Emil Bessels | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Bessels in 1880 | |
| Born | (1847-06-02)2 June 1847 |
| Died | 30 March 1888(1888-03-30) (aged 40) |
| Alma mater | |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Medicine,entomology,zoology |
| Institutions | |
Expeditions | |
Emil Bessels (2 June 1847 – 30 March 1888) was a German zoologist, entomologist, physician, and Arctic researcher who is best known for his controversial role in the attempted but ill-fated AmericanPolaris expedition to theNorth Pole in 1871. Circumstantial evidence strongly points to Bessels as the most likely suspect in the death of the expedition's commander, American explorerCharles Francis Hall, byarsenic poisoning.
Bessels spent much of his scientific career at theSmithsonian Institution.
In 1869, on suggestion fromAugust Petermann, Bessels joined theGerman North Polar expedition to theArctic Sea with the aim of investigating the islands ofSpitsbergen andNovaya Zemlya, and surveying the ocean in their vicinity.[1] Because of adverse ice conditions, only the first destination could be reached. During the expedition, hydrographical measurements were performed and the climatological influence of theGulf Stream on the eastern coast of Spitsbergen was demonstrated.
After his return to his home country in 1870, he joined theRoyal Prussian Army in time for theFranco-Prussian War. He was called to the field as military surgeon and rendered service in the hospitals, for which he received a public commendation fromFrederick I, Grand Duke of Baden.
In 1871, Bessels joined the United States North Polar expedition, better known as thePolaris expedition, commanded by eccentric American explorerCharles Francis Hall, who aimed to be the first to reach theNorth Pole. Bessels signed on as ship's physician and as head of the scientific team.[2]
He and Hall soon came into conflict over control of scientific research on the expedition. When Hall became ill in October 1871, Bessels remained by his bedside for several days, ostensibly to administer medical treatment. However, Hall suspected that Bessels was poisoning him and refused further contact.
After Hall's death several weeks later, Bessels was among those who remained with thePolaris, when most of the crew became separated while trying to salvage supplies. Bessels and his party were eventually forced to abandon the ship, but were rescued and arrived back in the United States in 1873.
Bessels and the other surviving members of the expedition crew were questioned by a naval board of inquiry about the events leading to Hall's death. The official conclusion was that Hall had died of natural causes and had been treated by Bessels to the best of his ability. But in a forensic investigation of Hall's exhumed remains in 1969, lethal amounts of arsenic were found under his fingernails and toenails, fueling speculation and adding weight to Hall's accusations.[3]
Bessels stayed with theSmithsonian Institution for several years in the 1870s, where he worked preparing the publication of the expedition's scientific results.[4] The most important of these results was the proof that Greenland was an island, deduced from tidal observations and the discovery of walnut drift wood, indicating a connection between theGreenland Sea and theBering Sea.
The publication was planned for a total of three volumes, the first two of which were written by Bessels. However, only the first volume,Physical Observations, was ever published, and this was later suppressed for errors and never reissued. He planned a work on theInuit, but all his manuscripts were destroyed by fire in 1885.[5]
Bessels later considered mounting his own Arctic expedition, but eventually decided against it. In 1875, he took part in another expedition to the American northwestern coast aboard theUSS Saranac, but the voyage had to be interrupted after the ship was wrecked in theSeymour Narrows, betweenVancouver Island and the mainland. In 1879, he publishedDie amerikanische Nordpol-expedition, an account of thePolaris expedition. This work was translated by historianWilliam Barr and released asPolaris: The Chief Scientist's Recollections of the American North Pole Expedition in 2016.
Bessels died of a stroke inStuttgart in 1888, at the age of 40.
