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Emancipation Day is observed in many former European colonies in theWest Indies and parts of theUnited States on various dates to commemorate theemancipation ofslaves of African descent.
In much of theformer British West Indies, Emancipation Day is usually marked on 1 August, commemorating the anniversary of theSlavery Abolition Act 1833 coming into force on 1 August 1834. However, in some countries, it is marked instead on the first Monday in August. The observance of a holiday in the British West Indies also became a key mobilisation tool and holiday for theantislavery movement in the United States.[1]
Emancipation Day is also observed in other areas in regard to the abolition of other forms ofinvoluntary servitude.
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TheSlavery Abolition Act 1833, which abolished slavery throughout theBritish Empire (with the exceptions "of the Territories in the Possession of theEast India Company", the "Island ofCeylon" and "the Island ofSaint Helena"; the exceptions were eliminated in 1843), came into force the following year, on 1 August 1834.
The legislation only freed slaves below the age of six. Enslaved people older than six years of age were re-designated as "apprentices" and required to work 40 hours per week without pay, as part ofcompensation payment to their former owners. Full emancipation was finally achieved at midnight on 31 July 1838.[2]
The holiday is known as August Monday inGuyana,Dominica, theBahamas, and theBritish Virgin Islands, among other territories, as it is usually commemorated on the first Monday in August.Saint Lucia celebrates the holiday on 1 August
Antigua and Barbuda celebrates carnival on and around the first Monday of August. Since 1834Antigua and Barbuda have observed the end of slavery. The first Monday and Tuesday in August was observed as a bank holiday so the populace can celebrate Emancipation Day. Monday isJ'ouvert, a street party that mimics the early morning emancipation.
Anguilla: In addition to commemorating emancipation, it is the first day of "August Week", the AnguillianCarnival celebrations.J'ouvert is celebrated 1 August, as Carnival commences.
In theBahamas, while Emancipation was historically observed on 1 August,[3] the public holiday is observed on the first Monday in August and is, therefore, also colloquially referred to by the public as "August Monday". The public holiday has been observed in the Bahamas from as early as 1973,[4] a month and a half after the country's independence.
Celebrations for the day are traditionally concentrated inFox Hill,Nassau, a former slave village whose inhabitants, according to folklore, heard about their freedom a week after everyone else on the island.
The day was also a day on which friendly societies marched to Government House and presented a list of grievances for the previous year.[3] In 1938, seven to 800 people marched and demonstrated on 1 August for labour reforms asecret ballot at elections.[3] Today, the Labour Day public holiday would more likely be chosen to express similar sentiments.
On the island asEleuthera, the celebration known as the Bay Fest, close to Emancipation Day and lasting several days, is held in the settlement ofHatchet Bay on the island of Eleuthera, and "Back to the Bay" is held in the settlement ofTarpum Bay, also on Eleuthera.
Emancipation Day inBarbados is part of the annual "Season of Emancipation", which began in 2005. The Season runs from 14 April to 23 August.[5][6] Commemorations include:
Emancipation Day celebrations usually feature a walk fromIndependence Square inBridgetown to the Heritage Village at the Crop Over Bridgetown Market on the Spring Garden Highway. At the Heritage Village, in addition to a concert, there is a wreath-laying ceremony as a tribute to the ancestors. Traditionally, the Prime Minister, the Minister for Culture, and representatives of the Commission for Pan African Affairs are among those laying wreaths.
Starting in 2021, Belize joined other Caribbean nations in observing Emancipation Day on 1 August to commemorate the emancipation of enslaved people in the Caribbean in 1834.[7]
Bermuda celebrates its Emancipation Day on the Thursday before the first Monday in August, placing it in either July or August.[8]
Emancipation Day is marked by theCup Match, a two-day public holiday and cricket match, played by residents of the island, is unique to Bermuda. Cup Match started when members of Friendly Societies and Lodges inSomerset in the west andSt. George's Parish, in the east, gathered to mark the anniversary of theabolition of slavery. In 1902 a silver cup was introduced to the tournament, and that year the first official Cup Match cricket match was played on 12 June 1902. In the Public Holidays Act 1947 national public holidays were introduced on the Thursday and Friday before the first Monday in August, they were named Cup Match Day and Somers Day (named afterGeorge Somers, the founder of Bermuda).[9] In 1999 Cup Match Day was renamed Emancipation Day, and Somers Day was renamed Mary Prince Day in February 2020 to remember Bermudan writer and enslaved womanMary Prince.[10]
British Virgin Islands: The first Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday of August are celebrated as "August Festival".
