 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Elmira, New York" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Elmira | |
|---|---|
 City hall | |
 Flag  Seal | |
 Location inChemung County in the state ofNew York | |
| Coordinates:42°05′38″N76°48′35″W / 42.09389°N 76.80972°W /42.09389; -76.80972 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Chemung |
| Incorporated | 1864; 161 years ago (1864) |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Daniel J. Mandell, Jr. (R)[1] |
| • City Manager | P. Michael Collins |
| • City Council | |
| Area | |
• City | 7.58 sq mi (19.63 km2) |
| • Land | 7.25 sq mi (18.78 km2) |
| • Water | 0.33 sq mi (0.85 km2) |
| Elevation | 860 ft (260 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
• City | 26,523 |
| • Density | 3,657.3/sq mi (1,412.09/km2) |
| • Metro | 84,148 (Chemung County) |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| ZIP Codes | 14901, 14904, 14905 |
| Area code | 607 |
| FIPS code | 36-015-24229 |
| Website | www.CityOfElmira.net |
Elmira (/ɛlˈmaɪrə/) is acity in and thecounty seat ofChemung County, New York, United States. It is theprincipal city of the Elmira, New York,metropolitan statistical area, which encompasses Chemung County. The population was 26,523 at the2020 census, down from 29,200 at the2010 census, a decline of more than 7 percent.[4]
TheCity of Elmira is in the south-central part of the county, surrounded on three sides by theTown ofElmira. It is in theSouthern Tier of New York, a short distance north of thePennsylvania state line.
The city was the site of theElmira Prison, aprisoner-of-war camp that held over 12,000 capturedConfederate soldiers during theAmerican Civil War.Elmira College is located within the city.
The region of Elmira was inhabited by theCayuga nation (also known as the Gayogo̱hó꞉nǫʼ) of theHaudenosaunee prior toEuropean colonization. Cayuga residing in the region maintained relations with European settlers, primarily related to thefur trade, but were otherwise relatively isolated from encroaching colonial settlements.[5]
During theAmerican Revolutionary War, theSullivan Expedition of 1779 was mounted by theContinental Army against the four Haudenosaunee nations which had allied with theBritish. The expeditionary force fought a combined British-Haudenosaunee force at theBattle of Newtown, south of the current city, in which the Continental Army was victorious.[6] After the conclusion of the war, the Haudenosaunee and theUnited States signed a treaty at Elmira in 1791 to settle territorial disputes in the region.[7] Most of the Cayuga emigrated under pressure from encroaching American settlements with the other nations of the Haudenosaunee toCanada, where they resettled on land provided by theBritish Crown.[citation needed]
The first European-American settler in Elmira was Abraham Miller, who served as a captain in the Continental Army. Miller constructed a cabin after resigning just before the end of the Revolutionary War. Miller's Pond and Miller Street are named after him and are near the location of his house.[8]
The New York legislature established the Township of Chemung, nowChemung County, in 1788. The settlement of Newtown was soon established at the intersection of Newtown Creek and theChemung River. In 1792, the settlement at Newtown joined with the Wisnerburg and DeWittsburg settlements to form the village of Newtown. In 1808, the village officially changed its name to theTown of Elmira, at a town meeting held at Teal's Tavern. It is said the town was named after tavern owner Nathan Teal's young daughter, but that story has never been confirmed.[9] According to Amos Bugbee Carpenter's "Carpenter Memorial" family history book printed in 1898, Elmira is named afterMajor General Matthew Carpenter's daughter. This naming occurred, according to this book, in 1821 at the constitutional convention to which Matthew was a delegate. In any case, the City of Elmira, nicknamed "The Queen City," was incorporated in 1864 from part of the town of Elmira and the village of Elmira. The remaining part of the town of Elmira exists still, surrounding the city on the west, north and east. The city and town share an intricately entwined history.
It appears that Amos Carpenter in his 1898 book was referencing an 1879 book.[10]
White Man's Legend.
