 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Elements of the Philosophy of Right" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
 Title page of the 1821 original work | |
| Original title | Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts |
|---|---|
| Language | German |
Publication date | 1820 |
| Text | Elements of the Philosophy of Right at Internet Archive |
| Part of a series on |
| Hegelianism |
|---|
 |
Elements of the Philosophy of Right (orOutlines of the Philosophy of Right;German:Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts) is a work byGeorg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel published in 1820,[1] though the book's original title page dates it to 1821. Hegel's most mature statement of hislegal,moral,social andpoliticalphilosophy, it is an expansion upon concepts only briefly dealt with in theEncyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences, published in 1817 (and again in 1827 and 1830).
ThePhilosophy of Right begins with a discussion of the concept of thefree will and argues that the free will can realize itself only in the complicated social context ofproperty rights and relations,contracts, moral commitments,family life, theeconomy, the legal system, and thegovernment. A person is not truly free, in other words, unless he is a participant in all of these different aspects of the life of the state.
The bulk of the book is devoted to discussing Hegel's three spheres or versions of 'right,' each one larger than the preceding ones and encompassing them. The first sphere isabstract right (Recht), in which Hegel discusses the idea of 'non-interference' as a way of respecting others. He deems this insufficient and moves onto the second sphere,morality (Moralität). Under this, Hegel proposes that humans reflect their own subjectivity of others in order to respect them. The third sphere,ethical life (Sittlichkeit), is Hegel's integration of individual subjective feelings and universal notions of right. Under ethical life, Hegel then launches into a lengthy discussion about family, civil society, and the state.
Hegel also argues that the state itself is subsumed under the higher totality of world history, in which individual states arise, conflict with one another, and eventually fall. The course of history is apparently toward the ever-increasing actualization offreedom; each successive historical epoch corrects certain failures of the earlier ones. At the end of hisLectures on the Philosophy of History, Hegel leaves open the possibility that history has yet to accomplish certain tasks related to the inner organization of the state.
There were a number of issues that arose during the translation of the text. Most notably the phrase that is contained in the addition to §258, which was initially translated as "Thestate is the march of God through the world" as well as being translated thus: "The existence of the state is the presence of God upon the earth". From these early translations came the criticism that Hegel justifiesauthoritarian or eventotalitarian forms of government:Giovanni Gentile, whose thought had a strong influence onMussolini, bases his Hegelian revival on this point. However,Walter Kaufmann argues that the correct translation reads as follows: "It is the way of God in the world, that there should be a state".[2] This suggests that the state, rather than being godly, is part of the divine strategy, not a mere product of human endeavor. Kaufmann claims that Hegel's original meaning of the sentence is not acarte blanche for state dominance and brutality but merely a reference to the state's importance as part of the process of history.
The preface to thePhilosophy of Right contains considerable criticism of the philosophy ofJakob Friedrich Fries, who had been a critic of Hegel's prior work. Included in this is a suggestion that it is justifiable for the state to censor the writings of philosophers like Fries and welcoming Fries' loss of his academic position following Fries' participation in theWartburg Festival. The inclusion of this passage has led to scholarly debate as to the reason for Hegel's advocacy of the kind of censorship thePrussian state had introduced following the murder ofAugust von Kotzebue in the form of theCarlsbad Decrees. Hegel scholars have suggested that the inclusion of these passages was done to satisfy the censors.[3]T.M. Knox argued that, while clearly designed to curry favour with the censors and written well after completion of the work proper, the Preface's condemnation of Fries was "nothing new", that there was no betrayal of his support for theWartburg Festival principles, rather a mere denunciation of method, while condemnation ofKarl Ludwig von Haller (whose work had been burned at Wartburg) remained undisturbed in the body of the work.[4]Stephen Houlgate wrote in The Hegel Reader, which he edited, that the work is now "recognized as one of the greatest works of social and political philosophy ever written."[5]
Works related toElements of the Philosophy of Right at Wikisource
Quotations related toElements of the Philosophy of Right at Wikiquote
