| Emma of Normandy | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Queen consort of the English[1] | |
| Tenure |
|
| Queen consort of Denmark | |
| Tenure | 1018 – 12 November 1035 |
| Queen consort of Norway | |
| Tenure | 1028 – 12 November 1035 |
| Born | c. 984[2] Duchy of Normandy |
| Died | 6 March 1052 (agedc. 68) Winchester,Hampshire,England |
| Burial | Old Minster, Winchester. Bones now inWinchester Cathedral |
| Spouses | |
| Issue | |
| House | Normandy |
| Father | Richard the Fearless |
| Mother | Gunnor |
Emma of Normandy (referred to asÆlfgifu in royal documents;[3]c. 984 – 6 March 1052) was aNorman-born noblewoman who became theEnglish,Danish, andNorwegian Queen through her marriages to the Anglo-Saxon KingÆthelred the Unready and the Danish KingCnut the Great. A daughter of the Norman rulerRichard the Fearless andGunnor, she was Queen of England during her marriage to King Æthelred from 1002 to 1016, except during a brief interruption in 1013–14 when the Danish KingSweyn Forkbeard occupied the English throne. Æthelred died in 1016, and Emma married Sweyn's son Cnut. As Cnut's wife, she was Queen of England[1] from their marriage in 1017, Queen of Denmark from 1018, and Queen of Norway from 1028 until Cnut died in 1035.
After Cnut's death, Emma continued to participate in politics during the reigns of her sons by each husband,Harthacnut andEdward the Confessor. In 1035 when her second husband Cnut died and was succeeded by their son Harthacnut, who was in Denmark at the time, Emma was designated to act as his regent until his return,[4] which she did in rivalry withHarold Harefoot. Emma is the central figure within theEncomium Emmae Reginae, a critical source for the history of early-11th-century English politics. As Catherine Karkov notes, Emma is one of the most visually represented early medieval queens.[5]
In an attempt to pacifyNormandy, KingÆthelred of England married Emma in 1002.[6] SimilarlyRichard II, Duke of Normandy, Emma's brother, hoped to improve relations with the English in the wake of recent conflict and a failed kidnapping attempt against him by Æthelred.[7] Viking raids on England were often based in Normandy in the late 10th century, and for Æthelred this marriage was intended to unite against the Viking threat.[8] Upon their marriage, Emma was given the Anglo-Saxon name ofÆlfgifu, which was used for formal and official matters, and became Queen of England. She received properties of her own inWinchester,Rutland,Devonshire,Suffolk andOxfordshire, as well as the city ofExeter.[9]
Æthelred and Emma had two sons,Edward the Confessor andAlfred Ætheling, and a daughter,Goda of England (or Godgifu).
When KingSweyn Forkbeard of Denmark invaded and conquered England in 1013, Emma and her children were sent to Normandy, where Æthelred soon joined them. They returned to England after Sweyn died in 1014.
Emma and Æthelred's marriage ended with Æthelred's death in London in 1016. Æthelred's oldest son from his first marriage,Æthelstan Ætheling, had been heir apparent until his death in June 1014. Emma's sons had been ranked after all of the sons from Æthelred's first wife, the eldest surviving of whom wasEdmund Ironside.[10] Emma attempted to get her older son, Edward, recognized as heir. Although this movement was supported by Æthelred's chief advisor,Eadric Streona, it was opposed by Edmund Ironside, Æthelred's third-oldest son, and his allies, who eventually revolted against his father.
In 1015Cnut the Great, the son of Sweyn Forkbeard, invaded England. He was held out of London until the deaths in 1016 of Æthelred (April) and Edmund (November). Queen Emma attempted to maintain Anglo-Saxon control of London until her marriage to Cnut was arranged.[11] Some scholars believe that the marriage saved her sons' lives, as Cnut tried to rid himself of rival claimants, but spared their lives.[9]
Cnut gained control of most of England after he defeated Edmund Ironside on 18 October 1016, at theBattle of Assandun, after which they agreed to divide the kingdom, Edmund taking Wessex and Cnut the rest of the country. Edmund died shortly afterwards on 30 November, and Cnut became the king of all England. At the time of their marriage in 1017,[12] Emma's sons from her marriage to Æthelred were sent to live in Normandy under the tutelage of her brother. At this time Emma became Queen of England, and later of Denmark and Norway.
