The tower was designed bySir Charles Barry andAugustus Pugin in aPerpendicularGothic Revival style and was completed in 1859. It is elaborately decorated with stone carvings and features symbols related to the four nations of the United Kingdom and the Anglo-WelshTudor dynasty. ALatin inscription celebratesQueen Victoria, in whose reign the palace was built.[6] The tower stands 316 feet (96 m) tall, and the climb from ground level to thebelfry is 334 steps. Its base is square, measuring 40 feet (12 m) on each side. The dials of the clock are 22.5 feet (6.9 m) in diameter.
Big Ben is aBritish cultural icon. It is one of the most prominent symbols of the United Kingdom and parliamentary democracy,[8] and it is often used in theestablishing shot of films set in London.[9] The clock tower has been part of aGrade I listed building since 1970 and aUNESCO World Heritage Site since 1987.[10] The clock and tower were renovated between 2017 and 2021, during which the bells remained silent with few exceptions.[11]
Elizabeth Tower, originally named the Clock Tower, and popularly known as "Big Ben",[12] was built as a part ofCharles Barry's design for a new Palace of Westminster after the old palace waslargely destroyed by fire on 16 October 1834.[13] Although Barry was the chief architect of the neo-gothic palace, he turned toAugustus Pugin for the design of the Clock Tower, which resembles earlier Pugin designs, including one forScarisbrick Hall in Lancashire.[14] Construction of the tower began on 28 September 1843. The building contractors wereThomas Grissell andMorton Peto. An inscribed trowel in the Parliamentary Archives records that Emily, sister of Peto's daughter-in-law, was given the honour of laying the first stone.[15] It was Pugin's last design before his descent into mental illness and death in 1852, and Pugin himself wrote, at the time of Barry's last visit to him to collect the drawings: "I never worked so hard in my life for Mr Barry for tomorrow I render all my designs for finishing his bell tower and it is beautiful".[16]
Design
Completed in 1859, the tower is designed in Pugin'sGothic Revival style and is 316 feet (96.3 m) high, making it thethird tallest clock tower in the UK. Its dials (at the centre) are 180 feet (54.9 m) above ground level. The tower's base is square, measuring 40 feet (12.2 m) on each side,[17] resting on concrete foundations 12 feet (3.7 m) thick.[18] It was constructed using bricks clad on the exterior with sand-colouredAnston limestone from South Yorkshire, topped by a spire covered in hundreds ofcast iron rooftiles.[19] There is a spiral staircase with 290 stone steps up to the clock room, followed by 44 to reach the belfry, and an additional 59 to the top of the spire.[17]
Above the belfry and the Ayrton Light are 52 shields decorated withnational emblems of the four countries of the UK: the red and white rose of England'sTudor dynasty, the thistle of Scotland, shamrock of Northern Ireland, and leek of Wales. They also feature the pomegranate ofCatherine of Aragon, first wife of the Tudor kingHenry VIII; the portcullis, symbolising both Houses of Parliament;[20] andfleurs-de-lis, a legacy from when English monarchs claimed to rule France.[21]
A ventilation shaft running from ground level up to the belfry, which measures 16 feet (4.9 m) by 8 feet (2.4 m), was designed byDavid Boswell Reid, known as "the grandfather of air-conditioning". It was intended to draw cool, fresh air into the Palace of Westminster; in practice this did not work and the shaft was repurposed as a chimney, until around 1914.[22] The 2017–2021 conservation works included the addition of a lift (or elevator) that was installed in the shaft.[23]
Its foundations rest on a layer of gravel, below which isLondon Clay.[18] Owing to this soft ground, the tower leans slightly to the north-west by roughly 230 mm (9.1 in) over 55 m height, giving an inclination of approximately1⁄240. This includes a planned maximum of 22 mm increased tilt due to tunnelling for theJubilee line extension.[24] In the 1990s, thousands of tons of concrete were pumped into the ground underneath the tower to stabilise it during construction of the Westminster section of the Jubilee line.[25] It leans by about 500 mm (20 in) at the finial. Experts believe the tower's lean will not be a problem for another 4,000 to 10,000 years.[26]
The Palace of Westminster from across theRiver Thames. The Elizabeth Tower is visible on the right.
