemed unfair and give companies greater freedom to hire and fire employees as well as to define acceptable working conditions. The president signed fivedecrees reforming the labour rules on 22 September.[192] Government figures released in October 2017 revealed that during the legislative push to reform the labour code, the unemployment rate had dropped 1.8%, the biggest since 2001.[193]
Migrant crisis
Speaking on refugees and, specifically, theCalais Jungle, Macron said on 16 January 2018 that he would not allow another refugee camp to form in Paris before outlining the government policy towards immigration and asylum.[194] He has also announced plans to speed up asylum applications and deportations but give refugees better housing.[195]
On 23 June 2018, President Macron said: "The reality is that Europe is not experiencing a migration crisis of the same magnitude as the one it experienced in 2015", "a country like Italy has not at all the same migratory pressure as last year. The crisis we are experiencing today in Europe is a political crisis".[196] In November 2019, Macron introduced new immigration rules to restrict the number of refugees reaching France, while stating to "take back control" of the immigration policy.[197][198]
In 2022, the total number of new foreigners coming to France rose above 320,000 for the first time, with nearly a majority coming fromAfrica.[199]
Economic policy
Pierre de Villiers, then-Chief of the General Staff of the Armies, stepped down on 19 July 2017 following a confrontation with Macron.[200] De Villiers cited the military budget cut of €850 million as the main reason he was stepping down.Le Monde later reported that De Villiers told a parliamentary group, "I will not let myself be fucked like this."[201] Macron namedFrançois Lecointre as De Villiers' replacement.[202]
Macron's government presented its first budget on 27 September, the terms of which reduced taxes as well as spending to bring the public deficit in line with the EU's fiscal rules.[203] The budget replaced thewealth tax with one targeting real estate, fulfilling Macron's campaign pledge to scrap the wealth tax.[204] Before it was replaced, the tax collected up to 1.5% of the wealth of French residents whose global worth exceeded €1.3m.[205]
In February 2018, Macron announced a plan to offervoluntary redundancy in an attempt to further cut jobs from the French civil service.[206]
In December 2019, Macron announced that he would scrap the 20th-century pension system and introduce a single national pension system managed by the state.[207] In January 2020, after weeks of public transport shutdown and vandalism across Paris against the new pension plan, Macron compromised on the plan by revising the retirement age.[208] In February, the pension overhaul was adopted by decree usingArticle 49 of the French constitution.[209] However, on 16 March 2020, Macron announced that the draft legislation would be pulled as France went intolockdown to slow the spread ofCOVID-19.[210]
Terrorism
In July 2017, the Senate approved its first reading of a controversial bill with stricter anti-terror laws, a campaign pledge of Macron. The National Assembly voted on 3 October to pass bill 415–127, with 19 abstentions. Interior MinisterGérard Collomb described France as being "still in a state of war" ahead of the vote, with the1 October Marseille stabbing having taken place two days prior. The Senate then passed the bill on its second reading by a 244–22 margin on 18 October. Later that day Macron stated that 13 terror plots had been foiled since early 2017. The law replaced thestate of emergency in France and made some of its provisions permanent.[211]
The bill was criticized by human rights advocates. A public poll byLe Figaro showed 57% of the respondents approved of it even though 62% thought it would encroach on personal freedoms.[212]
The law gives authorities expanded power to search homes, restrict movement, close places of worship,[213] and search areas around train stations and international ports and airports. It was passed after modifications to address concerns about civil liberties. The most punitive measures will be reviewed annually and were scheduled to lapse by the end of 2020.[214] The bill was signed into law by Macron on 30 October 2017. He announced that starting 1 November, it would bring an end to the state of emergency.[215]
Civil rights
VisitingCorsica in February 2018, Macron sparked controversy when he rejectedCorsican nationalist wishes forCorsican as an official language[216] but offered to recognize Corsica in the French constitution.[217]
