 Map showing the main island of Eleuthera and its associated smaller islands (Russel, Royal, Harbour, and Windermere Islands and associated Cays), other geographical features, and concentrations of population | |
 Interactive map of Eleuthera | |
| Geography | |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 25°06′N76°08′W / 25.100°N 76.133°W /25.100; -76.133 |
| Archipelago | Bahamas |
| Adjacent to | North Atlantic Ocean |
| Major islands | Eleuthera and Harbour Island |
| Area | 457.4 km2 (176.6 sq mi) |
| Length | 180 km (112 mi) |
| Width | 1.6 km (0.99 mi) |
| Highest elevation | 61 m (200 ft) |
| Administration | |
| Districts | North Eleuthera,Central Eleuthera,South Eleuthera |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 12,716[1] (2022) |
| Ethnic groups | 85% African (esp. West African), 12% European, 3% other[not verified in body] |
| Additional information | |
| Time zone | |
| • Summer (DST) | |
| ISO code |
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Eleuthera (/ɪˈljuːθərə/) refers both to a single island in thearchipelagic state of theCommonwealth of the Bahamas and to its associated group of smaller islands.[2] Eleuthera forms a part of theGreat Bahama Bank.[2] The island of Eleuthera incorporates the smaller Harbour Island. "Eleuthera" derives from the feminine form of theGreek adjectiveἐλεύθερος (eleútheros), meaning "free".[3] Known in the 17th century asCigateo, it lies 80 km (50 miles) east ofNassau. It is long and thin—180 km (110 miles) long and in places little more than 1.6 km (1.0 mile) wide. At its narrowest point, the Glass Window Bridge, which has been called the narrowest place on earth,[4] Eleuthera stands 30 feet wide.[5] Its eastern side faces the Atlantic Ocean and its western side faces theGreat Bahama Bank. The topography of the island varies from wide rolling pink sand beaches to large outcrops of ancient coral reefs and the highest elevation point is 200 feet (61 m). The population is approximately 11,000 and the principal economy of the island is tourism.
The name Eleuthera refers both to the single Bahamian island and its associated chain of small islands, which includeHarbour Island,Windermere Island,Man Island, andCurrent Island.[6] Eleuthera forms part of theGreat Bahama Bank on its western edge and its eastern coastline faces theAtlantic Ocean.[2][7] The main island lies 80 km (50 miles) east ofNassau.[2] It is a long and thin island; 180 km (110 miles) long and little more than 1.6 km (1.0 mile) wide at its narrowest.[3] The island has an estimated area of 457.4 square-kilometers,[8] and presents 336 km (210 miles) of coastline.
The topography of the island varies, including wide rollingpink sand beaches, large outcrops of ancient coral reefs, caves, and other geological features.[2] The island features, among other flora and fauna, 13 catalogued species of native amphibian and reptile species, three of which were listed as endangered in 2000.[8] The main island is home to a 25-acrenature preserve; the Leon Levy Native Plant Reserve, which includes an environmental education centre.[9] The waters around Eleuthera contain an abundance ofsharks andrays, which is attributed by the local Cape Eleuthera Institute to the banning of long-line fishing in local waters.[10]
The possible first settlers of the island were the original population ofTaino, orArawaks.[11] An intact woodenduho or ritual seat that was made by theTaino people was found on the island of Eleuthera in the nineteenth century and is now in the collections of theBritish Museum.[12] The island in its early history was known asCigateo (orCiguateo), meaning "distant rocky land", but this name changed following subsequent European settlement.[13][11]
The island is believed to have been largely unoccupied at the time of the arrival of the first significant number of British settlers, withPuritan colonists (who had come together the previous year inLondon) arriving in 1648 fromBermuda.[11] These settlers, known as the "Eleutherian Adventurers", under CaptainWilliam Sayle gave the island its current name which derives from the feminine form of theGreek adjectiveἐλεύθερος,eleutheros, meaning "free".[14][15] The difficulties of settlement ultimately left only a few of the settlers on the island, thwarting their aim of creating the first European "democracy" in the Western Hemisphere (almost 130 years prior to the American Revolution).[16]
The island was stated to have been agriculturally prosperous in the period from 1950 to 1980.[2] This included a large crop of pineapples for export. When the Bahamas became independent from Britain in 1973, new ownership laws changed the nature of the island economy. Since then the island has become a popular tourist destination.[2]
In 1992 the island was severely damaged by the category 5Hurricane Andrew; massive wind speeds hit the island and an 18-foot tidal surge inundated the coastal area.[17] Relief efforts helped mitigate some of the damage, including several relief tasks that were carried out byHMSCardiff as the vessel was operating in the area.[18]
In early March 2019,Disney Cruise Line purchased theLighthouse Point property on the island of Eleuthera and agreed to a development plan for the area with the Bahamian government. Disney spent between $250 million and $400 million on developing the 700-acre property and donated 190 acres – including the southernmost tip – to the government for a national park.[19] Lighthouse Point opened exclusively to Disney Cruise Line guests on June 6, 2024.[20][21]
According to the Government of the Bahamas, the population of Eleuthera was 7,999 in 2000 and 8,202 in 2010, spread across 2,718 households. The population density in 2010 was 57.6 persons per square mile. As of 2017, the island’s population was estimated at approximately 11,000.[22] According to the Bahamas Department of Statistics, the 2022 census recorded a population of approximately 9,104 on Eleuthera Island, with additional populations on Harbour Island and Spanish Wells.[23]
