Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Jump to content
WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia
Search

Eldiguzids

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Turkic dynasty in Persia (1136–1225)
Eldiguzids
Atabegs of Azerbaijan
اتابکان آذربایجان
1136–1225
Territory of the Eldiguzids in 1180 CE.[1]
Territory of the Eldiguzids in 1180 CE.[1]
StatusAtabegate
CapitalNakhchivan
Hamadan
Tabriz
Common languagesPersian (official, court literature)[2][3]
Atabeg 
• 1136–1175
Eldiguz
• 1175–1186
Muhammad
• 1186–1191
Qizil Arslan
• 1191–1210
Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr
• 1210–1225
Muzaffar al-Din Uzbek
History 
• Established
1136
• Disestablished
1225
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Seljuk Empire
Khwarazmian Empire
Map of medieval Europe in 1190 showing the territory of Eldiguzids in the lower right corner
Double-page from the Qur'an dedicated to Abu’l-Qasim Harun ibn 'Ali ibn Zafar, the vizier ofÖzbeg (r 1210–1225), last ruler of Eldiguzids.Khalili Collection of Islamic Art

TheIldegizids,[4]Eldiguzids[5][6] orIldenizids, also known asAtabegs of Azerbaijan[7][8] (اتابکان آذربایجانAtabakan-e Āzarbayjan), were anAtabegate of theSeljuk Empire, and aSunni MuslimTurkic[6] dynasty[9] (started byEldiguz ofKipchak[6] origin), which controlled most of northwestern Persia,[5] easternTranscaucasia, including[5]Arran,[5][6][8] most ofIranian Azerbaijan,[5][6][8] andJibal.[5][6][8] At their maximum extent, the territory under their control, roughly corresponds to most of north-westernIran, most of the regions of modernAzerbaijan and smaller portions in modernArmenia (southern part), Turkey (northeastern part) andIraq (eastern part). Down to the death in war 1194 of Toghril b. Arslan, last of the Great Seljuq rulers of Iraq and Persia, the Ildenizids ruled as theoretical subordinates of the Sultans, acknowledging this dependence on their coins almost down to the end of the Seljuqs.[5] Thereafter, they were in effect an independent dynasty, until the westward expansion of the Mongols and theKhwarazm-Shahs weakened and then brought the line to its close.[5]

Atabeg (literally "father-lord" in Turkic) was the title conferred upon the Turkic officers who served as guardians of minorSeljuq rulers.[10] In the political circumstances of the time, Atabegs were not only tutors and vice-regents of their princes, but also de facto rulers.[10] At the height of Eldiguzid power, their territory stretched fromIsfahan in the south to the borders ofKingdom of Georgia andShirvan in the north. However, closer to the end of their reign amidst continuous conflicts with the Kingdom of Georgia, the Eldiguzid territory shrank to include only Azerbaijan and eastern Transcaucasia.[6]

The historical significance of the Atabeg of Azerbaijan lies in their firm control over north-western Persia during the later Seljuq period and also their role in Transcaucasia as champions of Islam against theBagratids of Georgia.[6]

Shams ad-Din Eldiguz

[edit]

In 1136, SultanGhiyath ad-Din Mas'ud (c. 1134–1152) appointedShams ad-Din Eldiguz (c. 1135/36–1175) to be an atabeg of Arslan-Shah,[8] the juvenile successor of the throne and transferred Azerbaijan to his possession asiqta. Eldegiz choseBarda as his residence, and attracted the local emirs to his camp.

He made himself virtually independent ruler of Azerbaijan by 1146. His marriage with the widow of SultanToghrul II (1132–1133; Masud's brother and predecessor) afforded him to intervene in the dynastic strife which erupted upon Mas'ud's death in 1152. He succeeded, in 1160, in deposingSuleiman-Shah and installing his stepsonArslan-Shah (c.1160–1175) as a Sultan. Conferred with the rank ofAtabeg, Eldiguz now became a chief protector of the Sultan's authority.[10]

The wordazam (meaning "great" inArabic) was added to his title and he was also known asAtabek-e Azam. All of the state's subsequent rulers used to hold this title. During his reign, Eldiguz could subdue a spacious territory between the Caucasus and Persian Gulf. The territory belonging to him stretched from the gate of Tbilisi up toMakran.[citation needed] He had possessedIranian Azerbaijan,Arran,Shirvan,Jibal,Hamadan,Gilan,[citation needed]Mazandaran,[citation needed]Isfahan andRey. The Atabegs ofMosul,Kerman andFars as well as the feudals of Shirvan,Khuzestan,Ahlat,Arzan-ar-Rum andMaragha became his liegemen.