Macron also proposed a plan to "reorganise" theIslamic religion in France saying: "We are working on the structuring of Islam in France and also on how to explain it, which is extremely important – my goal is to rediscover what lies at the heart oflaïcité, the possibility of being able to believe as not to believe, in order to preserve national cohesion and the possibility of having freedom of conscience." He declined to reveal further information about the plan.[218]
Macron attended the2017 Brussels summit on 25 May 2017, his first NATO summit as president of France. At the summit, he met US PresidentDonald Trump for the first time. The meeting was widely publicized due to a handshake between the two of them, characterized as a "power-struggle".[219][220]
On 29 May 2017, Macron met withVladimir Putin at thePalace of Versailles. The meeting sparked controversy when Macron denounced Russia Today and Sputnik, accusing the news agencies of being "organs of influence and propaganda, of lying propaganda".[221][222] Macron also urged cooperation in the conflict againstISIS and warned that France would respond with force in Syria if chemical weapons were used.[223] In response to thechemical attack in Douma, Syria in 2018, Macron directed French participation inairstrikes against Syrian government sites, coordinated with the United States and the United Kingdom.[224][225]
In his first major foreign policy speech on 29 August, President Macron stated that fightingIslamist terrorism at home and abroad was France's top priority. Macron urged a tough international stance to pressure North Korea into negotiations, on the same day itfired a missile over Japan. He also affirmed his support for theIranian nuclear deal and criticizedVenezuela's government as a "dictatorship". He added that he would announce his new initiatives on the future of the European Union after theGerman elections in September.[226] At the 56th Munich Security Conference in February, Macron presented his 10-year vision policy to strengthen the European Union. Macron remarked that larger budget, integrated capital markets, effective defence policy and quick decision-making held the key for Europe. He added that reliance on NATO and especially the US and the UK was not good for Europe, and a dialogue must be established with Russia.[227]
Prior to the45th G7 summit inBiarritz, France, Macron hosted Vladimir Putin at theFort de Brégançon, stating that "Russia fully belongs within a Europe of values."[228] At the summit itself, Macron was invited to attend on the margins by Iranian Foreign MinisterJavad Zarif.[clarification needed] Macron, who "attempted a high-risk diplomatic gambit", thought that the Foreign Minister of Iran might be able to defuse the tense situation over theIranian nuclear programme in spite of the recent uptick in tensions between the Islamic Republic and the United States and Britain.[229]
In March 2019, at a time when China–U.S. economic relations were troubled with atrade war underway, Macron and Chinese leaderXi Jinping signed a series of 15 large-scale trade and business agreements totaling 40 billion euros (US$45 billion) which covered many sectors over a period of years.[230] This included a €30 billion purchase of airplanes fromAirbus. Going beyond aviation, the new trade agreement covered French exports of chicken, a French-built offshore wind farm in China, a Franco-Chinese cooperation fund, as well as billions of Euros of co-financing betweenBNP Paribas and theBank of China. Other plans included billions of euros to be spent on modernizing Chinese factories, as well as new ship building.[231]
In 2021, Macron was reported as sayingNorthern Ireland was not truly part of the United Kingdom following disputes with UK Prime MinisterBoris Johnson over implementations of theNorthern Ireland protocol.[236] He later denied this, saying he was referring to the fact that Great Britain is separated from Northern Ireland by sea in reference to theIrish Sea border.[237][238]
French-U.S. relations became tense in September 2021 due to fallout from theAUKUS security pact between the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. The security pact is directed at counteringChinese power in theIndo-Pacific region. As part of the agreement, the U.S. agreed to providenuclear-powered submarines to Australia. After entering into AUKUS, the Australian government canceled an agreement that it had made with France for theprovision of French conventionally powered submarines, angering the French government.[239] On 17 September, France recalled its ambassadors from Australia and the US for consultations.[240] Despite tension in the past, France had never before withdrawn its ambassador to the United States.[241] After a call between Macron and U.S. PresidentJoe Biden on request from the latter, the two leaders agreed to reduce bilateral tensions, and the White House acknowledged the crisis could have been averted if there had been open consultations between allies.[242][243][unreliable source?]