In March 2021, theCanadian House of Commons voted unanimously on a motion to recognize 1 August as Emancipation Day across Canada. However,Black Canadian communities have commemorated Emancipation Day since the 1800s, most notably Black communities in the towns ofWindsor,Owen Sound,Amherstburg, andSandwich, inOntario, and provinces includingNew Brunswick andNova Scotia.[11]
The first of August marks the day theSlavery Abolition Act 1833 ended slavery in the British Empire in 1834 and, thus, also in Canada. However, the first colony in the British Empire to have anti-slavery legislation wasUpper Canada, now Ontario.John Graves Simcoe, the firstLieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, passed the 1793Act Against Slavery, banning the importation of slaves and mandating that children born to enslaved women would be enslaved until they were 25 years old, as opposed to in perpetuity.[12] This was the first jurisdiction in the British Empire to abolish the slave trade and limit slavery.[13] The Act Against Slavery was superseded by the Slavery Abolition Act.
In 2022, the celebrations of Emancipation Day in Canada were declared aNational Historic Event byParks Canada.[14]
Emancipation Day was set on 1 August by theLegislative Assembly of Nova Scotia on 13 April 2021. The event is marked with a provincial ceremony, as well as community-led events.Lieutenant Governor of Nova ScotiaArthur LeBlanc said in 2022, "as a province, we come together to renew our commitment to equity, peace, and dignity for all. We continue to structure our institutions and communities around the value of inclusion so that past harms are not repeated." The province also recognizes 23 August as theInternational Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition, in recognition of people of African descent in Haiti and the Dominican Republic fighting for their freedom in 1791.[15]
In 2008, theprovincial legislature designated 1 August asEmancipation Day. The act of parliament stated in its preamble: "it is important to recognize the heritage of Ontario’s Black community and the contributions that it has made and continues to make to Ontario. It is also important to recall the ongoing international struggle for human rights and freedom from repression for persons of all races, which can be best personified by Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe and Dr Martin Luther King Jr. Accordingly, it is appropriate to recognize 1 August formally as Emancipation Day and to celebrate it."[16]
Notable Emancipation Day commemoration include The Big Picnic, organised by the Toronto Division of theUniversal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), which attracted thousands of attendees from the 1920s through to the 1950s. The first The Big Picnic was held in 1924, at Lakeside Park, in the community ofPort Dalhousie.[17]
In 1932, the first Emancipation Day Parade was held inWindsor and would come to be known as the "greatest freedom show on Earth". Organized by Walter Perry, the parade and festival boasted famous guests likeMartin Luther King Jr,Mary McLeod Bethune,Stevie Wonder,Benjamin Mays,Fred Shuttlesworth,Martha Reeves andThe Vandellas, andEleanor Roosevelt. Though Perry's death in 1968 had a significant influence on the end of the tradition, fears over theDetroit Riot of 1967 caused the city's councillors to deny organizers necessary permits to stage an Emancipation Day celebration.[18][19]Owen Sound has celebrated Emancipation with a picnic for 157 years, and now holds an Emancipation Festival.[13]
Toronto hosts theToronto Caribbean Carnival (known as Caribana until 2006), which is held the first Saturday in August ofCivic Holiday, observed on the first Monday of August. Started in 1967, it is a two-week celebration culminating in the long weekend, with the Kings and Queens Festival, Caribana parade, andOlympic Island activities.