In the early days, when new settlements had to be named, the white man, in imitation of his aboriginal forerunner, gave a name to his settlement that was associated either with tradition, or, as in this case, with his ideal of loveliness. According to Hon. Hiram Gray, Matthew Carpenter, then a member or the legislature and a man of influence, having seen this beautiful valley, resolved that Newtown should be the principal city, and that it should bear the name of a lady friend for whom he entertained a high opinion, and accordingly, in 18[0]8, the name was changed to Elmira.
Elmira served as a transportation hub for New York's Southern Tier in the 1800s, connecting commercial centers inRochester andBuffalo withAlbany andNew York City, via the canal system and railroads. The city was the southern terminus of theChemung Canal completed in 1833; later, theJunction Canal was constructed to connect Elmira withCorning, facilitating transport of coal from thePennsylvania mines via the Northern branch of the Susquehanna Canal system. In 1849, theNew York and Erie Railroad was built through Elmira, giving the area a New York City to Buffalo route. In 1850, the Elmira and Jefferson Railroad gave the area a route north and, in 1854, the Elmira and Williamsport Railroad a route south. These railroads and their connections made the city a prime location for anArmy training and muster point early in theCivil War.
In 1872 construction began on theUtica, Ithaca and Elmira Railroad, eventually creating a route toCortland andSyracuse viaHorseheads,Breesport andVan Etten. TheDelaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, completed in 1884, competed with the Erie's New York City to Buffalo line.
_(14760407854).jpg)
A great deal of the 30-acre (120,000 m2) Union installation, known as Camp Rathbun, fell into disuse as the Civil War progressed, and the camp's"Barracks #3" were converted into a Civil Warprisoner of war camp in the summer of 1864. The camp, in use from June 6, 1864, until autumn 1865, was dubbed "Hellmira" by its inmates. Towner's history of 1892[11] and maps from the period indicate the camp occupied a somewhat irregularparallelogram, running about 1,000 feet (300 m) west and approximately the same distance south of a location several hundred feet west of Hoffman Street (Foster Avenue) and Winsor Avenue, bordered on the south by Foster's Pond, on the north bank of the Chemung River.
In the months the site was used as a camp, 12,123Confederate soldiers were incarcerated; of these, 2,963 died during their stay from a combination ofmalnutrition, prolonged exposure to brutal winter weather and disease directly attributable to the dismal sanitary conditions on Foster's Pond and lack of medical care. The camp's dead were prepared for burial and laid to rest by thesexton atWoodlawn National Cemetery, ex-slaveJohn W. Jones. At the end of the war, each prisoner was given a loyalty oath and given a train ticket back home; the last prisoner left the camp on September 27, 1865. The camp was closed, demolished and converted to farmland. Woodlawn Cemetery, about 2 miles (3 km) north of the original prison camp site (bounded by West Hill, Bancroft, Davis and Mary Streets), was designated a "National Cemetery" in 1877. The prison camp site is today a residential area.
The state legislature authorized the building of a state prison for first offenders in 1866. It opened in 1876 as the Elmira Reformatory, under the direction ofZebulon Brockway, serving offenders aged sixteen to thirty. It was the first institution of its kind, and a model for others to follow.[12] In 1970 the complex was renamed the Elmira Correctional and Reception Center.