Ayrton Light
Ayrton Light, above the green-lit belfry
A new feature was added in 1873 byActon Smee Ayrton, thenFirst Commissioner of Works and Public Buildings. The Ayrton Light is a lantern sited above the belfry and is lit whenever the House of Commons sits after dark. It can be seen from across London. Originally, it shone towardsBuckingham Palace so Queen Victoria could look out of a window and see when the Commons were at work.[27]
Prison Room
Inside the tower is an oak-panelled Prison Room, which can only be accessed from the House of Commons, not via the tower entrance. It was last used in 1880 when atheistCharles Bradlaugh, newly elected Member of Parliament forNorthampton, was imprisoned by theSerjeant at Arms after he protested against swearing a religious oath of allegiance to Queen Victoria.[28] Officially, the Serjeant at Arms can still make arrests, as they have had the authority to do since 1415. The room, however, is currently occupied by thePetitions Committee, which oversees petitions submitted to Parliament.[29]
Name
Journalists duringQueen Victoria's reign called itSt Stephen's Tower. As members of Parliament originally sat at St Stephen's Hall, these journalists referred to anything related to the House of Commons as "news from St Stephens", a term that survives in Welsh-language political reporting as "San Steffan". The Palace does contain a feature calledSt Stephen's Tower, located above the public entrance.[30] On 2 June 2012, theHouse of Commons voted in support of a proposal to change the name from theClock Tower toElizabeth Tower in commemoration ofElizabeth II in herDiamond Jubilee year, since the large west tower known asVictoria Tower had been renamed in tribute to Queen Victoria on the occasion of her Diamond Jubilee.[31] On 26 June 2012, the House of Commons confirmed that the name change could go ahead.[32]David Cameron, then prime minister, officially announced the change of name on 12 September 2012.[33] The change was marked by a naming ceremony in whichJohn Bercow, thenSpeaker of the House of Commons, unveiled a plaque attached to the tower on the adjoining Speaker's Green.[34]
Clock
Dials
Two restored clock dials in 2023
Augustus Pugin drew inspiration from the clockmakerBenjamin Lewis Vulliamy when he designed the dials. Each is made of cast iron sections bolted together. The whole frame is 22.5 feet (6.9 m) in diameter making them thethird largest in the UK. They each contain 324 pieces of opalescent glass.[35] Originally, the dials were backlit using gas lamps, at first only when Parliament was sitting, but they have routinely been illuminated from dusk until dawn since 1876. Electric bulbs were installed at the beginning of the 20th century.[36] The ornate surrounds of the dials are gilded. At the base of each dial is the Latin inscriptionDOMINE SALVAM FAC REGINAM NOSTRAM VICTORIAM PRIMAM, which means "O Lord, keep safe our Queen Victoria the First".[37] UnlikeRoman numeral clock dials that show the "4" position as IIII, the Great Clock faces depict "4" as IV.[38] The clock'sgun metal hour hands and copper minute hands are 8.75 feet (2.7 m) and 14 feet (4.3 m) long respectively.[39]
When completed, the dials and clock hands werePrussian blue, but were painted black in the 1930s to disguise the effects of air pollution. The original colour scheme was reinstated during the 2017–2021 conservation work. Analysis of the paint layers found that no fewer than six different colour schemes had been used over the past 160 years.[40] The Victorian glass was also removed and replaced with faithful reproductions made in Germany by glassmakersGlasfabrik Lamberts.[41]
Movement
The interior of the clock face
The clock's movement is known for its reliability. The designers were the lawyer and amateurhorologistEdmund Beckett Denison andGeorge Airy, theAstronomer Royal. Construction was entrusted to clockmakerEdward John Dent; after his death in 1853, his stepson Frederick Dent completed the work in 1854.[42] As the tower was not completed until 1859, Denison had time to experiment before its installation in April that year: instead of using adeadbeat escapement andremontoire as originally designed, he invented a double three-leggedgravity escapement, which provides the best separation between pendulum and clock mechanism, thus mitigating the effects of rain, wind and snow on the dials.[43] Denison never patented his design, and it quickly became the standard on all new high-quality tower clocks.[44]