Following approval from Cabinet, Emancipation Day was reinstated after 62 years and is now being celebrated on the first Monday in May as a public holiday. May 5 in 2025 Other Caribbean nations celebrate Emancipation Day in August. The Cayman Islands celebrates in May as there was no mandatory apprenticeship for freemen. This is due to slave owners not registering with the British[20]
Dominica: The first Monday is celebrated as August Monday. It marks the end of slavery in 1834.[21]
Grenada: The first Monday in August is celebrated as Emancipation Day with Cultural activities.
Guyana: The first of August is celebrated as Emancipation Day with Cultural activities, and events; including family gathering where they cook traditional food such as cook-up.
1 August, Emancipation Day inJamaica is a public holiday and part of a week-long cultural celebration, during which Jamaicans also celebrateJamaica Independence Day on 6 August 1962. Both 1 August and 6 August are public holidays.
Emancipation Day had stopped being observed as a nation holiday in 1962 at the time of independence.[22] It was reinstated as a national public holiday under The Holidays (Public General) Act 1998 after a six-year campaign led byRex Nettleford, among others.[6][23][24]
Traditionally people would keep at vigil on 31 July and at midnight ring church bell and play drums in parks and public squares to re-enact the first moments of freedom for enslaved Africans.[25] On Emancipation Day there is a reenactment of the reading of the Emancipation Declaration in town centres especiallySpanish Town which was the seat of the Jamaican government when the Emancipation Act was passed in 1838.
Emancipation Park, a public park in Kingston, opened on the eve of Emancipation Day, 31 July in 2002, is named in commemoration of Emancipation Day.[26][27]
Saint Kitts and Nevis: The first Monday and Tuesday of August are celebrated as "Emancipation Day" and also "Culturama" in Nevis.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines also celebrates Emmancipation day annually on August 1.
The Act for the Abolition of Slavery in St. Vincent was transmitted to Britain on May 28, 1834. On the first of August in the year 1834, a total of 18,102 individuals who were previously enslaved transitioned into the status of apprentices.
A total of 2,959 children under the age of six were promptly released, along with 1,189 individuals who were either elderly or physically unable to care for themselves.
The enslaved individuals residing on the island of St. Vincent (SVG) were granted “complete emancipation” on August 1, 1838, following a period of “partial freedom” that was initially granted to them in 1834 through the enactment of the Abolition Act.[28][29]
TheSlavery Abolition Act 1833 came into full effect in theCape Colony on the 1 December 1838, after a four-year period of forced apprenticeship. About 39,000 enslaved people were freed and £1.2 million[30] (roughly equivalent to £4,175,000,000 as a proportion of GDP in 2016 pounds)[31] – of £3 million originally set aside by the British government – was paid out in compensation to 1,300 former slave holding farmers in the colony.[30]
1 December is celebrated as Emancipation Day in South Africa most notably in the city ofCape Town.[32]
It has been said that on 1 August 1985,Trinidad and Tobago, as an independent country, became first former British territory to declare a national holiday to commemorate the abolition of slavery.[33] However, Emancipation Day has been observed as a public holiday in the Bahamas as far back as 1973.[4]
In Trinidad and Tobago, Emancipation Day replaced Columbus Discovery Day, which commemorated the arrival ofChristopher Columbus atMoruga on 31 July 1498, as a national public holiday.[34][35]
The commemoration begins the night before with an all-night vigil and includes religious services, cultural events, street processions past historic landmarks, addresses from dignitaries including an address from thePrime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago and ends with an evening of shows that include a torchlight procession to the national stadium.[36][37]
On 1 July 1863, slavery was abolished in the colonies ofKingdom of the Netherlands, which includedSuriname and the Caribbean islands ofAruba,Curaçao,Sint Maarten,Saba,Sint Eustatius, andBonaire (known today as theDutch Caribbean).[38] However, much of the enslaved population had to continue working on the plantations for an additional 10 years in order to mitigate the "loss caused by this measure" to the plantation owners.[38] Today, 1 July is an official holiday in Suriname and Sint Eustatius, but not anywhere else in the Kingdom of the Netherlands.[39][40]
On 1 July,Keti Koti (Sranantongo: "the chain is cut" or "the chain is broken")[41] is the celebration that marks Emancipation Day inSuriname, a former colony of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It marks the date when slavery was abolished in Suriname in 1863. The day also remembers that enslaved people in Suriname would not be fully free until 1873, after a mandatory 10-year transition period during which time they were required to work on the plantations for minimal pay and with state sanctioned force.[42] On 1 July 1955, Keti Koti officially became a public holiday in Suriname.[43]
The islands of the Dutch Caribbean commemorate emancipation on July 1.