Campaigns against Georgia

[edit]

Kingdom of Georgia, whose army was additionally strengthened by theKipchak mercenaries, became the strongest rival of theShams al-Din Eldiguz. In 1138, Georgian kingDemetrius I, attacked the earthquake-ridden city ofGanja.[11] While leaving the city, his troops carried off the well-knowngate of Ganja as their trophy, which up to this date remains on display at theGelati monastery.[12] From 1161 onwards Georgians began to make plundering raids and outright conquests onAni,Dvin, Ganja, Nakhchivan and other regions controlled by Atabegs.[13][14]

Eldiguz formed a coalition with other Seljuqids in the beginning of the 1160s to fight against the Georgians, and in 1163 the allies inflicted a defeat on kingGeorge III of Georgia.[citation needed] The Seljuqid rulers were jubilant, and they prepared for a new campaign. However, this time they were forestalled by George III, who marched intoArran at the beginning of 1166, occupied a region extending to faraway cities as Nakhchivan and Beylagan, devastated the land and returned with prisoners and booty. There seemed to be no end to the war between George III and atabeg Eldiguz. But the belligerents were exhausted to such an extent that Eldiguz proposed anarmistice. George had no alternative but to make concessions. Eldiguz restored Ani to its former rulers, theShaddadids, who became his vassals.[citation needed]

In 1173, Atabeg Eldiguz began another campaign against Georgia but he was defeated.[citation needed] Atabeg's troops retreated and Eldiguz died in 1174 in Nakhchivan.

Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan

[edit]
Momine Khatun Mausoleum was commissioned by Eldiguzid Atabeg Jahan Pahlawan in honor of his mother, Mu'mine Khatun

After the death of Shams al-Din Eldiguz, in 1175, the Seljuq Sultan Arslan Shah tried to escape from the yoke of the Grand Atabeg of Azerbaijan but failed, and was poisoned to death by Shams ad-Din's son, the new Grand AtabegMuhammad Jahan Pahlavan (c.1174–1186).[15] Pahlavan transferred his capital fromNakhchivan toHamadan in western Iran, and made his younger brother,Qizil Arslan Uthman, the ruler of Azerbaijan. In 1174, Qizil Arslan capturedTabriz, which subsequently became his capital.[16]

Jahan Pahlavan suppressed all rebellious emirs and appointed faithful mamluks to key positions. He apportioned each of them any region or town asIqta. The twelve years of his rule are considered the most peaceful period of the state's existence. Under his reign the central power was strengthened and no foreign enemy invaded the territory belonging to the Atabegs. Friendly relations withKhwarazm Shahs, the rulers of Central Asia, were founded. All those facts had positive influence on the development of science, handicraft, trade and arts.

Qizil Arslan

[edit]
KingQizil Arslan welcomes the poet Nizami.

After Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan's death his brotherQizil Arslan (c.1186–1191) ascended the throne. He continued his successful struggle against theSeljuq rulers. At the same time the central power began to get weaker as mamluks who had strengthened their power in their allotments did not want to obey the Sultan. EvenShirvanshahAkhsitan I who used to be Atabegs' liegeman attempted to intervene the interior affairs of the Eldiguzids and opposedQizil Arslans aspiration to the throne. In the response to this, Qizil Arslan invaded Shirvan in 1191, reached to Derbent and subordinated the whole Shirvan to his authority. In 1191Toghrul III, the last Seljuq ruler was overthrown by Qizil Arslan. Then, byKhalif's leave, he proclaimed himself a Sultan.

The same year Qizil Arslan, who had become the sole ruler of theGreat Seljuq Empire, was assassinated. The power was divided among his three sons:Abu Bakr,Qutluq Inandj andAmir Mihran. Abu Bakr governed Azerbaijan and Arran, and his brothers were the rulers of Khorasan and several neighboring regions. Soon, these three successors began to fight for the throne. Victorious in power struggle, Abu Bakr"Jahan-pahlavan" (c. 1195–1210) had his elder brother Qutluq Inandj assassinated and forced the younger brother, Amir Mihran, to take refuge at the court of the latter's brother-in-law, ShirvanshahAkhsitan I (c.1160-1196). The Shirvanshah together with Amir Mihran headed forTbilisi, the capital ofKingdom of Georgia, and appealed for help to QueenTamar of Georgia, an officialprotector ofShirvan. Received with great honors at the Georgian court, they were given desired support, and the Georgian army led by ConsortDavid Soslan marched to Shirvan.