On 26 November 2021, Macron and Italian Prime MinisterMario Draghi signed theQuirinal Treaty at theQuirinal Palace in Rome.[244] The treaty aimed to promote the convergence and coordination of French and Italian positions in matters of European and foreign policies, security and defence, migration policy, economy, education, research, culture and cross-border cooperation.[245]
According to an IFOP poll forLe Journal du Dimanche, Macron started his five-year term with a 62% approval rating,[248][249] which rose to 64% by 24 June.[250] One month later, Macron suffered a 10% point drop in popularity, the largest at the beginning of a term for any president sinceJacques Chirac in 1995, and by August, his popularity had fallen off 24 percentage points since June.[251] This was attributed to his recent confrontations with former Chief of Defence StaffPierre de Villiers,[252] the nationalization of theChantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard owned by the bankruptSTX Offshore & Shipbuilding,[253] and a reduction in housing benefits.[254]
By the end of September 2017, seven out of ten respondents said that they believed Emmanuel Macron was respecting his campaign promises,[255][256] though a majority felt that the policies the government was putting forward were "unfair".[257] Macron's popularity fell sharply again in 2018, reaching about 25% by the end of November during theyellow vests movement.[258][unreliable source?] During theCOVID-19 pandemic in France, his popularity increased, reaching 50% at its highest in July 2020.[259][260]
On 18 July 2018,Le Monde revealed in an article that a member of Macron's staffAlexandre Benalla posed as a police officer and beat a protester during May Day demonstrations in Paris earlier in the year and was suspended for a period of 15 days before only being internally demoted. The Élysée failed to refer the case to the public prosecutor and a preliminary investigation into the case was not opened until the day after the publication of the article, and the lenient penalty served by Benalla raised questions within the opposition about whether the executive deliberately chose not to inform the public prosecutor as required under the code of criminal procedure.[261]
2022 presidential campaign
In the2022 election, Macron was the first incumbent to be re-elected since Jacques Chirac defeated Jean-Marie Le Pen in the2002 election.[262] Macron again defeated Marine Le Pen in the runoff, this time by a closer margin, with 58.55% of the votes to Le Pen's 41.45%.[263] Due to near-record abstentions, this represented 38.52% of registered voters, the lowest figure sinceGeorges Pompidou's 37.5% in1969.[264] The French far-right received their highest vote total since the start of the French Republic, with nationalist candidates (Le Pen,Zemmour andDupont-Aignan) winning 32.3% of the votes in the first round and Le Pen achieving a record 41.5% of the votes in the second round.[citation needed]
Second term (2022–present)
Though Macron's second inauguration took place on 7 May 2022, his second presidential term officially began on 14 May 2022.
On 16 May 2022, Prime MinisterJean Castex resigned after 22 months as head of government. The same day, President Macron appointedÉlisabeth Borne at theHôtel Matignon, thus making her the second female PM in French history afterÉdith Cresson between 1991 and 1992. She then formed a new government on 20 May 2022.
In June 2022, one month into his second term, less than two weeks before the end of the Frenchpresidency of the Council of the EU and days after he called for voters to hand him a "solid majority" in a controversial 'tarmac speech',[265] Macron lost his parliamentary majority and was returned ahung parliament in the second round of the2022 legislative election:[266] Macron'spresidential coalition, which enjoyed a 115-seat majority going into the election, failed to reach the threshold of 289 seats needed to command an overall majority in theNational Assembly, retaining only 251 out of the 346 it had held in the previous Assembly, and falling 38 short of an absolute majority.[267] Crucially, three close political allies to President Macron were defeated in the elections: incumbent President of the National AssemblyRichard Ferrand, Macron's own LREM parliamentary party leaderChristophe Castaner and MoDem parliamentary group leaderPatrick Mignola, thus effectively "decapitating" Macron's parliamentary bloc leadership and further weakening the President's political position in hung parliament territory.[268]
16th National Assembly of France, elected in 2022.