During the summer of 1972,Hurricane Agnes struck the eastern seaboard of the United States, causing significant damage stretching from Florida into New England. Elmira was particularly hit hard by the flood, with over an estimated $291 million in damage.[13] Over 15,000 people had to flee the city, and approximately 5,000 homes were damaged or destroyed.[14] Coordinated efforts between local churches and regional businesses helped with the cleanup. Operating in secrecy, Rochester, NY-basedEastman Kodak sent crews as part of Operation Rebuild. Their efforts rebuilt 78 homes and assisted in the repairs of countless others.[15]
Elmira city leaders approached theNew York State Urban Development Corporation (UDC) to lead the redevelopment of the city post-flood. With a select group of businessmen and city officials attempting to minimize public input, the UDC implemented the "New Elmira Plan". This entailed the removal of buildings along the river to create Riverside Park, and razing other buildings in the business district for two parking garages. Altogether, forty percent of Elmira's commercial space was eliminated as part of the plan. Local citizens lamented the loss of character and vibrancy of downtown Elmira.[16]
In March 1993, the city of Elmira was hit hard by a snow blizzard, nicknamed "Storm of the Century", that added 21.5 inches of snow to Elmira in a single day.[17]
On July 26, 2012, anEF1 tornado touched down near Cottage Drive off ofRoute 352 and traveled through Golden Glow and the rest of the city. Moderate damage was seen after the storm passed and hundreds of trees and power lines were blown down. No one was injured. The tornado was 0.5 miles (0.80 km) wide and took the city by surprise as this area has not been prone to tornadic activity.[18]
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 7.6 sq mi (19.6 km2), of which 7.3 sq mi (19.0 km2) is land and 0.27 sq mi (0.7 km2) (3.56%) is water.
TheChemung River flows eastward through the city. Elmira is built almost entirely in the flood plain of the Chemung River and has suffered many floods, the worst fromHurricane Agnes in 1972. Newtown Creek, flowing from the north, joins the Chemung River at the city's southeast corner.
Interstate 86/New York State Route 17, TheSouthern Tier Expressway, connects with the city at Exit 56.New York State Route 14 passes through Elmira betweenWatkins Glen andPennsylvania.New York State Route 13 begins nearLake Ontario and travels throughCortland andIthaca before ending in Elmira.New York State Route 352 begins in Elmira at Exit 56 of theSouthern Tier Expressway and continues West intoCorning.
| Climate data for Elmira, New York (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1894–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 72 (22) | 70 (21) | 86 (30) | 93 (34) | 96 (36) | 102 (39) | 104 (40) | 102 (39) | 107 (42) | 93 (34) | 87 (31) | 69 (21) | 107 (42) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 56 (13) | 56 (13) | 67 (19) | 81 (27) | 88 (31) | 92 (33) | 93 (34) | 92 (33) | 89 (32) | 79 (26) | 68 (20) | 57 (14) | 95 (35) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 33.7 (0.9) | 36.3 (2.4) | 44.8 (7.1) | 58.5 (14.7) | 71.1 (21.7) | 79.2 (26.2) | 83.7 (28.7) | 82.1 (27.8) | 74.9 (23.8) | 61.7 (16.5) | 48.8 (9.3) | 38.5 (3.6) | 59.4 (15.2) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 24.8 (−4.0) | 26.4 (−3.1) | 34.0 (1.1) | 45.9 (7.7) | 57.7 (14.3) | 66.5 (19.2) | 71.0 (21.7) | 69.5 (20.8) | 62.2 (16.8) | 50.3 (10.2) | 39.3 (4.1) | 30.5 (−0.8) | 48.2 (9.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 15.9 (−8.9) | 16.5 (−8.6) | 23.1 (−4.9) | 33.4 (0.8) | 44.4 (6.9) | 53.9 (12.2) | 58.3 (14.6) | 56.9 (13.8) | 49.5 (9.7) | 38.8 (3.8) | 29.9 (−1.2) | 22.5 (−5.3) | 36.9 (2.7) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −3 (−19) | −1 (−18) | 6 (−14) | 21 (−6) | 31 (−1) | 41 (5) | 47 (8) | 46 (8) | 36 (2) | 27 (−3) | 16 (−9) | 6 (−14) | −6 (−21) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −24 (−31) | −21 (−29) | −10 (−23) | 6 (−14) | 21 (−6) | 32 (0) | 40 (4) | 31 (−1) | 23 (−5) | 15 (−9) | 3 (−16) | −16 (−27) | −24 (−31) |