Winding the clock mechanism
On top of the pendulum is a small stack of pre-decimalpenny coins; these are to adjust the time of the clock. Adding a coin has the effect of minutely lifting the position of the pendulum's centre of mass, reducing the effective length of the pendulum rod and hence increasing the rate at which the pendulum swings. Adding or removing a penny will change the clock's speed by 0.4 seconds per day.[45] Other coins have been placed on the pendulum as well; in 2009, three of the pennies were replaced with a£5 commemorative coin minted to celebrate the then-upcoming2012 Summer Olympics.[46]
Big Ben keeps time to within a few seconds per week.[47] It is hand wound (taking about 1.5 hours) three times a week. The Keeper of the Clock is responsible for looking after the movement in addition to overseeing every aspect of maintenance around the Palace. A team of horologists are on call 24 hours a day to attend to the clock in the event of an emergency.[48]
On 10 May 1941, a German bombing raid damaged two of the clock's dials and sections of the tower's stepped roof and destroyed theHouse of Commons chamber. ArchitectSir Giles Gilbert Scott designed a new five-floor block. Two floors are occupied by the current chamber, which was used for the first time on 26 October 1950. The clock ran accurately and chimed throughoutthe Blitz.[49]
Breakdowns and other incidents
19th century
Before 1878: The clock stopped for the first time in its history, "through a heavy fall of snow" on the hands of a clock face.[50][51]
21 August 1877 – January 1878: The clock was stopped for three weeks to allow the tower and mechanism to be cleaned and repaired. The old escape wheel was replaced.[50]
20th century
February 1900: The heavy build-up of snow on a clock face impeded the progress of the hour hand, causing the clock to stop for about eight hours.[52]
1916: For two years during World War I, the bells were silenced and the clock faces werenot illuminated at night to avoid guiding attacking GermanZeppelins.[53] The bells were restored at 11:00a.m. on 11 November 1918 to mark theend of the war.[52]
29 December 1927: Snow build-up on a clock face stopped the clock.[54]
Winter 1928: Heavy snow stopped the clock for several hours.[52]
2 April 1934: The clock stopped from 7:16 a.m. to 1:15 p.m., when it was repaired.[55]
23 September 1936: A painter painting the inside of the clock room placed a ladder against a shaft driving the hands, stopping the clock from 8:47 a.m. to 10:00a.m.[52]
1 September 1939: Although the bells continued to ring, the clock faces were not illuminated at night throughoutWorld War II to avoid guiding bomber pilots during the Blitz.[53]
10/11 May 1941: the clock was damaged during a German bombing raid, either by a small bomb or by a British anti-aircraft shell. Stonework and ornamental ironwork were damaged, and the glass on the south dial was shattered.[52] The damage was repaired at the time, but in major refurbishment from 2017 it was found that the tower had sustained greater damage than originally thought, and asbestos, lead paint and broken glass were discovered, increasing the refurbishment cost from an estimated £29 million to nearly £80 million.[56]
3–4 June 1941: The clock stopped from 10:13 p.m. until 10:13 the following morning, after a workman repairing air-raid damage to the clock face left a hammer too close to the mechanism.[57][52]
9 December 1944: The clock hands stopped due to mechanical failure. The broken part— a pendulum suspension spring— was replaced within a few hours.[52]
25–26 January 1945: Extremely cold temperatures froze the rubber bushings on the quarter-bell hammers, preventing the chimes sounding from 9:00p.m. on the 25th to 9:00p.m. the following evening; the BBC broadcast thepips in the interval.[52]
28 January 1947: The rubber bushings on the quarter bell hammers again froze before the clock sounded midnight, muting the chimes, though the problem was resolved by the morning.[52]