Macron's government, still led by Prime Minister Élisabeth Borne, was reshuffled in early July 2022 and continued as aminority administration, after talks with opposition leaders to form a stablemajority government failed.[270]
Macron's second presidential term began with two significant political controversies. Hours after the new Borne cabinet was announced, rape accusations against newly appointed Minister for SolidarityDamien Abad were made public,[271] and on 28 May, the handling of the2022 UEFA Champions League final chaos at the Stade de France in Saint-Denis drew criticism at home and abroad.[272]
Despite its minority status in the legislature after the 2022 legislative election, Macron's government passed bills to ease the cost-of-living crisis,[273] to repeal theCOVID-era "state of health emergency",[274] and to revive the French nuclear energy sector.[275] However, government proposals were defeated several times in the National Assembly[276] and by the end of 2022, theBorne cabinet had had to use the provisions ofArticle 49.3 of the Constitution ten times in a row to pass the 2023 Government Budget and Social Security Budget.[277]
In March 2023, Macron's government passed a law raising the retirement age from 62 to 64, partly bypassing Parliament by again resorting to Article 49.3 to break the parliamentary deadlock.[279]Nationwide protests that had begun when the bill was introduced back in January increased in intensity after the reform was passed without a solemn vote.[citation needed][clarification needed]
Votes of no-confidence in the Borne government
On 20 March 2023, Macron's cabinet, headed by Prime minister Borne, survived a cross-partymotion of no-confidence by only nine votes, the slimmest margin for such a vote since 1992.[280]
On 12 June 2023, his government survived its 17th no-confidence motion since the beginning of the 16th legislature; the motion, brought by the left-wing NUPES coalition, fell 50 votes short of the 289 votes needed.[281]
Nahel Merzouk riots
In early summer 2023, French authorities facedriots following thekilling of Nahel M., aged 17, by a police officer during a traffic stop.[282][283] To calm widespread unrest, comparable in intensity to the2005 French riots[citation needed], Macron's administration ramped up government response, with a total of 45,000 police officers deployed on the ground and a ministerial order advising courts to apply harsher sentences and accelerated procedures:[284] this crackdown resulted in over 1,300 arrests on the fourth night of unrest alone, bringing the total number of arrests since the riots' beginning to over 2,000 as of 1 July.[285]
2023 government reshuffle
On 20 July 2023, Macron carried out agovernment reshuffle at the end of the "hundred days of appeasement and action" he called for in April 2023 following the violent protests surrounding the passage of his pension system reform.Pap Ndiaye andMarlène Schiappa were sacked as part of the reshuffle.[286]
Defence policy
On 1 August 2023, Macron signed into law a multi-year military planning bill, which set the stage for a 40%-increase in military spending to a total of €413 billion between 2024 and 2030, after it was passed by the French parliament on 13 July 2023.[287][288]
Immigration policy
In February 2023, Macron's government introduced an immigration and asylum bill aimed at removing deportation safeguards, fast-tracking asylum application process and immigration litigation, while also facilitating legalization of undocumented workers.[289] His government later pulled the draft legislation amid fears of defeat in Parliament, instead planning to hold talks with the centre-rightLR party before reintroducing the bill in the autumn.[290]
In August 2023, in a lengthy interview with weekly magazineLe Point, Macron said that France "must significantly reduce immigration, starting with illegal immigration" because the "current situation is not sustainable".[291]
On 11 December 2023, the "flagship" immigration bill introduced by Macron's government was unexpectedly defeated after the narrow passage of amotion for preliminary dismissal in the National Assembly.[292] Political commentators and news media described the vote as a "spectacular debacle", eventually sparking a major political crisis for Macron's minority administration.[293]
In an effort to salvage the bill, Macron's government sent the draft legislation to ajoint parliamentary committee: it resulted in a deal with the conservative-controlledSenate on a drastically hardened bill. On 19 December 2023, the French Parliament passed the piece of legislation thanks to support from the conservativeLR and far-rightRN parliamentary groups and in spite of a major rebellion from Macron's own coalition and ministers.[294] Health MinisterAurélien Rousseau, whom Macron had appointed to the government only six months earlier, resigned shortly after the vote.[295]
Constitutional reform
On the 65th anniversary of theFrench Constitution on 4 October 2023, Macron unveiled avenues for constitutional reform: broadening the scope and relaxing rules for referendums; enshrining the right to abortion and climate protection in the Constitution; stepping up the level ofterritorial devolution; giving some form of political autonomy toCorsica andNew Caledonia.[296]
On 4 March 2024, ajoint session of the French Parliament passed a constitutional amendment supported by Macron to protect abortion as a 'guaranteed freedom' in the Constitution.[297] It represented the first constitutional reform since 2008 and the first since Macron took office in 2017.