| Averageprecipitation inches (mm) | 2.12 (54) | 1.86 (47) | 2.73 (69) | 3.26 (83) | 3.10 (79) | 4.19 (106) | 4.05 (103) | 3.82 (97) | 4.09 (104) | 3.53 (90) | 2.73 (69) | 2.59 (66) | 38.07 (967) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 8.4 (21) | 9.5 (24) | 11.2 (28) | 1.5 (3.8) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.25) | 2.7 (6.9) | 8.4 (21) | 41.8 (106) |
| Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) | 7 (18) | 7 (18) | 7 (18) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (5.1) | 5 (13) | 11 (28) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.01 in) | 12.2 | 9.8 | 10.6 | 12.5 | 13.2 | 12.6 | 11.8 | 11.4 | 10.6 | 13.0 | 10.6 | 11.8 | 140.1 |
| Average snowy days(≥ 0.1 in) | 6.4 | 5.6 | 3.7 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 3.6 | 21.7 |
| Source:NOAA[19][20] | |||||||||||||
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1870 | 15,863 | — | |
| 1880 | 20,541 | 29.5% | |
| 1890 | 30,893 | 50.4% | |
| 1900 | 35,672 | 15.5% | |
| 1910 | 37,176 | 4.2% | |
| 1920 | 45,993 | 23.7% | |
| 1930 | 47,397 | 3.1% | |
| 1940 | 45,106 | −4.8% | |
| 1950 | 49,716 | 10.2% | |
| 1960 | 46,517 | −6.4% | |
| 1970 | 39,945 | −14.1% | |
| 1980 | 35,327 | −11.6% | |
| 1990 | 33,724 | −4.5% | |
| 2000 | 30,940 | −8.3% | |
| 2010 | 29,200 | −5.6% | |
| 2020 | 26,523 | −9.2% | |
| U.S. Decennial Census[21][22] | |||
As of thecensus[23] of 2000, there were 30,940 people, 11,475 households, and 6,701 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,229.5 inhabitants per square mile (1,633.0/km2). There were 12,895 housing units at an average density of 1,762.7 per square mile (680.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 82.03%White, 13.05%Black orAfrican American, 0.39%Native American, 0.49%Asian, 0.03%Pacific Islander, 1.37% fromother races, and 2.64% from two or more races.Hispanic orLatino of any race were 3.14% of the population.
There were 11,475 households, out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.3% weremarried couples living together, 18.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.6% were non-families. 34.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 3.05.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.1% under the age of 18, 13.0% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 18.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $27,292, and the median income for a family was $33,592. Males had a median income of $31,775 versus $22,350 for females. Theper capita income for the city was $14,495. About 17.9% of families and 23.1% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 32.6% of those under age 18 and 12.1% of those age 65 or over.
TheElmira, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area (or Elmira MSA) is frequently used for statistical information such as labor rates and includes all ofChemung County with a population in 2000 of 90,070.
The Elmira MSA was ranked as the 59th safest place to live out of 344 Metro Areas in 2005 byMorgan Quitno Press.[24]
The three largest ethnic groups in Elmira are Irish, German and Italian.[25]
In 1889 Elmira Bridge Company opened in Elmira Heights and merged with several other bridge companies to becomeAmerican Bridge Company in 1900.
In 1950, the Elmira's population peaked at about 50,000, which represented 57 percent of Chemung County's total population at the time. Today, the city has approximately 25,000 residents, which represents 34 percent of Chemung County's population. This population decline is due to the national decline in railroads and manufacturing as well as a population shift to the outer suburbs around Elmira. The Elmira Metro area has nearly 100,000 people.
The population decline began during the recession of the early 1970s during which several large employers (Ann Page, American Bridge,General Electric, American LaFrance, Westinghouse and Remington Rand) either closed their factories or moved to other states. The decline was exacerbated by the flood of 1972, during which many of the downtown businesses and single-family homes were destroyed or replaced by subsequent Urban Renewal projects in the Chemung River flood plain.
