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Electricity generation in Pakistan
Coal Hydroelectric Natural gas Nuclear Solar Wind
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Electricity inPakistan isgenerated,transmitted and distributed by two vertically integratedpublic sector companies, first one beingWater and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) responsible for the production ofhydroelectricity and its supply to the consumers byelectricity distribution companies (DISCOS) under thePakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO) being the other integrated company. Currently, there are 12distribution companies and aNational Transmission And Dispatch Company (NTDC) which are all in the public sector exceptKarachi Electric in the city ofKarachi and its surrounding areas. There were around 36 independent power producers (IPPs) that contribute significantly to the electricity generation in Pakistan. As of 2025, the Government of Pakistan is focusing to re-structure the agreement with IPPs and facilitate the end users.^[1][2]

As of 2022, 95% of Pakistan's population had access to electricity.^[3] Pakistan aims to generate 60% of its electricity from renewable sources, and has set targets for reduction ingreenhouse gas emissions.^[4] It is already facing a 'solar boom', adding an estimated 17 GW worth of clean solar energy to the grid in 2024 alone, partly due to availability of cheap Chinese solar panels and tax exemptions from the government.^[5][6]

Following 2022 dearth of imported LNG in Pakistan, the country indicated it would quadruple its coal power plants, which usedomestic coal.^[7] Electricity generation capacity from coal has seen significant growth in recent years, owing to its utilization of cheap domestic coal to meet the country's rising electricity demands.^[8] The frequent increases in electricity, natural gas, petrol, and diesel prices are substantial contributors, driving inflation and consequently decreasing industrial production.^[9]

Pakistan's electricity sector is a developing market. For years, the matter of balancing the country's supply against the demand for electricity had remained a largely unresolved matter. The country faced significant challenges in revamping its network responsible for the supply of electricity. Electricity generators were seeking a parity in returns for both domestic and foreign investors indicating it to be one of the key issues in overseeing a surge in electricity generation when the country was facing growing shortages. Other problems included lack of efficiency, rising demands for energy, and political instability.^[10] Provincial and federal agencies, who are the largest consumers, often do not pay their bills.^[11] At one point electricity generation had shrunk by up to 50% due to an over-reliance on fossil fuels.^[12] The country was hit by its worst power crisis in 2007 when production fell by 6000 MW and massive blackouts followed suit.^[13]Load shedding and power blackouts had become severe in Pakistan before 2016.^[14] Economic Survey of 2020-21 indicated that Pakistan's installed capacity to generate electricity had surged up to 37,261 MW by July 2020, which stood at 22,812 MW in June 2013, showing the growth of 64% over 7 years.^[15]

According to the Pakistan Economic Survey 2024–25, the installed electricity generation capacity reached 46,605 MW in March 2025, reflecting an increase of 1.6% from previous year.^[16] The electricity transmission network, currently, has the capacity to handle more than 53,000 MVA.^[17] In FY 2024, Pakistan generated 127,523 GWh of electricity, of which 54.26% was generated from hydel, nuclear or renewable energy sources. More than 50% of the electricity was generated fromhydropower, renewable or nuclear power plants. Although fossil fuels represent 55.6% of installed capacity, they are underutilized and actually only responsible for 46.3% of electricity generated.^[16]

Pakistan’s power sector continues to face significant challenges, with underutilization of generation capacity remaining a core issue despite recent renegotiations of independent power producers’ (IPPs) power purchase agreements. In recent years, Pakistan has added more than 2,813 MW of capacity to the grid owing to domestic solarnet metering.

