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Brazil elects on the national level ahead of state — thepresident — and alegislature. The president is elected to a four-year term by absolute majority vote through atwo-round system. TheNational Congress (Congresso Nacional) has twochambers. TheChamber of Deputies (Câmara dos Deputados) has 513 members, elected to a four-year term byproportional representation. TheFederal Senate (Senado Federal) has 81 members, elected to an eight-year term, with elections every four years for alternatively one-third and two-thirds of the seats. Brazil has amulti-party system with a higheffective number of parties andpolitical fragmentation.[1] Often no one party has a chance of gaining a majority alone, and so they must work with each other to formcoalition governments.[2][3][4]
| Candidate | Running mate | Party | First round | Second round | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | ||||
| Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | Geraldo Alckmin (Brazilian Socialist Party | Workers' Party (Brazil) | 57,259,504 | 48.43 | 60,345,999 | 50.90 | |
| Jair Bolsonaro (incumbent) | Walter Braga Netto | Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006) | 51,072,345 | 43.20 | 58,206,354 | 49.10 | |
| Simone Tebet | Mara Gabrilli (Brazilian Social Democracy Party | Brazilian Democratic Movement | 4,915,423 | 4.16 | |||
| Ciro Gomes | Ana Paula Matos | Democratic Labour Party (Brazil) | 3,599,287 | 3.04 | |||
| Soraya Thronicke | Marcos Cintra | Brazil Union | 600,955 | 0.51 | |||
| Luiz Felipe d'Avila | Tiago Mitraud | New Party (Brazil) | 559,708 | 0.47 | |||
| Kelmon Souza | Luiz Cláudio Gamonal | Brazilian Labour Party (current) | 81,129 | 0.07 | |||
| Leonardo Péricles | Samara Martins | Popular Unity (Brazil) | 53,519 | 0.05 | |||
| Sofia Manzano | Antonio Alves | Brazilian Communist Party | 45,620 | 0.04 | |||
| Vera Lúcia Salgado | Kunã Yporã Tremembé | United Socialist Workers' Party | 25,625 | 0.02 | |||
| José Maria Eymael | João Barbosa Bravo | Christian Democracy (Brazil) | 16,604 | 0.01 | |||
| Total | 118,229,719 | 100.00 | 118,552,353 | 100.00 | |||
 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party or alliance | Votes | % | Seats | |||
| Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006) | 18,228,958 | 16.54 | 99 | |||
| Brazil of Hope | Workers' Party (Brazil) | 15,354,125 | 13.93 | 68 | ||
| Communist Party of Brazil | 6 | |||||
| Green Party (Brazil) | 6 | |||||
| Brazil Union | 10,262,035 | 9.31 | 59 | |||
| Progressistas | 8,704,341 | 7.90 | 47 | |||
| Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011) | 8,322,183 | 7.55 | 42 | |||
| Brazilian Democratic Movement | 7,992,988 | 7.25 | 42 | |||
| Republicans (Brazil) | 7,618,108 | 6.91 | 41 | |||
| Always Forward (Brazil) | Brazilian Social Democracy Party | 5,000,910 | 4.54 | 13 | ||
| Cidadania | 5 | |||||
| PSOL REDE Federation | Socialism and Liberty Party | 4,650,080 | 4.22 | 12 | ||
| Sustainability Network | 2 | |||||
| Brazilian Socialist Party | 4,202,376 | 3.81 | 14 | |||
| Democratic Labour Party (Brazil) | 3,843,174 | 3.49 | 17 | |||
| Podemos (Brazil) | 3,614,581 | 3.28 | 12 | |||
| Avante (political party) | 2,205,176 | 2.00 | 7 | |||
| Social Christian Party (Brazil) | 1,951,486 | 1.77 | 6 | |||
| Solidariedade | 1,728,083 | 1.57 | 4 | |||
| Patriota | 1,548,140 | 1.40 | 4 | |||
| Brazilian Labour Party (current) | 1,433,638 | 1.30 | 1 | |||
| New Party (Brazil) | 1,360,590 | 1.23 | 3 | |||
| Republican Party of the Social Order | 1,070,953 | 0.97 | 3 | |||
| Brazilian Labour Renewal Party | 294,315 | 0.27 | 0 | |||
| Party of National Mobilization | 256,830 | 0.23 | 0 | |||
| Act (Brazil) | 159,865 | 0.15 | 0 | |||
| Christian Democracy (Brazil) | 138,818 | 0.13 | 0 | |||
| Brazilian Woman's Party | 85,722 | 0.08 | 0 | |||
| Brazilian Communist Party | 85,642 | 0.08 | 0 | |||
| Popular Unity (Brazil) | 55,780 | 0.05 | 0 | |||
| United Socialist Workers' Party | 27,995 | 0.03 | 0 | |||
| Workers' Cause Party | 8,660 | 0.01 | 0 | |||
| Undetermined | 5,632 | 0.01 | 0 | |||
| Total | 110,211,184 | 100.00 | 513 | |||
 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party or alliance | Votes | % | Seats | |||
| Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006) | 25,278,764 | 24.86 | 13 | |||
| Brazilian Socialist Party | 13,615,846 | 13.39 | 1 | |||
| Brazil of Hope | Workers' Party (Brazil) | 12,456,553 | 12.25 | 9 | ||
| Green Party (Brazil) | 475,597 | 0.47 | 0 | |||
| Communist Party of Brazil | 299,013 | 0.29 | 0 | |||
| Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011) | 11,312,512 | 11.12 | 10 | |||
| Progressistas | 7,592,391 | 7.47 | 7 | |||
| Brazil Union | 5,465,486 | 5.37 | 12 | |||
| Social Christian Party (Brazil) | 4,285,485 | 4.21 | 1 | |||
| Republicans (Brazil) | 4,259,279 | 4.19 | 3 | |||
| Brazilian Democratic Movement | 3,882,458 | 3.82 | 10 | |||