TheEncomium Emmae Reginae suggests in its second book that Emma and Cnut's marriage, though begun as a political strategy, became an affectionate marriage.During their marriage, Emma and Cnut had a son,Harthacnut, and a daughter,Gunhilda.
During her two marriages Emma had 5 children:
In 1036,Alfred Aetheling andEdward the Confessor, Emma's sons by Æthelred, returned to England from their exile in Normandy in order to visit their mother. During their time in England they were supposed to be protected by Harthacnut. However, Harthacnut was involved with his kingdom in Denmark. Alfred was captured and blinded by holding a hot iron poker to his eyes. He later died from his wounds.
Edward escaped the attack, and returned to Normandy. He returned after his place on the throne had been secured.
Encomium Emmae Reginae places the blame of Alfred's capture, torture and murder completely onHarold Harefoot, thinking he intended to rid himself of two more potential claimants to the English throne by killing Edward and Alfred. Some scholars make the argument that it could have beenGodwin, Earl of Wessex, who was travelling with Alfred and Edward as their protector in passage.[13]
Harthacnut, Emma and Cnut's son, assembled a fleet to invade England in 1039, and when Harold died in March 1040 he was invited to become king. He crossed to England with his fleet and Emma. He was criticised by theAnglo-Saxon Chronicle for his heavy taxation to pay for the fleet and for having Harold's body disinterred and thrown into a ditch. In 1041 he invited his half-brother Edward the Confessor to England. TheEncomium says that Edward was sworn in as king, which probably means that he was recognised as heir as Harthacnut knew that he did not have long to live. He may have been persuaded to make the invitation by Emma, who would have been keen to preserve her position by ensuring that England was still ruled by a son of hers.[14]
After Harthacnut's death in June 1042,Edward the Confessor succeeded to the throne and was crowned in April 1043. During the same year, Edward rode to Winchester along with Earls Leofric, Godwin, and Siward, accused Emma of treason, and deprived her of her lands and titles. However, Edward soon relented, and Emma's lands and titles were restored.[15]
After her death in 1052, Emma was interred alongside Cnut and Harthacnut in the Old Minster, Winchester, before being transferred to the new cathedral built after theNorman Conquest.[16] During the English Civil War (1642–1651), her remains were disinterred and scattered about the Cathedral floor by parliamentary forces. The jumbled bones were later re-interred.
As Pauline Stafford noted,[17] Emma is the "first of the early medieval queens" to be depicted through contemporary portraiture. To that end, Emma is the central figure within theEncomium Emmae Reginae (incorrectly titledGesta Cnutonis Regis during the later Middle Ages[17]) a critical source for the study of English succession in the 11th century. During the reign of Æthelred, Emma most likely served as little more than a figurehead[18] a physical embodiment of the treaty between the English and her Norman father. However, her influence increased considerably under Cnut. Until 1043, writes Stafford, Emma "was the richest woman in England ... and held extensive lands in the East Midlands and Wessex."[18] Emma's authority was not simply tied to landholdings[18]—which fluctuated greatly from 1036 to 1043—she also wielded significant sway over the ecclesiastical offices of England.