12 August 1949: The clock slowed by four and a half minutes after a flock of starlings perched on the minute hand.[58][52]
13 January 1955: The clock stopped at 3:24 a.m. due to drifts of snow forming on the north and east dials. Small electric heaters were placed just inside these two dials, and this measure has helped to reduce instances of freezing in recent years.[52]
18 July 1955: The rope operating the striking hammer broke, silencing the clock from 10:00a.m. to 5:00p.m.[52]
New Year's Eve 1962: The clock slowed due to heavy snow and ice on the hands, causing the pendulum to detach from the clockwork, as it is designed to do in such circumstances, to avoid serious damage elsewhere in the mechanism – the pendulum continuing to swing freely. Thus, it chimed-in the 1963 new year nine minutes late.[59]
30 January 1965: The bells were silenced during the funeral of statesman and former prime ministerWinston Churchill.[60]
9 January 1968: Snow buildup on the clock faces blocked the hands from moving, stopping the clock from 6:28 a.m. to 10:10 a.m.[52]
5 August 1976: The air brake speed regulator of the chiming mechanism broke fromtorsionalfatigue after more than 100 years of use, causing the fully wound 4-ton weight to spin the winding drum out of the movement, causing much damage. The clock was shut down for a total of 26 days over nine months – it was reactivated on 9 May 1977. This was the longest break in operation since its construction. During this timeBBC Radio 4 broadcast the pips instead.[61] Although there were minor stoppages from 1977 to 2002, when maintenance of the clock was carried out by the old firm of clockmakersThwaites & Reed, these were often repaired within the permitted two-hour downtime and not recorded as stoppages. Before 1970, maintenance was carried out by the original firm of Dents; since 2002, by parliamentary staff.
11 June 1984: Two members of the environmental groupGreenpeace scaled the clocktower and blocked the clock face for 11 hours.[62]
March 1986 and January 1987: The problem of the rubber bushings on the quarter bell chimes freezing recurred, muffling the chimes.[52]
30 April 1997: The clock stopped 24 hours before the general election, and stopped again three weeks later.[63]
21st century
Cleaning of the south clock face on 11 August 2007
20 March 2004: Twenty years after their first scaling of the clocktower, Greenpeace activists blocked the clock face for seven hours.[64]
27 May 2005: The clock stopped at 10:07 p.m., possibly because of hot weather; temperatures in London had reached an unseasonable 31.8 °C (89.2 °F). It resumed, but stopped again at 10:20 p.m., and remained still for about 90 minutes before resuming.[63]
29 October 2005: The mechanism was stopped for about 33 hours to allow maintenance work on the clock and its chimes. It was the lengthiest maintenance shutdown in 22 years.[65]
7:00 a.m on 5 June 2006: The clock tower's "Quarter Bells" were taken out of commission for four weeks as a bearing holding one of the quarter bells was worn and needed to be removed for repairs.[66] During this period, BBC Radio 4 broadcast recordings of Britishbird song followed by the pips in place of the usual chimes.[67]
11 August 2007: Start of six-week stoppage for maintenance. Bearings in the clock's chime train and the "great bell" striker were replaced, for the first time since installation.[68] During the maintenance the clock was driven by anelectric motor.[69] Once again, BBC Radio 4 broadcast the pips during this time. The intention was that the clock should run accurately for a further 200 years before major maintenance is again required; in fact the repairs sufficed for ten years.[70]
25 August 2015: Maintenance crews discovered the clock to be running seven seconds fast. They removed coins from its pendulum to correct the error, which caused it to run slow for a period.[72]
21 August 2017: Start of a four-year silencing of the chimes during maintenance and repair work to the clock mechanism, and repairs and improvements to the clock tower building. During this time, dials, hands, and lights were removed for restoration, with at least one dial – with its hands driven by an electric motor – left intact, functioning, and visible at any given time. A lift was also installed during this renovation.[73][74]
