Some parts of theGovernment of Thailand are selected through democratic elections. These include theHouse of Representatives of Thailand, (which combines with the appointedSenate of Thailand to create theNational Assembly of Thailand),local Administrations,Governorship of Bangkok and nationalreferendums.Thailand has so far had 28 general elections since 1933; thelast election was in 2023. Voting in elections in Thailand iscompulsory. All elections in Thailand are regulated by theElection Commission of Thailand.
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Party-list | Constituency | Total seats | |||||
| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | |||
| Move Forward Party | 14,438,851 | 37.99 | 39 | 9,665,433 | 25.40 | 112 | 151 | |
| Pheu Thai Party | 10,962,522 | 28.84 | 29 | 9,340,082 | 24.54 | 112 | 141 | |
| United Thai Nation Party | 4,766,408 | 12.54 | 13 | 3,607,575 | 9.48 | 23 | 36 | |
| Bhumjaithai Party | 1,138,202 | 2.99 | 3 | 5,133,441 | 13.49 | 68 | 71 | |
| Democrat Party (Thailand) | 925,349 | 2.43 | 3 | 2,278,857 | 5.99 | 22 | 25 | |
| Prachachart Party | 602,645 | 1.59 | 2 | 334,051 | 0.88 | 7 | 9 | |
| Palang Pracharath Party | 537,625 | 1.41 | 1 | 4,186,441 | 11.00 | 39 | 40 | |
| Thai Liberal Party | 351,376 | 0.92 | 1 | 277,007 | 0.73 | 0 | 1 | |
| Thai Sang Thai Party | 340,178 | 0.90 | 1 | 872,893 | 2.29 | 5 | 6 | |
| New Democracy Party (Thailand) | 273,428 | 0.72 | 1 | 13,583 | 0.04 | 0 | 1 | |
| New Party (Thailand) | 249,731 | 0.66 | 1 | 1,365 | 0.00 | 0 | 1 | |
| Chart Pattana Kla Party | 212,676 | 0.56 | 1 | 297,946 | 0.78 | 1 | 2 | |
| Party of Thai Counties | 201,411 | 0.53 | 1 | 1,202 | 0.00 | 0 | 1 | |
| Chart Thai Pattana Party | 192,497 | 0.51 | 1 | 585,205 | 1.54 | 9 | 10 | |
| Fair Party (Thailand) | 184,817 | 0.49 | 1 | 9,653 | 0.03 | 0 | 1 | |
| New Social Power Party | 177,379 | 0.47 | 1 | 20,353 | 0.05 | 0 | 1 | |
| Thai Teachers for People Party | 175,182 | 0.46 | 1 | 4,464 | 0.01 | 0 | 1 | |
| Power Party | 156,493 | 0.41 | 0 | 2,807 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |
| Pheu Chart Thai Party | 134,833 | 0.35 | 0 | 19,869 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | |
| Nation Building Labour Party | 130,147 | 0.34 | 0 | 1,200 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Thai Pakdee Party | 103,472 | 0.27 | 0 | 97,513 | 0.26 | 0 | 0 | |
| Thai Prompt Party | 82,965 | 0.22 | 0 | 1,930 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |
| Thailand's Future Party | 81,718 | 0.22 | 0 | 2,342 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |
| New Alternative Party (Thailand) | 79,190 | 0.21 | 0 | 11,691 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | |
| Thai Ruam Thai Party | 72,988 | 0.19 | 0 | 996 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Ruam Jai Thai Party | 72,719 | 0.19 | 0 | 431 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Pheu Thai Ruam Palang | 67,692 | 0.18 | 0 | 94,345 | 0.25 | 2 | 2 | |
| For the Nation Party | 59,571 | 0.16 | 0 | 43,946 | 0.12 | 0 | 0 | |
| Thai Network Party | 58,010 | 0.15 | 0 | 107 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Thai Citizen Party | 57,098 | 0.15 | 0 | 4,165 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |
| Change Party (Thailand) | 53,706 | 0.14 | 0 | 5,089 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |
| Thai Chana Party | 45,321 | 0.12 | 0 | 2,443 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |
| Power Thai Party | 44,131 | 0.12 | 0 | 333 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Thai Progress Party | 35,094 | 0.09 | 0 | 1,556 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Action Coalition Party | 33,844 | 0.09 | 0 | 1,553 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| New Palangdharma Party | 33,770 | 0.09 | 0 | 1,593 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| New Dimension Party | 33,558 | 0.09 | 0 | 2,071 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |
| Thai Population Party | 32,428 | 0.09 | 0 | 3,304 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |
| Thai Civilized Party | 23,721 | 0.06 | 0 | 33,764 | 0.09 | 0 | 0 | |
| Future Change Party | 23,381 | 0.06 | 0 | 1,355 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Green Party (Thailand) | 22,047 | 0.06 | 0 | 1,597 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Thai Morality Party | 21,022 | 0.06 | 0 | 765 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| People Progressive Party | 17,686 | 0.05 | 0 | 1,307 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Siamese Power Party | 17,076 | 0.04 | 0 | 455 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Thai One Party | 13,605 | 0.04 | 0 | 2,528 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |
| Thai Forest Conservation Party | 12,601 | 0.03 | 0 | 1,621 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Equality Party (Thailand) | 11,816 | 0.03 | 0 | 1,577 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Thailand Together Party | 11,010 | 0.03 | 0 | 89,389 | 0.23 | 0 | 0 | |
| New Aspiration Party | 10,891 | 0.03 | 0 | 1,195 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Land of Dharma Party | 10,875 | 0.03 | 0 | 707 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| The New Way Party | 10,690 | 0.03 | 0 | 17,436 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | |
| Thai Smart Party | 10,463 | 0.03 | 0 | 12,295 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | |
| Zen-Dai Party | 10,410 | 0.03 | 0 | 8,440 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | |
| Cooperative Power Party | 10,158 | 0.03 | 0 | 216 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| For the Thai Future Party | 10,001 | 0.03 | 0 | 897 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Palang Thai Rak Chart Party | 9,174 | 0.02 | 0 | 132 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Democratic Force Party | 8,818 | 0.02 | 0 | 296 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Klong Thai Party | 7,959 | 0.02 | 0 | 50,948 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | |
| Save the Nation Party | 7,759 | 0.02 | 0 | 4,638 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |
| Commoners' Party (Thailand) | 6,509 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Rat Withi Party | 6,172 | 0.02 | 0 | 4,317 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | |
| Thai Social Democratic Party | 5,860 | 0.02 | 0 | 934 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Social Power Party | 5,561 | 0.01 | 0 | 356 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Thinkakhao Chaovilai Party | 5,534 | 0.01 | 0 | 876 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Thai People Power Party | 5,022 | 0.01 | 0 | 20,940 | 0.06 | 0 | 0 | |
| Chat Rung Rueang Party | 4,433 | 0.01 | 0 | 436 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Paradonraphab Party | 3,455 | 0.01 | 0 | 637 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Palang Burapha Party | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 889 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Ruktam Party | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 232 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| Harmony People's Party | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 65 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |
| None of the above | 482,303 | 1.27 | 0 | 866,885 | 2.28 | 0 | 0 | |
| Total | 38,005,037 | 100.00 | 100 | 38,056,960 | 100.00 | 400 | 500 | |
Elections are held under universal suffrage in accordance with the2007 Constitution; however, certain restrictions apply:
Regarding universal suffrage, Thailand (and Siam) has given women right to vote in national election since 1932, and in village election since 1897, which could make Thailand the second country in the world to do so.[1]
TheHouse of Representatives consists of 500 members, of which 350 are directly elected through thefirst past the post system in which each member represents one "constituency". The other 150 is elected throughparty lists given to theelection commission by thepolitical parties before election day.[2] In the current system as laid out by the 2017 constitution, known as "mixed member apportionment (MMA)", the voter casts a single vote for a constituencyMP, which is then also used in the calculation of the party list seats. This differs from the previous 2007 constitution, where the vote for constituency MP and party list MP were separate.[3]
Special elections can be called if the candidate fail to pass the commission's standards (known as yellow-cards) or if a vacancy occurs. The commission also have the authority to annul or ban candidates based on their standards (red-cards). The last election for the House occurred in 2019, with a special election being held in Chiang Mai after the winning candidate was disqualified.[4] The House has a term of four years[5] but may be dissolved before that time.[6]
The current 250 senators of theSenate of Thailand were not elected, but were appointed by theNational Council for Peace and Order, the military junta which ruled Thailand from 2014 to the 2019 general election.[7] The 2017 constitution does not include elections for the Senate.
In the previous 2007 constitution, the Senate was composed of 150 members. Of these, 76 were directly elected, while 74 members were appointed. Of the elected members, 75 came from theProvinces of Thailand, and one from theBangkok Metropolitan Area. The election was based on thefirst past the post system. Thelast election for the Senate occurred in 2014.
The Senate is a non-partisan chamber and therefore candidates cannot be a member of a political party. Terms are fixed at six years.
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There are three different levels of municipalities (Thai:เทศบาล), which all elect their own municipal council and mayor. The municipalities are split into constituencies, which each elect six councillors. The number of constituencies depends on the municipal level.
TheTambon Administrative Organizations, a local government similar to the municipalities, also has an elected council and mayor. Every administrative village within the TAO sends two councillors to the council, only if there are less than three villages the number of councillors per villages is increased to reach the minimum size of six councillors.Pattaya as a special administrative area has a council with 24 seats and an elected mayor, same as a city.
Additionally, every province has a province-wide local government named theProvincial Administrative Organization with an elected council and chairman. The size of the council depends on the population of the province.
For all the local governments, the electoral term is four years. If a councillor positions becomes vacant, a by-election is held in the corresponding constituency, if a mayor position becomes vacant, a new election for a four-year term is held. Thus elections for mayor and council are not necessarily on the same date.