The French West Indies includes eight territories currently underFrench sovereignty in theAntilles islands of the Caribbean:
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On the Caribbean Coast ofNicaragua the emancipation of slavery took place in the month of August 1841 but with different dates.Bluefields andPearl Lagoon received their emancipation on 10 August 1841.Corn Island received its emancipation on 27 August 1841.
TheDistrict of Columbia observes 16 April as Emancipation Day. On 16 April 1862,PresidentAbraham Lincoln signed theDistrict of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act, an act ofCompensated emancipation, for the release of certain persons held to service or labor in the District of Columbia.[52] The Act, introduced by Massachusetts senator and ardent abolitionistHenry Wilson, freed about 3,100 slaves in the District of Columbia nine months before President Lincoln issued his broaderEmancipation Proclamation.[53] The District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act represents the only example of compensation by the federal government to former owners of emancipated slaves.[54]
On 4 January 2005,MayorAnthony A. Williams signed legislation making Emancipation Day an officialpublic holiday in the District.[55] Although Emancipation Day occurs on 16 April, by law when 16 April falls during a weekend, Emancipation Day is observed on the nearest weekday.[56] This affects theInternal Revenue Service'sdue date for tax returns, which traditionally must be submitted by 15 April. As the federal government observes the holiday, it causes the federal and all state tax deadlines to be moved to 18 April if Emancipation Day falls on a Saturday or Sunday and to 17 April if Emancipation Day falls on a Monday.[57] Each year, activities are now held during this observed holiday, including the traditional Emancipation Day parade. The parade had taken place yearly from 1866 to 1901.[58] After a 101-year hiatus, DC's parade resumed in 2002, just three years ahead of the new holiday.[59]
Thestate ofFlorida observes emancipation in a ceremonial day on 20 May. In the capital,Tallahassee,Civil War re-enactors playing the part ofMajor GeneralEdward McCook and otherunion soldiers act out the speech General McCook gave from the steps of theKnott House on 20 May 1865.[60] This was the first reading of theEmancipation Proclamation in Florida.[61]
Thomaston, Georgia, has been the site of an Emancipation Day celebration since May 1866. Organizers believe it is "the oldest, continuously observed annual emancipation event in the United States."[62] The annual event is scheduled for the Saturday closest to 29 May.William Guilford was an early organizer of the event first held in 1866.