10 May 2023: The clock dials all stopped at 12:55p.m., and Big Ben did not chime at 1:00p.m. The hands restarted, but the clock was five minutes slow until rectified at 1:47p.m.[56]
8 March 2025: At around 7:24am Daniel Day, 29, scaled the side of the Elizabeth Tower and sat on a ledge holding a Palestinian flag.[75] Day posted videos and photos of his climb to his Instagram account.[76] At midnight Day stepped onto a cherrypicker next to the Elizabeth Tower ending a 16 hour long protest.[77]
The main bell, officially known as the "Great Bell" but better known as Big Ben, is the largest bell in the tower and part of the Great Clock of Westminster. It sounds an E-natural.[78]
The original bell was a 16-ton (16.3-tonne) hour bell,cast on 6 August 1856 inStockton-on-Tees byJohn Warner & Sons.[4] It is thought that the bell was originally to be called "Victoria" or "Royal Victoria" in honour of Queen Victoria, but that an MP suggested the bell's current nickname of "Big Ben" during a Parliamentary debate; the comment is not recorded inHansard.[79]
Since the tower was not yet finished, the bell was mounted inNew Palace Yard but, during testing, it cracked beyond repair and a replacement had to be made. The bell was recast on 10 April 1858 at theWhitechapel Bell Foundry as a 13.5-ton (13.76-tonne) bell.[4][80] The second bell was transported from the foundry to the tower on a trolley drawn by sixteen horses, with crowds cheering its progress; it was then pulled 200 ft (61.0 m) up to the Clock Tower's belfry, a feat that took 18 hours. It is 7 feet 6 inches (2.29 m) tall and 9 feet (2.74 m) diameter. This new bell first chimed on 11 July 1859; in September it too cracked under the hammer. According to the foundry's manager, George Mears, the horologist Denison had used a hammer more than twice the maximum weight specified.[4] For three years Big Ben was taken out of commission and the hours were struck on the lowest of the quarter bells until it was repaired. To make the repair, a square piece of metal was chipped out from the rim around the crack, and the bell given an eighth of a turn so the new hammer struck in a different place.[4] Big Ben has chimed with a slightly different tone ever since, and is still in use today with the crack unrepaired. Big Ben was the largest bell in the British Isles until "Great Paul", a 16.75-ton (17 tonne) bell currently hung inSt Paul's Cathedral, was cast in 1881.[81]
In August 2007, the bell's striker was replaced for the first time since installation.[68]
Nickname
The Right Honourable Sir Benjamin Hall, Minister of Public Works, January 1858
The origin of the nickname "Big Ben" has been the subject of some debate. The nickname was applied first to the Great Bell; and there is debate as to whether it was named afterSir Benjamin Hall, who as Minister for Public Works, oversaw the installation of the Great Bell, or after English heavyweight boxing championBen Caunt.[4][82][83] However, it is very clear from statements in the press at the time that the name derives from the nickname of Sir Benjamin Hall who was a tall man.[84][85][86][87][88][89] Now "Big Ben" is often used, by extension, to refer to the clock, the tower and the bell collectively, although the nickname is not universally accepted as referring to the clock and tower.[90] Some authors of works about the tower, clock and bell sidestep the issue by using the wordsBig Ben first in the title, then going on to clarify that the subject of the book is the clock and tower as well as the bell.[61][91]
Along with the Great Bell, thebelfry houses fourquarter bells which play theWestminster Quarters on the quarter hours. The four quarter bells sound G♯, F♯, E, and B. They were cast by John Warner & Sons at their Crescent Foundry in 1857 (G♯, F♯ and B) and 1858 (E). The Foundry was in Jewin Crescent, in what is now known asthe Barbican, in the City of London.[92] The bells are sounded by hammers pulled by cables coming from the link room—a low-ceiling space between the clock room and the belfry—where they are triggered by cables coming from the chime train.[19]