| Brazilian Labour Party (current) | 3,621,532 | 3.56 | 0 | |||
| Podemos (Brazil) | 1,776,283 | 1.75 | 6 | |||
| Democratic Labour Party (Brazil) | 1,650,222 | 1.62 | 2 | |||
| Always Forward (Brazil) | Brazilian Social Democracy Party | 1,394,547 | 1.37 | 4 | ||
| Cidadania | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | |||
| Avante (political party) | 1,369,655 | 1.35 | 0 | |||
| Brazilian Labour Renewal Party | 758,938 | 0.75 | 0 | |||
| PSOL REDE Federation | Socialism and Liberty Party | 677,345 | 0.67 | 0 | ||
| Sustainability Network | 8,133 | 0.01 | 1 | |||
| New Party (Brazil) | 479,593 | 0.47 | 0 | |||
| Popular Unity (Brazil) | 291,294 | 0.29 | 0 | |||
| Republican Party of the Social Order | 214,525 | 0.21 | 1 | |||
| United Socialist Workers' Party | 135,599 | 0.13 | 0 | |||
| Christian Democracy (Brazil) | 101,722 | 0.10 | 0 | |||
| Patriota | 76,729 | 0.08 | 0 | |||
| Brazilian Communist Party | 64,569 | 0.06 | 0 | |||
| Brazilian Woman's Party | 61,350 | 0.06 | 0 | |||
| Party of National Mobilization | 27,812 | 0.03 | 0 | |||
| Workers' Cause Party | 26,614 | 0.03 | 0 | |||
| Act (Brazil) | 24,076 | 0.02 | 0 | |||
| Solidariedade | 19,408 | 0.02 | 0 | |||
| Total | 101,703,330 | 100.00 | 81 | |||
| Year | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Presidential year | Off-year | Local year | Off-year | Presidential year |
| President | Yes | No | Yes | ||
| Senate | 27 seats | No | 54 seats | ||
| Chamber | All 513 seats | No | All 531 seats | ||
| Governor | All 27 federative units | No | All 27 federative units | ||
| Legislative Assemblies | All 27 federative units | No | All 27 federative units | ||
| Mayor | No | All 5,568 municipalities | No | ||
| Municipal Chambers | No | All 5,568 municipalities | No | ||
| Position | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Presidential (January) National Congress (February) Gubernatorial (January) States and Federal District Parliaments (January) | None | Mayors (January) City Councils (January) | None | Presidential (January) National Congress (February) Gubernatorial (January) States and Federal District Parliaments (January) | None | Mayors (January) City Councils (January) | None | Presidential (January) National Congress (February) Gubernatorial (January) States and Federal District Parliaments (January) |
| President and vice president | 1 January | None | 1 January | None | 5 January | ||||
| National Congress | 1 February | None | 1 February | None | 1 February | ||||
| States, cities and municipalities | 1 January | None | 1 January | None | 1 January | None | 1 January | None | 1 January (state parliaments) 6 January (Governors) |
A presidential candidate in Brazil needs to gain fifty per cent plus one of votes to be named as winner. A second-round runoff is mandated if no candidate receives fifty per cent plus one of votes.[5]
Deputies are elected to the Chamber of Deputies using a form ofparty-list proportional representation known as theopen list. Seats are distributed in 27 multi-member constituencies based on the Federation Units (26 States and the Federal District), ranging from 8 to 70 seats. Seats are allocated through theD'Hondt method.[6]
Senators are elected to the Federal Senate with a plurality of the vote in afirst-past-the-post system, which is not proportional.[7] Three senators are elected for eachstate and for theFederal District.[8]
In lower levels of government, thestate legislative assemblies and city councils are elected using anopen listproportional representation system. Seats are allocated using a version of theD'Hondt method where only parties who receive at least V/n votes (where V is the total number of votes cast and n is the total number of seats to be filled) may win seats in the legislature.[9][10]
Voting in Brazil is compulsory for all literate citizens over 18 and under 70, and optional for citizens who are aged 16 and 17, older than 70 or illiterate. Brazil introduced compulsory voting into its Electoral Code in 1932 and lowered the voting age from 18 to 16 in the 1988 constitution.[11] The 1988 constitution also granted voluntary suffrage to the illiterate citizens of Brazil.[12]
Brazilian legislative elections (Chamber of Deputies), 1982–2018
Brazil has held three national referendums in its history. In the first, held on January 6, 1963, the people voted for the re-establishment of the presidential system of government (82% of valid ballots), which had been modified by a constitutional amendment in 1961. A second referendum, as ordered by the Federal Constitution of 1988, was held on April 21, 1993, when the voters voted for a republican form of government and reaffirmed the presidential system.
A third national referendum, on theprohibition of the commerce of personal firearms and ammunition, was held on October 23, 2005. The ban proposal was rejected by 64% of the electorate.
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| Referendums | |