U.S. Steel acquired the American Bridge plant but it too was shuttered in 1983 until a succession of transportation firms took the site:Sumirail andABB Traction from 1986 to 1991 before it was acquired byAdtranz from 1991 to 2000.
Anchor Glass Container Corporation,[26] headquartered inTampa, Florida, is in the old Thatcher Glass facility inElmira Heights. Anchor Glass produces a diverse line of flint, amber, green and other coloredglass containers of various types and designs for the beer, food, beverage and liquor markets in North America. Anchor Glass is now wholly owned by theArdagh Group S.A.[27]
CAF-USA Inc[28] has its main U.S. plant in Elmira Heights on the site of the formerAmerican Bridge Company since 2000. CAF USA is a subsidiary company ofConstrucciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles, a Spanish manufacturer of passenger rail products (including trains, high-speed trains, locomotives,light rail vehicles and other rail equipment). CAF-USA Inc trains are typically designed for North America's market, based on Spanish design and technologies.
Elmira Heat Treating,[29] established in 1962 in Elmira, offers a wide variety ofheat treatment technologies to both domestic and international customers such as Hilliard Corp., Ford Motors, General Signal and others.
Hardinge, Inc. (formerly Hardinge Brothers),[30] established in 1890 and now headquartered in Elmira, manufactures precise turning machines for the domestic and international market. Starting in 1995, Hardinge began expanding their product line and over the years has acquired L. Kellenberger & Co. AG,[31] Hauser-Tripet-Tschudin AG,[32] Jones & Shipman,[33] and Usach Technologies, Inc.[34] In 2004 they also acquired Bridgeport,[35] world-famous for its milling machines and machining centers.
Hilliard Corporation,[36] established in 1905, has two locations in Elmira and serves the international market in filters, brakes, clutches and starters for a variety of industrial and commercial uses as well as consumer equipment fromPolaris andMTD.[37]
Kennedy Valve,[38] located in Elmira since 1905, is one of the world's largest manufacturers of products forwaterworks distribution, potable andwastewater treatment, and fire protection system projects. They are most famous for theirfire hydrants which can be found around the world. Kennedy Valve was acquired byMcWane in 1988.[39]
Trayer Products,[40] established in 1929, manufactures parts mostly for the heavy truck industry; primarily truck chassis parts such as king pins and shackles.
On at least two hilltops near the city (mostly on Harris Hill to the northwest) pioneer pilots established the sport of gliding in America. Harris Hill is the site of theNational Soaring Museum and was also used for glider trainings during World War 2.[41] These sites are now recognized asNational Landmarks of Soaring.
TheSS Elmira Victory, a World War 2 eraVictory Ship, was named after the city.
.jpg)
The following are listed on theNational Register of Historic Places:[46][47][48][49]
Elmira has more than 20 parks including Eldridge Park with a walking trail, restored carousel, skateboard park, and fishing lake and Wisner Park with memorials to veterans from World War I, World War II, the Vietnam War and the Fallen Officers Memorial.[citation needed]
| Mayors of Elmira | ||
|---|---|---|
| Mayor | Party | Term |
| Daniel J. Mandell | R | 2016–present |
| Susan J. Skidmore | D | 2012–2015 |
| John S. Tonello | D | 2006–2011 |
| J. William O'Brien | D | 3/2005-2006 |
| Stephen M. Hughes | D | 1998-2/2005 |
| Howard F. Townsend | R | 1994–1997 |
| James E. Hare | D | 1988–1993 |
| Stephen J. Fesh Jr. | R | 1984–1987 |
| Mary P. Ciccariello | D | 1982–1983 |
| Robert G. Densberger | R | 1980–1981 |
| John M. Kennedy | D | 1976–1979 |
| Richard C. Loll | R | 1972–1975 |
| Edward T. Lagonegro | D | 1968–1971 |
| Howard H. Kimball | R | 1966–1967 |
| Edward T. Lagonegro | D | 1962–1965 |
| Edward A. Mooers | R | 1956–1961 |
| Emory Strachen | R | 1940–1955 |