Helmet related to the period of Eldiguzids.National Art Museum of Azerbaijan,Baku

The Eldiguzid atabegAbu Bakr attempted to stem the Georgian advance, but suffered a defeat at the hands of David Soslan at theBattle of Shamkor[17] and lost his capital to a Georgianprotégé in 1195. Although Abu Bakr was able to resume his reign a year later, the Eldiguzids were only barely able to contain further Georgian forays.[18][19] The State's defense capability was stricken. Khorezmshahs' and Georgians' non-stopping forays aggravated the situation in the country and speeded up its decay.

In 1209, the Georgian armylaid waste toArdabil – according to the Georgian and Armenian annals – as a revenge for the local Muslim ruler's attack on Ani and his massacre of the city's Christian population.[20] In a great final burst, the Georgian army led an army throughNakhchivan andJulfa, toMarand,Tabriz, andQazvin in northwestIran, pillaging several settlements on their way.[20]

Uzbek

[edit]

After the death of Qizil Arslan, the power was divided among Jahan Pahlavan's sons, however, soon they started to fight for the throne. Abu Bakr came to the fortress of Alinja. The fortress, along with all the treasures, was at the disposal of Jahan Pahlavan's other widow, Zahida Khatun. Abu Bakr captures the fortress and the treasury. Qizil Arslan's nephews began to rule independently, and one of the Mamluks of Jahan Pahlavan, Mahmud Anas Oglu, freed Toghrul III from his prison and regains the sultanate throne in May 1192. However, soon after, in 1194, after a long war with the Khwarazm Shahs, Sultan Togrul III was defeated and the existence of the Iraqi Seljuk Sultanate came to an end.[4][9]

After defeated by Abu Bakr, Amir Amiran Omar went to gain a support from Shirvanshah Akhsitan I and Georgian Tsarina Tamar. In 1194, the united Georgian-Shirvan and Amir Amiran Omar's troops defeated Abu Bakr in the battles of Shamkir and Beylagan. Later, the Georgians trying to capture Ganja, temporarily occupied it, but soon Abu Bakr's troops drove the Georgians out ofGanja.[9] This process was speeded up during the reign of Atabeg Uzbek (c.1210–1225), who was enthroned after Abu Bakr's death. During his reign, the country was attacked by Mongols and Georgians.[9] In that period, Armenian prince Hasan-Jalal Dawla (founder ofHouse of Hasan-Jalalyan cadet branch ofSiunia dynasty[21]) (c.1215–1262) began his separatist activities, a fact which shook the fundamentals of the weakened State[citation needed]. In 1225, Khwarazm Shah Jalal-ad-din dethroned the Ildegizid Uzbek Muzaffar al-Din and set himself up in the capital ofTabriz on the 25 of July in 1225.[9]

List of Eldiguzid atabegs

[edit]
  1. Eldigüz (ca. 1135 or 1136–1174 or 1175)
  2. Muhammad Jahan Pahlawan, son of Eldigüz (1174 or 1175–1186)
  3. Qizil Arslan, son of Eldigüz (1186–1191)
  4. Qutluq Inandj, stepson of Muhammad Jahan Pahlawan (1191)
  5. Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr, son of Muhammad Jahan Pahlawan (1191–1210)
  6. Muzaffar al-Din Uzbek, son of Muhammad Jahan Pahlawan (1210–1225)

Genealogy of House of Ildiguz

[edit]
House of Ildiguz

  Atabegs of Azerbaijan

Ildiguz
r. 1136–1175
Muhammad
r. 1175–1186		Qizil-Arslan I
r. 1186–1191
Qutluq-Inanch
r. 1191–1191		Abu Bakr
r. 1191–1210		Öz-Beg
r. 1210–1225
Qizil-Arslan II
r. 1225–1225