In January 2024, in the wake of thegovernment crisis produced by the passage of the 'controversial' immigration bill, Macron requested Prime minister Élisabeth Borne to resign and subsequently replaced her by Education ministerGabriel Attal, making him both the youngest head of government in French history and the first openly gay man ever to hold the job.[298]
The new Attal cabinet was widely described as the most right-leaning government since the start of theMacron Presidency: out of the 14 Cabinet ministers appointed on 11 January 2024 by Macron and Attal, 57% are former members of the conservativeUMP/LR party, while prominent left-leaning ministers of the outgoing Borne government were sacked, moves described as indicating a notable tilt to the right.[299][300]
Economy
In February 2024, amid slowing economic growth and disappointing unemployment figures, Macron's government unveiled €10 billion in emergency spending cuts to hold to its 2024 deficit goal.[301]
A month later, Macron convened a 'crisis meeting' to discuss the state of France's public finances amid reports showing that the government had heavily missed its 2023 fiscal targets, with a bigger-than-forecasted deficit, putting the country's credit rating at risk of downgrade.[302]
On 9 June 2024, following the results of the2024 European Parliament elections in which his centrist grouping received only 14.6% of the votes, finishing nearly 17 points behind Le Pen's RN party, Macron unexpectedly dissolved the National Assembly and called for anearly legislative election to be held on 30 June and 7 July 2024.[303]
In the first round of the election, on 30 June, Macron's grouping received only 20.04% of the votes nationwide, placing third well behind the hard-rightRN (33.15%) and the left-wingNFP alliance (27.99%), which constituted the worst electoral performance for a governing coalition in a general election since the start of the modern French Republic in 1870.[304] Exit polls released shortly after 8pm on 30 June suggested the RN-led alliance was on course to win either a plurality of seats or an outright majority in the second round, while Macron's coalition was set to lose at least half of the seats it won in 2022.[305]
In the second round, on 7 July, Macron was handed another hung parliament with the left-wing coalition unexpectedly winning a plurality of seats though 90 to 100 seats short of an overall majority, leaving the left theoretically unable to form a government on its own. Macron's grouping lost both 86 seats and its status as the largest parliamentary bloc while the RN-led alliance, though dramatically underperforming the polls, still managed to make significant gains, eventually becoming the largest single party in the new National Assembly. The results presented unprecedented potential for political crisis and parliamentary gridlock.[306]
17th National Assembly of France, elected in 2024.
Shortly after exit polls were released on the night of 7 July, Macron's Prime Minister, Gabriel Attal, announced he would tender his resignation to the President. The following day, Macron refused Attal's resignation, instead asking him to stay on until a new government could be formed.[307]
On 27 August, Macron refused to appoint NFP-designateLucie Castets as prime minister.[308]
After holding talks with leaders from parties represented in Parliament in an effort to find a working majority, Macron appointed conservative figureMichel Barnier as Prime Minister on 5 September and invited him to form a "unity government". Barnier's appointment was seen as a growing sign of Le Pen's influence on French politics since she had previously blocked the appointment ofXavier Bertrand, another conservative figure seen as a serious contender for the premiership.[309]
Vote of no-confidence in the Barnier government
In early December 2024, Prime Minister Michel Barnier resorted to Article 49.3 of the Constitution to pass the 2025 Social Security budget without parliamentary approval. In response to Barnier's move, the National Assembly approved a vote of no confidence on 4 December, effectively bringing down the government. Barnier resigned, but Macron vowed to stay in office until the end of his term.[310] It was the first French cabinet to be toppled by Parliament since 1962.[311] Macron addressed the country on 5 December. He accepted the resignation of Barnier but vowed to remain in office until the end of his term. He blamed an alliance of 'extreme left and extreme right' for the collapse of the French government.[312]
In September 2022, Macron criticized the United States,Norway and other "friendly"natural gas supplier states for the extremely high prices of their supplies,[316] saying in October 2022 that Europeans are "paying four times as much as the price at which you sell to your industry. That is not exactly the meaning of friendship."[317]
On 23 October 2022, Macron became the first foreign leader to meet new Italian Prime MinisterGiorgia Meloni, just a day after she and herministers were sworn into office.[320]