Bangkok is divided into 50 local district councils, one for every district. The size of these councils differ between 7 and 8. Additionally, there are 61 seats in theBangkok Metropolitan Council (BMC). The election follow a four-year cycle. The most recent local election was in 2022.
TheGovernor of Bangkok is the only elected Governor in the country. The Governor holds a four-year renewable term. The election does not coincide with that of the district councils or the BMC. The most recent election for Governor of Bangkok was in 2022.
There has only been two constitutionalreferendums, in 2007 and 2016.
There have been many issues especially in recent years concerning elections in Thailand. Accusations ofvote buying and blackmail have been most cited. Most accusations leveled concern vote buying, particularly in rural areas where representatives of political parties or district captains are sent out offering up to 2,000 Baht for a vote. Others concern cheating and ballot tampering.
Other issues concern the powers of theElection Commission, an unelected and unaccountable body of five, which has absolute authority to cancel elections at will. It is also the sole arbiter and interpreter of Thai election laws. It has been incredibly active in the last two general elections in annulling and disqualifying candidates.
Voter turnout during elections is not much of a problem in Thailand as voting is compulsory and is one of the responsibilities described in theConstitution a citizen must exercise. Turnout is however much higher during general elections (85% in 2007, 75% in 2019[8]) than they are for Senate (56% in 2008, 43% in 2014[9]) or local elections (54% for Bangkok Governor in 2008).
| Election | Date | Turnout | Seats | Registered voters | Win party | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Seats Share | |||||||
| 1933 | 15 November 1933 | 41.45% | 78 of the 156 | 4,278,231 | ||||
| 1937 | 7 November 1937 | 40.22% | 91 of the 182 | 6,123,239 | ||||
| 1938 | 12 November 1938 | 35.03% | 6,310,172 | |||||
| 1946 | 6 January 1946 | 32.52% | 96 of the 192 | 6,431,827 | ||||
| 1948 | 29 January 1948 | 29.50% | 99 of the 186 | 7,176,891 | ||||
| 1952 | 26 February 1952 | 38.95% | 123 of the 246 | 7,602,591 | ||||
| 1957 (Feb) | 26 February 1957 | 57.50% | 160 of the 283 | 9,859,039 | Seri Manangkhasila | 86 | ||
| 1957 (Dec) | 15 December 1957 | 44.07% | 160 of the 281 | 9,917,417 | Sahaphum | 44 | ||
| 1969 | 10 February 1969 | 49.16% | 219 | 14,820,180 | United Thai People's | 75 | ||
| 1975 | 26 January 1975 | 47.18% | 269 | 20,242,791 | Democrat | 72 | 17.23% | |
| 1976 | 4 April 1976 | 43.99% | 279 | 20,623,430 | 114 | 25.31% | ||
| 1979 | 22 April 1979 | 43.90% | 301 | 21,284,790 | Social Action (Opposition) | 82 | 21.26% | |
| 1983 | 18 April 1983 | 50.76% | 324 | 24,224,470 | Social Action | 92 | 26.78% | |
| 1986 | 27 July 1986 | 61.43% | 347 | 26,160,100 | Democrat | 100 | 22.52 % | |
| 1988 | 24 July 1988 | 63.56% | 357 | 26,658,638 | Chart Thai | 87 | 19.29% | |
| 1992 (Mar) | 22 March 1992 | 59.24% | 360 | 32,436,283 | Justice Unity | 79 | 19.27% | |
| 1992 (Sep) | 13 September 1992 | 61.59% | 31,860,156 | Democrat | 79 | 21.02% | ||
| 1995 | 2 July 1995 | 62.04% | 391 | 37,817,983 | Chart Thai | 92 | 22.83% | |
| 1996 | 17 November 1996 | 62.42% | 393 | 38,564,593 | New Aspiration | 125 | 29.14% | |
| 2001 | 6 January 2001 | 69.43% | 500 | 42,875,036 | Thai Rak Thai | 248 | 39.91% | |
| 2005 | 6 February 2005 | 72.56% | 44,572,101 | 377 | 60.48% | |||
| 2006 | 2 April 2006 | 64.77% | 44,909,562 | Thai Rak Thai (nullified) | 461 (nullified) | 59.91% (nullified) | ||
| 2007 | 23 December 2007 | 85.38% | 480 | 45,658,170 | People's Power | 233 | 38.61% | |
| 2011 | 3 July 2011 | 75.03% | 500 | 46,939,549 | Pheu Thai | 265 | 47.03% | |
| 2014 | 2 February 2014 | 47.72 % | 43,024,042 | Invalidated | ||||
| 2019 | 24 March 2019 | 74.69% | 51,239,638 | Pheu Thai (Opposition) | 136 | 21.92% | ||
| 2023 | 14 May 2023 | 75.64% | 52,287,046 | Move Forward (Opposition) | 151 | 37.99% | ||
| General elections | |
|---|---|
| Senate elections | |
| Supplementary elections | |
| By-elections | |
| Local elections | |
| Referendums | |
See also:Election Commission of Thailand | |
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