The 2022 census also provided a breakdown of Eleuthera’s population by administrative district:[23]
Settlements on the island include (north to south) the Bluff, Upper and Lower Bogue, Current, Gregory Town, Alice Town, James Cistern, Governor's Harbour, North and South Palmetto Point,Savannah Sound, Winding Bay,Tarpum Bay,Rock Sound, Greencastle, Deep Creek, Delancy Town, Waterford,Wemyss Bight, John Millars, Millar's and Bannerman Town.[24]
The largest of the settlements areGovernor's Harbour (the administrative capital), Rock Sound,Tarpum Bay,Harbour Island with its unusual pink sandy beaches andSpanish Wells.[25] The largest settlements in terms of population in Eleuthera areDunmore Town, Spanish Wells and Rock Sound.[25]
There is an annual Pineapple Festival inGregory Town. Eleuthera is a destination for those interested in Bahamian history and nature, and neighbouringHarbour Island andSpanish Wells offer further tourism experiences. Natural attractions include the Glass Window Bridge, Hatchet Bay caves, and Surfer's Beach in the north, and Ocean Hole and Lighthouse Beach at the south end. Preacher's Cave on the north end was home to the Eleutherian Adventurers in the mid-17th century, and recent excavations have uncoveredArawak remains at the site.[26] As of 2000, per capitaGDP for the island was: $5756 Bahamian,[verification needed] with a chief human economic activity being tourism, and 6% of the population being involved in fishing, agriculture, or mining.[8]
There are 12 primary schools (grades 1–6) on Eleuthera; Deep Creek Primary, Emma E. Cooper Primary, Governor's Harbour Primary, Green Castle Primary, Gregory Town Primary, James Cistern Primary, Current Island Primary, North Eleuthera Primary, P.A. Gibson Primary, Rock Sound Primary, Tarpum Bay Primary, and Wemyss Bight Primary schools.[27]
There are three public high schools (grades 7–12) on Eleuthera: North Eleuthera High in Lower Bogue, Central Eleuthera High in North Palmetto Point, and Preston Albury High in Rock Sound.
The Island School is a private secondary school in Eleuthera.[28] The Deep Creek Middle School is an independent school on Eleuthera for grades seven to nine.[29] The Cape Eleuthera Institute is a research and summer education institute on the main island.[30] The Haynes Public library is located in Governors Harbour in a historical building constructed in 1897; it is the oldest Government Complex on the island.[31]
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The island is reached by sea and by air links from the rest ofThe Bahamas. Three airports serve the island.North Eleuthera Airport, with a 1,835-metre (6,020 ft) runway on the north part of the island and located inland.[32]Governor's Harbour Airport is located in the middle of the main island and has services toNassau.[33]Rock Sound Airport is an airport in theSouth Eleuthera district of theBahamas.[34] Its name comes from theformer district of Rock Sound.
The main island has one principal road, theQueens Highway, which runs the length of the island.[35] The road runs for a total length of 177 kilometres (110 mi).[36] In 2009, US$13 million was given by the Bahamas government for roadworks of 97 kilometres (60 mi).[35]
Ports and marinas open for traffic on Eleuthera include Governor's Harbour, Current Island, Harbour Island & North Eleuthera, Rock Sound, and Spanish Wells.[37] In 2011 several improvements were carried out to the docks at Current Island to improve access for vehicular traffic, including replacement of the wooden jetty.[38]
In 2021, the Minister of WorksDesmond Bannister announced plans for a $30 million upgrade for the Glass Window Bridge. The new bridge will be constructed 18 m (60 feet) west of the existing bridge.[39]
25°16′11″N76°18′53″W / 25.26972°N 76.31472°W /25.26972; -76.31472
The United States Naval Facility (NAVFAC) Eleuthera, Bahamas was a shore terminus and processing facility for theSound Surveillance System (SOSUS) operated by the U.S. Navy to detect submarines. In 1951 a six-element test array had been placed offshore to demonstrate the system's capability to detect submarines. After successful tests with a U.S. submarine, a functional forty-element array was installed in 1952 as one of a total of nine Atlantic systems ordered.[40] Though it was the first array to be installed, it was last to get the operational shore terminal under Navy command when NAVFAC Eleuthera was commissioned on 1 September 1957. The facility had a complement of 150 officers and enlisted men, a resident Western Electric engineer, some nineteen Pan-American Airway and RCA contractors, and 45 Bahamian employees who supported the facility. NAVFAC Eleuthera was decommissioned on 31 March 1980 after 23 years of service.[41][42] It was located near Governor's Harbour Airport.[41] The first U.S. Navy women to be assigned to a SOSUS facility were the eleven assigned to NAVFAC Eleuthera in 1972. Seventeen years earlier the Canadian contingent of the joint U.S./Canadian Forces SOSUS facility,Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Shelburne, included five women of theWomen's Royal Canadian Naval Service.[40][43]
Adjacent to the NAVFAC was the original site of the first experimental array and electronics, operated by two Western Electric engineers and a few military personnel, which continued in service as an avenue for experiments.[41]
The U.S. Air Force Eastern Test Range (ETR) Range Tracking Station No. 4 was sited at Eleuthera AAFB (ELU AUXILIARY AIR FORCE BASE), supported by contractor employees of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) and Pan American Airways (PAA) in the 1960s and 1970s. This was used by theMISTRAM system.[41]
The island inspired a song named "Eleutheria" (freedom) byLenny Kravitz in 1993.[44] Kravitz is a resident of the island and has stated many of his songs were written while on the island.[3]
Page number and ISBN are for the revised reprint edition from the Genealogical Publishing Company, 2009.
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