| J. Maxwell Beers | R | 1936–1939 |
| Henry W. Honan | D | 1934–1935 |
| W. Glenn Sweet | R | 1932–1933 |
| Frank P. Robinson | D | 1930–1931 |
| David N. Heller | D | 1926–1929 |
| J. Norton Wood | R | 1922–1925 |
| George W. Peck | D | 1920–1921 |
| Harry N. Hoffman | - | 1914–1919 |
| Daniel Sheehan | D | 1908–1913 |
| Z. Reed Brockway | - | 1906–1907 |
| William T. Coleman | R | 1904–1905 |
| Daniel Sheehan | - | 1902–1903 |
| Frank H. Flood | - | 1900–1901 |
| Edgar Denton | De | 1898–1899 |
| Frederick Collin | - | 1894–1897 |
| David C. Robinson | R & Ind Citizens | 1892–1894 |
| Charles S. Davison | D | 1888–1892 |
| John B. Stanchfield | D | 1886–1888 |
| Henry Flood | R | 1884–1886 |
| Stephen T. Arnot | D | 12/28/1882[50]–1884 |
| David B. Hill | D | 1882 |
| Alexander Diven | R | 1880–1882 |
| Granville D. Parsons | Greenbacker | 1878–1880 |
| Robert T. Turner | D | 1876–1878 |
| Howard M. Smith | R | 1875–1876 |
| John Arnot, Jr. | D | 1874–1875 |
| Luther Caldwell | D | 1873–1874 |
| Patrick Henry Flood | R | 1871–1873 |
| John Arnot, Jr. | D | 1870–1871 |
| Stephen McDonald | D | 1868–1870 |
| Eaton N. Frisbie | R | 1867–1868 |
| John I. Nicks | R | 1865–1867 |
| John Arnot, Jr. | D | 1864–1865 |
| * Source: City Clerk of the City of Elmira[1] | ||
The city government is aCouncil-Manager form of government in which the City Manager is the primary administrator of the city. There is one mayor elected at large and six council members elected from each of six council districts. The term of office of the mayor and council members was two years, until a 2003 referendum extended the terms to four years (four-year terms began after the 2007 election). The mayor and council members are all part-time employees. The City Manager, City Clerk, City Chamberlain, City Assessor, and Corporation Counsel are all appointed by the City Council. All remaining department heads serve at the request of the City Manager.
The city received $1.4 million inCommunity Development Block Grant funds and $368,000 in HOME funds in FY2006-2007 from theU.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. These funds are used for programs and projects for low-moderate income families and neighborhood blocks.
Elmira City School District is the school district.[51]
TheChemung County Transit System operates regularly scheduled fixed route service within the City of Elmira and Village of Horseheads. Another route links Elmira with Corning Community College, also linking passengers with the Steuben County Transit System (SCT) and Corning Erwin Area Transit System (CEATS).
Elmira is served by several intercity bus operators.New York Trailways serves Elmira on one of its routes betweenBinghamton andRochester.Short Line serves Elmira on its route betweenBinghamton andOlean.[52]OurBus provides service to Elmira on a route between New York City andNiagara Falls.Fullington Trailways discontinued service between Elmira andWilliamsport, Pennsylvania in April 2022.[53]
TheElmira Corning Regional Airport (IATA code ELM,ICAO code KELM) is a medium-size regional airport, and the only area airport that offers scheduledairline service. Located 7 miles (11 km) northwest of downtown, the airport has non-stop flights toDetroit in addition to seasonal flights toAtlanta served byDelta Air Lines, and two routes to Florida served byAllegiant Air with the airline serving seasonal flights toPunta Gorda andMyrtle Beach.
The city police department employs approximately 81 full-time officers.[54] The city fire department employs approximately 60 full-time firefighters and officers.[citation needed]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link){{cite news}}:|author= has generic name (help){{cite book}}:|work= ignored (help)
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain. This article incorporates text from thepublic domainDictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be foundhere.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Other | |