In February 2023, he welcomed Ethiopian Prime MinisterAbiy Ahmed in Paris to normalize relations between France andEthiopia, strained by theTigray War between the Ethiopian government andTigray rebels.[324]
On 31 May 2023 Macron visited the GLOBSEC forum in Bratislava, where he again delivered a speech on European sovereignty.[325] During the question and answer session that followed the Bratislava speech,[326] he said that negotiating with Putin may have to take priority over any war crimes tribunal which some others, including Zelensky, wish to see.[327]
On 12 June 2023, Macron promised to deliver more ammunition, weapons and armed vehicles to help Ukrainian forces with the ongoingcounter-offensive to liberate Russian-occupied southeasternUkraine.[328] At theNATO Summit in Vilnius, he promised to supply Ukraine withScalp long-range cruise missiles to hit Russian targets deep behind the front lines.[329] On 10 November 2023, he said that what Russia is doing in Ukraine is "imperialism and colonialism" and it was the "duty" of France and other countries to help Ukraine defend itself, but added that maybe the time will come to hold fairpeace negotiations and find a solution with Russia.[330]
Macron with Israeli PresidentIsaac Herzog in Jerusalem, Israel, 24 October 2023
In June 2023 Macron hosted a global climate finance conference described by many as the newBretton Woods Conference. The purpose is to adjust the global economy to the contemporary threats ofclimate change and hunger. One of the propositions is to offer low income countries aid instead of credit so they can use their resources for stopping climate change and poverty instead of debt payments. Macron supported the idea, but a climate activist from Uganda remarked that the promises were meaningless if at the same time Macron supported projects such as theEast African Crude Oil Pipeline, a major threat to the climate and to the drinking water of 40 million people.[331] At the summit Macron proposed aninternational taxation system anddebt restructuring but stressed it can have an effect only withinternational cooperation.[332]
In July 2023, Macron postponed his planned state visit to Germany due to the ongoingNahel M. riots.[333]
Macron and US PresidentDonald Trump at the White House in Washington, D.C, 24 February 2025
In October 2023, Macron condemnedHamas's actions during theGaza war and expressed his support toIsrael and its right to self-defense.[334][335] On 10 November 2023, he called for a ceasefire and urged Israel to stopbombing Gaza and killing civilians.[336] In July 2025, Macron announced that at the next meeting of theUN General Assembly, France would officially recognise a Palestinian state.[337]
In February 2024, during a meeting with other European states, Macron generated controversy by suggestingsending ground troops to Ukraine.[338] On 28 May 2024, Macron gave Ukraine permission to useSCALP EG missiles against targets on Russian soil. Such usage was instructed to be limited "to neutralize military sites from which missiles are being fired, military sites from which Ukraine is being attacked".[339] On 24 February 2025, during a meeting with US PresidentDonald Trump, Macron said that atruce between Ukraine and Russia could be agreed in the coming weeks.[340]
In February 2025, Macron characterised Russia as an "existential threat" to Europe, convening a special meeting in Paris to coordinate European responses under theWeimar+ framework.[341] In March 2025, German lawmakers approved anamendment to the Basic Law that would allowFriedrich Merz's government to implement the most massive rearmament of Germany sinceWorld War II.[342] Germany's decision to massivelyincrease defense spending was welcomed by Macron.[343]
Following theIsraeli strikes on Iran on 13 June 2025, Macron called for "maximum restraint" while reaffirming "Israel's right to defend itself and ensure its security."[344] On 17 June 2025, he claimed that president Trump's haste departure from theG7 summit, was to reach a cease fire between Israel and Iran. To which Trump responded "Wrong! He has no idea why I am now on my way to Washington, but it certainly has nothing to do with a Cease Fire. Much bigger than that. Whether purposely or not, Emmanuel always gets it wrong. Stay Tuned!".[345] On 23 June 2025, Macron called Trump'sair strikes on Iranian nuclear sites "illegal" and counterproductive,[346] and called for the resumption of diplomatic talks with Iran.[347]
On 10 July 2022,The Guardian revealed that Macron had assisted Uber in lobbying during his term as the Minister of Economics and Finance,[348] leading to calls from opposition lawmakers for a parliamentary inquiry.[349][350] In his own defence, Macron expressed that he "did his job" and that he would "do it again tomorrow and the day after tomorrow".[350] He stated, "I'm proud of it".[350]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Andorran government asked France for economic aid, but Macron refused, arguing that theBank of France could not offer loans to another country without the approval of theEuropean Central Bank.[354]