See also

[edit]
Part ofa series on the
History ofAzerbaijan
Sasanian Empire 224–651
      • Satrapy of Albaniac.252–636
Khazar Khaganatec.650–969
Rashidun Caliphate632–661
      • Islamic conquest633–654
      • Arranc.650–705
Umayyad Caliphate661–750
      • Arranc.650–705
      • Emirate of Arminiya 705–884
Abbasid Caliphate750–1258
      • Emirate of Arminiya705–884
Shirvanshahs861–1538
Sajids889–929
Shaddadids951–1199
Sallarid dynasty919–1062
Seljuk Empire 1037–1194
Khwarazmian Empire 1077–1231
Eldiguzids 1135–1225
Mongol Empire1206–1368
Ilkhanate 1256–1335
Chobanids 1335–1357
Timurid Empire 1370–1507
Qara Qoyunlu 1374–1468
Aq Qoyunlu 1378–1503
Safavid Iran 1501–1736
      • Safavid Shirvan 1501–1736
      • Safavid Karabakh 1501–1747
      • Chokhur-e Sa'd 1502–1736
Ottoman Empire 1299–1922
      • Shirvan Eyalet [az] 1578–1607
      • Ganja-Qarabagh Eyalet (I) [az] 1588–1606
      • Revan Eyalet (I) [az] 1583–1604
          • Nakhchivan Sanjak (I) [az] 1583–1604
      • Ganja-Qarabagh Eyalet (II) [az] 1725–1735
      • Revan Eyalet (II) [az] 1724–1736
          • Nakhchivan Sanjak (II) [az] 1724–1736
      • Tiflis Eyalet (II) [az] 1723–1735
          • Kazak Sanjak (II) [az] 1723–1735
Afsharid Iran 1736–1796
      • Division of Afsharid Empire 1747
Khanates of the Caucasus 1604–1844
      • Elisu Sultanate 1604–1844
      • Kazakh sultanate 1605–1801
      • Djaro-Belokanic.1600s–c.1800s
      • Shaki Khanate 1743–1819
      • Ganja Khanate 1747–1805
      • Talysh Khanate 1747–1828
      • Nakhichevan Khanate 1747–1828
      • Qutqashen Sultanate 1747–1841
      • Baku Khanate 1747–1806
      • Shamshadil sultanate 1747–1801
      • Quba Khanate 1747–1806
      • Karabakh Khanate 1748–1822
          • Treaty of Kurakchay 1805
      • Shirvan Khanate 1748–1820
Zand dynasty1751–1794
Qajar Iran1789–1925
      • Fourth Russo-Persian War 1804–1813
          • Treaty of Gulistan 1813
      • Fifth Russo-Persian War 1826–1828
          • Treaty of Turkmenchay 1828
Russian Empire 1721–1917
      • Second Russo-Persian War 1722–1723
      • Caucasus Viceroyalty 1801–1917
          • Baku Governorate 1846–1920
          • Erivan Governorate 1849–1917
          • Zakatal okrug 1859–1918
          • Elizavetpol Governorate 1867–1920
      • Special Transcaucasian Committee 1917
Transcaucasian Commissariat 1917–1918
      • March Days 1918
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic 1918
Baku Commune 1918
Centrocaspian Dictatorship 1918
Republic of Aras 1918–1919
Mughan Soviet Republic 1919
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 1918 - 1920
      • Armenian–Azerbaijani War 1918–1920
          • Battle of Baku 1918
      • Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 1920
Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic 1920–1922
      • Treaty of Kars 1921
Soviet Union 1922–1991
      • Transcaucasian SFSR 1922–1936
          • Azerbaijan SSR 1922–1936
      • Azerbaijan SSR 1936–1991
          • World War II 1941–1945
          • Black January 1990
      • Republic of Azerbaijan 1991
Republic of Azerbaijan 1991–present
      • Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 1988–present
         • I Nagorno-Karabakh War 1988–1994
              • Bishkek Protocol 1994
          • II Nagorno-Karabakh War 2020
              • Ceasefire Agreement 2020
          • Azerbaijani offensive 2023
              • Ceasefire Agreement 2023
          • Joint Declaration 2025
flagAzerbaijan portal
Part ofa series on the
History ofIran
Median Empire 678–550 BC
Scythian Kingdom 652–625 BC
Anshanite Kingdom 635 BC–550 BC
Neo-Babylonian Empire 626 BC–539 BC
Sogdiac. 6th century BC–11th century AD
Achaemenid Empire 550 BC–330 BC
Kingdom of Armenia 331 BC–428 AD
Atropatenec. 323 BC–226 AD
Kingdom of Cappadocia 320s BC–17 AD
Seleucid Empire 312 BC–63 BC
Kingdom of Pontus 281 BC–62 BC
Fratarakas 3rd-century BC–132 BC
Parthian Empire 247 BC–224 AD
Elymais 147 BC–224 AD
Characene 141 BC–222 AD
Kings of Persis 132 BC–224 AD
Indo-Parthian Kingdom 19 AD–224/5
Paratarajas 125–300
Sasanian Empire 224–651
Zarmihrids 6th century–785
Qarinvandids 550s–11th century
CE / AD
Rashidun Caliphate 632–661
Umayyad Caliphate 661–750
Abbasid Caliphate 750–1258
Dabuyids 642–760
Bavandids 651–1349
Masmughans of Damavand 651–760
Baduspanids 665–1598
Justanids 791 – 11th century
Alid dynasties 864 – 14th century
Tahirid dynasty 821–873
Samanid Empire 819–999
Saffarid dynasty 861–1003
Ghurid dynasty pre-879 – 1215
Sajid dynasty 889–929
Sallarid dynasty 919–1062
Ziyarid dynasty 930–1090
Ilyasids 932–968
Buyid dynasty 934–1062
Rawadid dynasty 955–1070
Hasanwayhids 959–1095
Ghaznavid dynasty 977–1186
Annazids 990/1–1117
Kakuyids 1008–1141
Nasrid dynasty 1029–1236
Shabankara 1030–1355
Seljuk Empire 1037–1194
Khwarazmian dynasty 1077–1231
Nizari Ismaili state 1090–1257
Eldiguzids 1135–1225
Atabegs of Yazd 1141–1319
Salghurids 1148–1282
Hazaraspids 1155–1424
Pishkinid dynasty 1155–1231
Khorshidi dynasty 1184–1597
Qutlugh-Khanids 1223–1306
Eshaqvand Dynasty c. mid-13th century–1592
Mihrabanids 1236–1537
Kurt dynasty 1244–1396
Ilkhanate Empire 1256–1335
Chobanid dynasty 1335–1357
Muzaffarid dynasty 1335–1393
Jalayirid Sultanate 1337–1376
Sarbadars 1337–1376
Injuids 1335–1357
Afrasiyab dynasty 1349–1504
Mar'ashis 1359–1596
Timurid Empire 1370–1507
Kar-Kiya dynasty 1370s–1592
Qara Qoyunlu 1406–1468
Aq Qoyunlu 1468–1508
Safavid Iran 1501–1736
(Hotak dynasty) 1722–1729
Afsharid Iran 1736–1796
Zand dynasty 1751–1794
Qajar Iran 1789–1925
Pahlavi Iran 1925–1979
Timeline
flagIran portal

