Else Lasker-Schüler | |
|---|---|
 Else Lasker-Schüler shortly after her first marriage | |
| Born | Elisabeth Schüler (1869-02-11)11 February 1869 |
| Died | 22 January 1945(1945-01-22) (aged 75) |
| Occupation | Poet |
Else Lasker-Schüler (néeElisabeth Schüler) (German:[ˈɛl.zəˈlas.kɐˈʃyː.lɐ]ⓘ; 11 February 1869 – 22 January 1945) was a Germanpoet and playwright. She was one of the few women affiliated with theExpressionist movement. Lasker-Schüler, who was Jewish, fledNazi Germany and lived out the rest of her life inJerusalem.[1][2]
Schüler was born inElberfeld, now a district ofWuppertal. Her mother, Jeannette Schüler (née Kissing) was a central figure in her poetry; the main character of her playDie Wupper was inspired by her father, Aaron Schüler, aJewish banker from Wuppertal. Her brother Paul died when she was 13.
Else was considered a child prodigy because she could read and write at the age of four. From 1880 she attended the Lyceum West an der Aue. After dropping out of school, she received private lessons at her parents' home.
In 1894, Else married thephysician and chess masterBerthold Lasker (the elder brother ofEmanuel Lasker, aWorld Chess Champion) and moved with him toBerlin, where she trained as an artist. On 27 July 1890 her mother died, her father followed 7 years later. On 24 August 1899, her son Paul was born and her first poems were published. She published her first full volume ofpoetry,Styx, three years later, in 1902. On 11 April 1903, she and Berthold Lasker divorced and on 30 November, she married Georg Lewin, artist, and founder of the Expressionist magazineDer Sturm. His pseudonym,Herwarth Walden, was her invention.
Lasker-Schüler's firstprose work,Das Peter-Hille-Buch, was published in 1906, after the death of Hille, one of her closest friends. In 1907, she published the prose collectionDie Nächte der Tino von Bagdad, followed by the playDie Wupper in 1909, which was not performed until later. A volume of poetry calledMeine Wunder, published in 1911, established Lasker-Schüler as the leading female representative of GermanExpressionism.
After separating from Herwarth Walden in 1910 and divorcing him in 1912, she found herself penniless and dependent on the financial support of her friends, in particularKarl Kraus. In 1912, she metGottfried Benn. An intense friendship developed between them which found its literary outlet in a large number of love poems dedicated to him.
In May 1922 she attended theInternational Congress of Progressive Artists and signed the "Founding Proclamation of the Union of Progressive International Artists".[3]
In 1927, the death of her son sent her into a deep depression.
Despite winning theKleist Prize in 1932, as aJew she was physically harassed and threatened by the Nazis. She emigrated toZürich but there, too, she could not work and subsequently went toBritish-ruled Palestine in 1934, and finally settled inJerusalem in 1937. In 1938 she was stripped of her German citizenship and the outbreak ofWorld War II prevented any return toEurope.
According to her first Hebrew translator,Yehuda Amichai, she lived a life of poverty and the children in the neighborhood mocked her for her eccentric dress and behavior.[4]
She formed a literary salon called “Kraal,” which philosopherMartin Buber opened on 10 January 1942 at the French Cultural Center.[5]
Some leading Jewish writers and promising poets attended her literary programs, but Lasker-Schüler was eventually banned from giving readings and lectures because they were held in German. She begged the head of the German synagogue in Jerusalem to let her use hisGotteshaus ('house of worship, lit. 'house of God') one more time:
"Wherever I was, German is not allowed to be spoken. I want to arrange the last Kraal evening for a poet who is already broken, to recite from his translations [into German] of a great Hebrew" (Letter to Rabbi Kurt Wilhelm, Else Lasker-Schüler Archive, Jerusalem, cited in Bauschinger, p. 270).[5]
In her final years, Lasker-Schüler worked on her dramaIchundIch (IandI), which remained a fragment. She finished her volume of poems,Mein Blaues Klavier (1943, "My Blue Piano"), printed in a limited edition of 330 copies.
"[H]er literary farewell became her last attempt to overcome loneliness. Significantly, she dedicated the work to "my unforgettable friends in the cities of Germany and to those, like me, exiled and dispersed throughout the world, in good faith." In one of her final acts, she asked that her hometown ofWuppertal and its surrounding area be spared fromAllied bombing."[5]
She tended to spend whatever money she had all at once which made her go for days without food or shelter. Heinz Gerling, secretary of the Hitachdut Olei Germania (Association of Immigrants from Germany, later renamed to cover all of Central Europe[6]) and the poetManfred Sturmann [de] came to her aid. Gerling opened a bank account for her and arranged for regular payments to cover her expenses whereas Sturmann edited her work and helped with her dealings with publishers. After her death, Sturmann became the trustee of her legacy[7] and during the 1950s and 1960s dealt extensively with publishers inEast andWest Germany, Switzerland and Austria who wished to publish her works.
