"Mirandolese" redirects here; not to be confused withMirandese.
The historical and geographical fragmentation of Emilian communities, divided in many local administrations (assignorie then duchies, with reciprocal exchanges of land), has caused a high dialectal fragmentation, to the point the existence of an Emilian koiné has been questioned.
Mantuan, spoken in all but the very north of theProvince of Mantua in Lombardy. It has a strongLombard influence.
Pavel speaking EmilianVogherese (Pavese-Vogherese), spoken in theProvince of Pavia in Lombardy. It is closely related phonetically and morphologically to Piacentine. It is also akin to Tortonese.[clarification needed]
Piacentine, spoken west of theRiver Taro in theProvince of Piacenza and on the border with the province of Parma. The variants of Piacentine are strongly influenced by Lombard, Piedmontese, and Ligurian.
Parmesan, spoken in theProvince of Parma. Those from the area refer to the Parmesan spoken outside Parma asArioso orParmense, although today's urban and rural dialects are so mixed that only a few speak the original. The language spoken inCasalmaggiore in theProvince of Cremona to the north of Parma is closely related to Parmesan.
Modenese, spoken in the centre of theProvince of Modena, although Bolognese is more widespread in the Castelfranco area.
Mirandolese, spoken in the northern part of theProvince of Modena, it is very different from the modenese dialect in the phonology, grammar and vocabulary.
Carrarese andLunigiano dialects, spoken inCarrara,Lunigiana, in almost all of theProvince of Massa-Carrara in northwesternTuscany, and a good portion of theProvince of La Spezia in easternLiguria. Historically, this region has been part of Tuscany and the duchies ofModena andParma at different times, so it has a close economic relationship with the Emilian area and is geographically proximate due to theMagra andVara rivers.
Rounded front vowel sounds /y,ø,œ/ and a mid-central vowel sound /ə/ are mainly common in the Piacentino and western dialects.
In the Piacentino dialect, five vowel sounds being followed by /n/, are then recognized as nasalized[ĩẽãõũ], unless /n/ occurs between two vowel sounds.
Vowel length is also distinguished for the following vowels[iːeːɛːaːɔːoːuː].[6][7][8]
Emilian is written using aLatin script that has never been standardised, and spelling varies widely among the dialects.
The dialects were largely oral and rarely written until some time in the late 20th century; a large amount of written media in Emilian has been created sinceWorld War II.
Colombini, F. (2007).La negazione nei dialetti emiliani: microvariazione nell'area modenese (MA thesis).University of Padua.
Rognoni, Luca (2013). "Il sistema fonologico del dialetto modenese".L'Italia dialettale: rivista di dialettologia italiana. Vol. 74. pp. 135–148.ISBN9788846739957.
Foresti, Fabio (1997).Bibliografia dialettale dell'Emilia-Romagna e della Repubblica di San Marino (BDER). Bologna: Compositori.
Mainoldi, Pietro (2000) [1950, Bologna: Società tipografica Mareggiani].Manuale dell'odierno dialetto bolognese, Suoni e segni, Grammatica – Vocabolario. Forni.ISBN9788827129173.
Tuttle, E. F. (1991). "Nasalization in Northern Italy: Syllabic Constraints and Strength Scales as Developmental Parameters".Rivista di Linguistica.III:23–92.
^Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist, but the major consensus among linguists is that in the dialectal landscape of northern Italy, Veneto dialects are clearly distinguished from Gallo-Italic dialects.