The country’s overall power consumption declined by 3.6% in FY 2024-25, attributed to increased power tariffs, off-grid solar solutions and decreased industrial activity. with total consumption standing at 86% of power generated.^[19] During FY2024, total electricity consumption stood at 111,110 GWh,^[16] of which sector-wise share is as follows:

Recent reforms include the unbundling and corporatization of the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) into 10 regional distribution companies, 4 government-owned thermal power generation companies and a transmission company, theNational Transmission and Despatch Company. The hydropower plants were retained by WAPDA as WAPDA Hydroelectric. All are fully owned by the government. K-Electric Limited (formally known as Karachi Electric Supply Company), which is responsible for power generation and distribution in the Karachi area, is listed on the stock exchanges and is privately owned. Privately owned independent power producers generated 53% of the country's power in FY2016.^[20]

In 2019, Alternative and Renewable Energy policy was introduced to promote renewable energy in the country and reduce carbon footprint and greenhouse gas emissions. The policy aimed to increase share of green energy to 20% by 2025 and 30% by 2030. As of FY2024, only 6.25% of installed capacity of electricity in Pakistan was from renewables.

Cracks in Pakistan's power system—marked by rising electricity prices, frequent outages, and structural inefficiencies—had led many consumers to adopt solar energy. The shift was driven in part by 1990s-era reforms that locked the government into long-term contracts with independent power producers, requiring payments regardless of consumption. As electricity became increasingly unaffordable and unreliable, households and businesses turned to solar to cut costs. The resulting drop in grid demand strained the power sector’s financial model, as fixed payments were spread across a shrinking base of consumers. However, the government's 2025 decision to impose a 10% tax on imported solar panels risked slowing adoption among lower- and middle-income households, who were already burdened by rising electricity costs. Critics warned the move could worsen energy inequality, as wealthier users remained shielded by earlier solar investments while poorer consumers faced growing financial pressure.^[21][22]

To meet loan conditions set by theInternational Monetary Fund (IMF), the Pakistani government undertook major energy subsidy reforms. These reforms were a key requirement for securing over $10 billion in IMF financial assistance during the preceding decade. As subsidies were rolled back, electricity prices more than doubled between 2022 and 2025, placing a significant burden on households and businesses. For example, in 2024, the Punjab government decided to withdraw the Rs14 per unit electricity subsidy for consumers inIslamabad Capital Territory (ICT). The federal government had raised electricity prices by up to 51% as part of the IMF’s loan program. The affordability crisis was further intensified by the depreciation of the Pakistani rupee and global energy price volatility. At the same time, Pakistan's aging electricity grid—plagued by outdated infrastructure and unreliable distribution systems—struggled to cope with growing demand. Frequent power outages and occasional nationwide blackouts became more common. These systemic failures were further exposed during increasingly severe heat waves.^[21][23]

During2010 Pakistan floods and2005 Kashmir earthquake power stations, power distribution and transmission and other energy infrastructures were damaged. During the floods and rainfalls the recently constructed Jinnah hydroelectric power plant was flooded in addition to severe damages to transmission and distribution network and installations while several power plants and refineries were threatened by rising waters and had to be shut down. Natural gas field output had to be reduced as the flood waters approached the wells. There has also been some concern by Pakistani nuclear activists over the effect of natural disasters on nuclear plants specially over theChashma Nuclear Power Plant, since the plant lies over a geological fault.^[24] Due to over reliance of Pakistan on dams for electricity generation,^[12]some environmental impacts of dams such as submergence of usable/ecological land and their negative impact on Pakistan'smangrove forests due to loss of river silt load, as well as increased risk of severe floods have become evident.^[25][26][27]

• List of power stations in Pakistan
• List of electricity distribution companies of Pakistan
• Water & Power Development Authority
• Economy of Pakistan
• Pakistan Electric Power Company
• Alternative Energy Development Board
• National Electric Power Regulatory Authority
• Karachi Electric Supply Company
• Pakistan national energy policy
• Private Power and Infrastructure Board (PPIB)

• Robert M. Hathaway, editor, and Michael Kugelman, editor,Powering Pakistan, Oxford University Press, USA (15 January 2010), hardcover, 216 pagesISBN 978-0195476262

• Electric power in Pakistan

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