In January 2024, former New Caledonian high commissionerPatrice Faure was appointed chief of staff to Macron,[355] and in November, his representative to Andorra.[356]
Macron is married toBrigitte Trogneux.[357] She is his formerLa Providence High School teacher and is close to 25 years his senior.[358][359][360] They met during a theatre workshop that she was giving when she was a 39-year-old teacher and he was a 15-year-old student and classmate of her daughter.[361][362][363] A romantic relationship started later, and his parents attempted to separate the couple by sending him away to Paris to finish the final year of his schooling, as they felt his youth made this relationship inappropriate.[16][363] (Theage of consent in France is 15.) The couple reunited after Macron graduated, and were married in 2007.[363] She has three children from a previous marriage;[364] he has no children of his own.[365] Her role in Macron's 2017 presidential campaign has been considered pivotal, with close Macron allies stating that Brigitte Macron helped him to develop skills such as public speaking.[366]
Hisbest man wasHenry Hermand, a businessman who loaned €550,000 to Macron for the purchase of his first apartment in Paris when he was Inspector of Finances. Hermand also let Macron use some of his offices on theAvenue des Champs Élysées in Paris for his movement En Marche.[367][368]
Macron plays the piano,[372] which he studied for ten years in his youth.[17] He especially enjoys the work ofRobert Schumann andFranz Liszt.[373][374] Macron also skis,[375] plays tennis[376] and enjoys boxing.[377] In addition to his native French, Macron speaks fluent English.[378][379]
In August 2017, a photojournalist was arrested and detained by the police for six hours after he entered the private residence where Macron was vacationing inMarseille.[380] Macron subsequently filed a complaint for "harassment".[380] In September 2017, he dropped the complaint "as a gesture of appeasement".[381]
On 27 August 2017, Macron and his wife Brigitte adoptedNemo, a black Labrador Retriever-Griffon dog who lives with them in the Élysée Palace.[382] As a schoolboy, Macron decided to be baptised as a Catholic. In June 2018, prior to meetingPope Francis, he identified himself as anagnostic Catholic.[383][384] In the same year he agreed to become an honorary canon ofSt John Lateran, the cathedral of Rome.[384]
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^Tricornot, Adrien de; Weisz, Johan (10 February 2017)."Comment Macron m'a séduit puis trahi" [How Macron seduced then betrayed me].StreetPress (in French).Archived from the original on 2 June 2017. Retrieved7 August 2017.
^V.V. (26 August 2014)."Macron, l'anti-Montebourg".Le Journal de Dimanche (in French).Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved2 August 2017.
^Horobin, William; Meichtry, Stacy (9 March 2015)."5 Things About the Macron Law".The Wall Street Journal.Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved5 August 2017.
^"Résultats de l'élection présidentielle 2017".interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles/elecresult__presidentielle-2017 (in French).Archived from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved6 August 2017.
^Druckerman, Pamela (2 February 2017)."Sex and the French Elections".The New York Times.Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved24 April 2017.
^Bacqué, Raphaëlle (6 November 2011)."Henry Hermand, acteur de la deuxième gauche et mentor d'Emmanuel Macron, est mort".Le Monde.Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved28 April 2017.Il avait enfin aidé Emmanuel Macron, personnellement d'abord par un prêt de 550 000 euros afin que le jeune inspecteur des finances acquière son premier appartement parisien, puis politiquement en abritant récemment dans ses bureaux les premiers militants d'En marche, l'association qui œuvre aujourd'hui à la candidature de l'ancien ministre de l'économie.
^Raulin, Nathalie (7 November 2016)."Décès de Henry Hermand, le bienfaiteur de Macron".Libération. Retrieved28 April 2017.Quelques années plus tard, il accordera au jeune inspecteur des finances un prêt personnel de 550 000 euros pour financer l'achat de son premier appartement parisien. Enthousiasmé par le lancement d'En Marche, il héberge dans ses bureaux parisiens le mouvement naissant, avant que ce dernier ne déménage tour Montparnasse.
^Prissette, Nicolas (2016).Emmanuel Macron en marche vers l'Élysée. France: Plon. p. 240.ISBN978-2-259-25153-2.
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Hewlett, Nick. "The phantom revolution. The presidential and parliamentary elections of 2017".Modern & Contemporary France 25.4 (2017): 377–390.
Mayaffre, Damon (2021).Macron ou le mystère du verbe: Ses discours décryptés par la machine (in French). La tour d'Aigues: Les éditions de l'Aube.ISBN978-2-8159-3746-7.
Nougayrède, Natalie. "France's Gamble: As America Retreats, Macron Steps up".Foreign Affairs 96 (2017): 2+
Pedder, Sophie.Revolution Française: Emmanuel Macron and the quest to reinvent a nation (Bloomsbury, 2018).
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