TheEncomium is divided into three parts, the first of which deals with Sweyn Forkbeard and his conquest of England. The second focuses on Cnut and relates the defeat of "Princes" Æthelred (never named) and Edmund, Cnut's marriage to Emma (again, without mentioning she had been the wife of Æthelred), and Cnut's kingship. The third addresses the events after Cnut's death; Emma's involvement in the seizing of the royal treasury, and the treachery of Earl Godwin. It begins by addressing Emma, "May our Lord Jesus Christ preserve you, O Queen, who excel all those of your sex in the amiability of your way of life."[19] Emma is "the most distinguished woman of her time for delightful beauty and wisdom."[20]
This flattery, writes Elizabeth M. Tyler, is "part of a deliberate attempt to intervene, on Emma's behalf, in the politics of the Anglo-Danish court,"[21] a connotation which an 11th-century audience would have understood. This proves to be a direct contrast to earlier evaluations of the text, such as the introduction to the 1998 reprint of Alistair Campbell's 1949 edition in which Simon Keynes remarks:
... While the modern reader who expects the Encomium to provide a portrait of a great and distinguished queen at the height of her power will be disappointed, and might well despair of an author who could suppress, misrepresent, and garble what we know or think to have been the truth.
— Campbell & Keynes 1998, p. xvii
Felice Lifshitz, in her seminal study of theEncomium comments:
... To Alistair Campbell and to see C.N.L. Brooke the omission was explicable as a matter of 'artistic necessity' and of Emma's personal vanity ... both scholars subscribed to the older view, which afforded the Encomium only literary significance as a panegyric to individual or dynasty, but saw no political import.
— Lifshitz 1989, pp. 39–50
Prior to May 2008 only one copy of theEncomium was believed to exist. However, a late-14th-century manuscript, theCourtenay Compendium, was discovered in theDevon Record Office, where it had languished since the 1960s. According to a report by the UK Arts Council, "The most significant item [within the text] for British history is the Encomium Emma Reginae ... It is highly probable that the present manuscript represents the most complete witness to the revised version of the Encomium". The manuscript was put up for auction in December 2008, and purchased for £600,000 (5.2 million Danish kroner) on behalf of theRoyal Library, Denmark.[22] Unlike theLiber Vitae, the compendium does not contain any images of Emma.TheNew MinsterLiber Vitae, now in theBritish Library, was completed in 1030, shortly before Cnut's death in 1035. The frontispiece depicts "King Cnut and Queen Emma presenting a cross to the altar of New Minster, Winchester." Stafford in her visual exegesis of the portrait states, "it is not clear whether we should read it as a representation of a powerful woman or a powerless one."[18] In one portrait, each facet of Emma's role as sovereign is displayed; that of a dutiful wife and influential queen.
It has been suggested that the poemSemiramis, possibly written in 1017 byWarner of Rouen at the court of Emma's brother,Richard, Duke of Normandy, and dedicated to her brother, ArchbishopRobert, is a contemporary satire ridiculing Emma's relation with Cnut.[23]
Emma is also depicted in a number of later medieval texts, such as the 13th-centuryLife of Edward the Confessor (Cambridge University Library MS. Ee.3.59) and a 14th-century roll,Genealogy of the English Kings, Genealogical Chronicle of the English Kings.
Emma and her sons Edward and Alfred are characters in the anonymous Elizabethan playEdmund Ironside, sometimes considered an early work byWilliam Shakespeare.
The Ordeal of Queen Emma by Fire at Winchester is a legend that seems to have originated in the 13th century. Queen Emma was accused of unchastity with BishopÆlfwine of Winchester. In order to prove her innocence, she was obliged to undergo the ordeal of walking over nine red-hotploughshares placed on the pavement of the nave ofWinchester Cathedral. Two bishops conducted the barefoot queen to the line of red-hot ploughshares. She walked over the red-hot ploughshares, but, having sought the protection ofSt Swithun, whose shrine is at Winchester, felt neither the naked iron nor the fire.[24][25]William Blake did an illustration of the event.
Emma of Normandy Born: circa 984 Died: 6 March 1052 | ||
| Preceded by | Queen consort of the English 1002–1013 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Queen consort of the English 1014–1016 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by Ealdgyth as Queen of the English | Queen consort of England 1016–1035 | Succeeded by Edith of Wessex as Queen of the English |
| None known | Queen consort of Denmark 1017–1035 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Queen consort of Norway 1028–1035 | Succeeded by |
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