In 1944, Lasker-Schüler's health deteriorated. She suffered a heart attack on 16 January, and died inJerusalem on 22 January 1945. She was buried on theMount of Olives Jewish Cemetery.[4]
Lasker-Schüler left behind several volumes of poetry and three plays, as well as many short stories, essays and letters. During her lifetime, her poems were published in various magazines, among them the journalDer Sturm edited by her second husband, and Karl Kraus' literary journalDie Fackel. She also published many anthologies of poetry, some of which she illustrated herself. Examples are:
Lasker-Schüler wrote her first and most important play,Die Wupper [de], in 1908. It was published in 1909 and the first performance took place on 27 April 1919 at theDeutsches Theater in Berlin.
A large part of her work is composed of love poetry, but there are also deeply religious poems and prayers. Transitions between the two are often quite fluid. Her later work is particularly rich in biblical and oriental motifs. Lasker-Schüler was very free with regard to the external rules of poetic form, however her works thereby achieve a greater inner concentration. She was also not averse to linguistic neologisms.
A good example of her poetic art is her 1910 poem"Ein alter Tibetteppich" [de] (lit. "An old Tibetan rug"), which was reprinted many times after its first publication inDer Sturm, the first of these being inFackel.
"Ein alter Tibetteppich"
Deine Seele, die die meine liebet,
Ist verwirkt mit ihr im Teppichtibet.
Strahl in Strahl, verliebte Farben,
Sterne, die sich himmellang umwarben.
Unsere Füße ruhen auf der Kostbarkeit,
Maschentausendabertausendweit.
Süßer Lamasohn auf Moschuspflanzenthron,
Wie lange küßt dein Mund den meinen wohl
Und Wang die Wange buntgeknüpfte Zeiten schon?
"An old Tibetan rug"
Your soul, which loveth mine,
Is woven with it into a Tibetan-rug.
Strand by strand, enamoured colours,
Stars that courted each other across the length of heavens.
Our feet rest on the treasure
Stitches-thousands-and-thousands-across.
Sweet lama-son on your musk-plant-throne
How long has your mouth been kissing mine,
And cheek to cheek colorfully woven times?
The 20th-century Scottish poetHugh MacDiarmid included a translation of an extract from Lasker-Schüler's work in his long poemA Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle, 1926. (Lines 401–410.) German composersMargarete Schweikert andLuise Schulze-Berghof set Lasker-Schuler's poems to music.
There is a memorial plaque to Else Lasker-Schüler atMotzstraße 7,Berlin-Schöneberg, where she lived from 1924 to 1933. Part of this street was renamed Else-Lasker-Schüler-Straße in 1996. In Elberfeld in Wuppertal there is now a school named after her (The "School without Racism"), and a memorialstele was erected on Herzogstraße, Wuppertal.
ComposerLily Reiff (1866-1958) used Lasker-Schüler‘s text in her compositionDrei Lieder.[12]
The Else-Lasker-Schüler-Society was founded 1990 in Wuppertal by journalist Hajo Jahn. In more than 20 international symposia from Breslau to Tel Aviv, the works of the poet were introduced and discussed in relation to the relevance for the presence and future.
InJerusalem, there is a small street named for Else Lasker-Schüler in the neighborhood ofNayot – Rehov Else. Perched on a ridge in the Jerusalem Forest, very close to the Kennedy Memorial (Yad Kennedy), was a sculpture in her honor resembling a slender tree trunk with wings. It was placed there in 1997, and was stolen, probably by metal thieves, in July 2007.
In 2007, her final days in Jerusalem were commemorated in the BBC radio playMy Blue Piano by the Scottish playwright Marty Ross (Radio 4 2007) which combined the facts of her dying days with the fantasies of her inner life.[13]
On 7 February 2020,Google celebrated her with aGoogle Doodle.[14]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Translated poems from nine poets including Lasker-Schüler.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Claimed to be the first publication of translations in English.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Bilingual edition.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Translation of the novelMein Herz.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Translation ofKonzert.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Translations ofDie Wupper,Arthur Aronymus : die Geschichte meines Vaters, andIch und ich: Ein nachgelassenes Schaauspiel.
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