The quarter bells play a once-repeating, 20-note sequence of rounds and fourchanges in the key ofE major: 1–4 at quarter past, 5–12 at half past, 13–20 and 1–4 at quarter to, and 5–20 on the hour (which sounds 25 seconds before the main bell tolls the hour). Because the low bell (B) is struck twice in quick succession, there is not enough time to pull a hammer back, and it is supplied with two wrench hammers on opposite sides of the bell. The tune is that of theCambridge Chimes, first used for the chimes ofGreat St Mary's church,Cambridge, and supposedly avariation, attributed toWilliam Crotch, based on violinphrases from the air "I know that my Redeemer liveth" inHandel'sMessiah.[93][94] The notional words of the chime, again derived from Great St Mary's and in turn an allusion toPsalm 37:23–24, are: "All through this hour/Lord be my guide/And by Thy power/No foot shall slide".[95] They are written on a plaque on the wall of the clock room.[96]
One of the requirements for the clock was that the first stroke of the hour bell should be correct to within one second per day. The tolerance is with reference toGreenwich Mean Time (BST in summer).[97] So, at twelve o'clock, for example, it is the first of the twelve hour-bell strikes that signifies the hour (the New Year on New Year's Eve at midnight). The time signalled by the last of the "six pips" (UTC) may be fractionally different.
On 13 November 2022, Remembrance Sunday, the chimes of Big Ben returned to regular service for the first time since August 2017, preceding the hour bell being sounded at 11:00 a.m. local time, the first hour strike marking the beginning of two minutes of silence.[98]
Cultural significance
A London-themedPaddington Bear statue, featuring Big Ben, located outside the National Gallery in Trafalgar Square in 2014
The clock has become acultural symbol of the United Kingdom, particularly in the visual media. When a television or film-maker wishes to indicate a generic location in the country, a popular way to do so is to show an image of the tower, often with ared double-decker bus orblack cab in the foreground.[99]
In 2008, a survey of 2,000 people found that the tower was the most popular landmark in the United Kingdom.[100] It has also been named as the most iconicfilm location in London.[101]
The sound of the clock chiming has also been used this way in audio media; the Westminster Quarters are imitated by other clocks and other devices, but the sound of Big Ben is preferred as the original and best. Big Ben is a focal point ofNew Year celebrations in the United Kingdom, with radio and television stations airing its chimes to welcome the start of the New Year. To welcome in 2012, the clock tower was lit with fireworks that exploded at every toll of Big Ben.[102] Similarly, onRemembrance Day, the chimes of Big Ben are broadcast to mark the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month and the start of the two minutes' silence.[103]
In 1999, prior to themillennium New Year, a recording of the clock was released byLondon Records under the title "Millennium Chimes", with the artist labelled as Big Ben. It reached number 53 for the week ending 8 January 2000 (which included purchases prior to 31 December 1999).[104][105]
The chimes of Big Ben have also been used at the state funerals of monarchs on four occasions, chiming one stroke for each year of the monarch's life: firstly, at thefuneral of King Edward VII in 1910, (68 strokes); secondly, at the funeral of King George V in 1936 (70 strokes); thirdly, at thefuneral of King George VI in 1952 (56 strokes);[106] and lastly, at thefuneral of Queen Elizabeth II in 2022 (96 strokes).[107]
On some occasions, Londoners who live an appropriate distance from the tower and Big Ben can, by means of listening to the chimes both live and on analogue radio, hear the bell strike thirteen times. This is possible because the electronically transmitted chimes arrive virtually instantaneously, while the "live" sound is delayed travelling through the air since thespeed of sound is relatively slow.[108]