Emancipation Day is celebrated on 8 August in Hopkinsville, Christian County; Paducah, McCracken County; and Russellville, Logan County Kentucky, as well as other communities in western Kentucky and for many years in Southern Illinois inHardin County. According to thePaducah Sun newspaper, this is the anniversary of the day slaves in this region learned of their freedom in 1865. According to a PBS documentary, it celebrates the liberation of the people enslaved by U.S. PresidentAndrew Johnson, one of whom started the annual celebration in eastern Tennessee.[63][64]
In 1938,William A. Johnson, who was born enslaved to Andrew Johnson in 1858, spoke at a Tennessee Emancipation Day celebration atChilhowee Park.[65]
Johnson is one of the last surviving slaves in this section. 1 January was designated as Emancipation day but Andrew Johnson freed his slaves 8 August and Negroes of East Tennessee have always observed that date as Emancipation day. The celebration this year has been changed to 9 August because 8 August is on Sunday.[65]
Emancipation Day is celebrated in Maryland on 1 November. Maryland started officially recognizing Emancipation Day in 2013, when then-Governor Martin O’Malley signed a measure to celebrate the freeing of slaves in Maryland on 1 November . Slavery was abolished in Maryland just six months before the end of the Civil War. Maryland's slavery abolishment also was approved two months before the U.S. Constitution's 13th Amendment was passed by Congress, and a full year before the 13th Amendment was ratified.[66]
On 1 November 2020, Maryland GovernorLarry Hogan issued a proclamation recognizing Maryland Emancipation Day. "156 years ago, a new state constitution abolished slavery in Maryland. I have issued a proclamation recognizing Maryland Emancipation Day as we reflect on the legacies of the brave Marylanders who risked everything so that they and others might enjoy the promise of freedom."[67]
On 30 October 2020, Montgomery County Executive Marc Elrich and County Council President Sidney Katz, on behalf of the entire Council, presented a joint proclamation Friday proclaiming Sunday, 1 November, as “Emancipation Day” in Montgomery County.[66]
Massachusetts Emancipation Day, also known as Quock Walker Day, was established by the state legislature in 2022 and first legally observed statewide in 2023.[68] It was observed in thetown of Lexington starting in 2020.[68] The observance commemorates the 1783 decision in thefreedom suit ofQuock Walker, which found slavery to be an unenforceable legal arrangement under the1780 Massachusetts Constitution. Massachusetts became the first state to record zero slaves in thefederal census of 1790, as slavery was abandoned in favor ofindentured servitude or paidemployment.[68]
InColumbus, Mississippi, Emancipation Day is celebrated on 8 May, known locally as "Eight o' May". As in other southern states, the local celebration commemorates the date in 1865 when African Americans in eastern Mississippi learned of their freedom.[69]
Though the 13th amendment was ratified by the necessary three-quarters vote, Mississippi withheld its ratification document after the constitutional amendment was submitted to the states. Mississippi finally submitted the ratification document on 7 February 2013.[70][71]
In South Carolina, Emancipation Day is celebrated on 1 January. There are two reasons for the date. First, 1 January 1808, marked an official end to United States participation in the Atlantic slave trade. Additionally, on 1 January 1863, ColonelThomas Wentworth Higginson read the Emancipation Proclamation, which went into effect on that day, to the members of the1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Colored), which at the time was stationed incoastal South Carolina.[72][73]
InTexas, Emancipation Day is celebrated on 19 June. It commemorates the announcement in Texas of the abolition of slavery made on that day in 1865 inGalveston, Texas. It is commonly known asJuneteenth. Since the late 20th century, this date has gained recognition beyond Texas, and became afederal holiday in 2021. Celebratory traditions often include readings of the Emancipation Proclamation, singing traditional songs, rodeos, street fairs, family reunions, cookouts, park parties, historical reenactments, and Miss Juneteenth contests.
InRichmond, Virginia, 3 April is commemorated as Emancipation Day. 3 April marks the day, in 1865, that Richmond fell to the Union Army, who were led by theUnited States Colored Troops.[74]
Puerto Rico celebrates Emancipation Day (Día de la Abolición de Esclavitud), an official holiday, on 22 March. Slavery was abolished in Puerto Rico in 1873 while the island was still a colony of Spain.[75]
TheUnited States Virgin Islands celebrates V.I. Emancipation Day as an official holiday on 3 July. It commemorates theDanish GovernorPeter von Scholten's 1848 proclamation that "all unfree in theDanish West Indies are from today emancipated," following aslave rebellion led byJohn Gottlieb (Moses Gottlieb, General Buddhoe) inFrederiksted,Saint Croix.[76]
In addition to recognising Emancipation Day, since 2017 the full week leading up to 3 July has been recognised as Virgin Islands Freedom Week.[77] Emancipation Day, Freedom Week, and the culmination of St. John Festival are celebrated throughout the U.S. Virgin Islands with concerts, dancing, workshops, a historical skit, and a reenactment of the walk to Fort Frederik.[78]
Bahamas Information Services today released a revised list of holidays for the remainder of 1973 and Bahamas have four weekend holidays coming up... the two day Independence holidays on July 10 and 11, followed on Monday, August 6 by Emancipation Day.
emancipation day jamaica.
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