ITN'sNews at Ten opening sequence formerly featured an image of the tower with the sound of Big Ben's chimes punctuating the announcement of the news headlines of the day.[109] The Big Ben chimes (known within ITN as "The Bongs") continue to be used during the headlines and allITV News bulletins use a graphic based on the Westminster clock dial. Big Ben can also be heard striking the hour before some news bulletins onBBC Radio 4 (6 p.m. and midnight, plus 10 p.m. on Sundays) and theBBC World Service, a practice that began on 31 December 1923. The sound of the chimes is sent live from a microphone permanently installed in the tower and connected by line toBroadcasting House.[110]
At the close of the polls for the2010 general election the results of the national exit poll were projected onto the south side of the tower.[111] On 27 July 2012, starting at 8:12 a.m, Big Ben chimed 30 times, to welcome theGames of the 30th Olympiad, which officially began that day, to London.[112]
2017–2021 restoration
Scaffolding erected in 2017 to allow worker access
On 21 August 2017, Big Ben's chimes fell silent for four years to allow essential restoration work to be carried out on the tower. The decision to silence the bells was made to protect the hearing of the workers on the tower, and drew much criticism from seniorMPs and Prime MinisterTheresa May.[113] The striking and tolling of the bells for important occasions, such asNew Year's Eve andRemembrance Sunday, was handled via an electric motor; and at least one of the four clock faces always remained visible during the restoration. Scaffolding was put up around the tower immediately after the bells were silenced. The cost of the project to the taxpayers and creditors was originally estimated to be roughly £29 million (equivalent to £35.7 million in 2023),[114] but it more than doubled, to £69 million (equivalent to £77.6 million in 2023).[114][115]
In February 2020, the renovations revealed that the Elizabeth Tower had sustained greater damage than previously thought from the May 1941bombing raid that destroyed the adjacentHouse of Commons. Other costly discoveries includedasbestos in the belfry, the "extensive" use of lead paint, broken glass on the clock dials, and serious deterioration to the tower's intricate stone carvings due toair pollution. The cost of addressing these problems was estimated at £18.6 million (equivalent to £20.9 million in 2023),[114] bringing the total budget for restoring the Elizabeth Tower to nearly £80 million (equivalent to £90 million in 2023).[114][116]
The 2,567 cast-iron roof tiles were removed and refurbished, and a lift was installed to make access easier, along with a basic toilet facility withrunning water, for the first time in the tower itself. TheAyrton Light at the top of the tower, which is lit when Parliament is sitting, was also fully dismantled and restored along with the other lights in the Belfry, being replaced with low-energyLEDs.[117] One of the most visible changes to the tower has been the restoration of the clock-face framework to its original colour ofPrussian blue, used when the tower was first built in 1859, with the black paint that was used to cover up the soot-stained dial frames having been stripped away. The clock faces were regilded, and the shields of St George repainted in their original red and white colours. The 1,296 pieces of glass that make up the clock faces have also been removed and replaced.[118][119]
In December 2021, after four years of renovations and restoration, the tower emerged from behind its scaffolding in time for the ringing in of the new year.[120] In April 2022, the gantry supporting the scaffolding was removed.[121]
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^"Denison, Dent and delays".Building the Great Clock. London: UK Parliament. 13 November 2009. Archived fromthe original on 4 December 2009. Retrieved23 November 2009.
^Betts, Jonathan D. (26 November 2008)."Big Ben".Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.Archived from the original on 2 November 2008. Retrieved27 October 2008.
^Lockhart, Ann (1997).Big Ben and the Westminster Clock Tower. Andover, Hampshire: Pitkin Guides.ISBN978-0-85372-839-9.
^"The New Houses of Parliament".The Standard. London. 16 November 1855. p. 2.
^Phillips, Alan (1959).The Story of Big Ben. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 13.
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