References

[edit]
  1. ^Boyle (Ed.), J. A. (1958).The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 188, Map 4.ISBN 9781139054973.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  2. ^Katouzian 2007, p. 128.
  3. ^de Bruijn 2019, p. 105.
  4. ^abLewis, Bernard (1994). Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb (ed.).Encyclopedia of Islam. Vol. 10. Brill. p. 554.
  5. ^abcdefghC.E. Bosworth, "Ildenizids or Eldiguzids", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Edited by P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs et al., Encyclopædia of Islam, 2nd Edition., 12 vols. with indexes, etc., Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960–2005. Vol 3. pp 1110-111. Excerpt 1: "Ildenizids or Eldiguzids, a line of Atabegs of Turkish slave commanders who governed most of northwestern Persia, including Arran, most of Azarbaijan, and Djibal, during the second half of the 6th/12th century and the early decades of the 7th/13th century". Excerpt 2: "The Turkish Ildenizids shared to the full in the Perso-Islamic civilization"
  6. ^abcdefghBosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996).The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Columbia University Press. pp. 199–200.ISBN 0-231-10714-5.pp 199-200(Eldiguizds or Ildegizds): "The Elgiguzids or Ildegizds were a Turkish Atabeg dynasty who controlled most of Azerbaijan(apart from the region of Maragha held by another Atabeg line, the Ahamadilis), Arran and northern Jibal during the second half the twelfth century when the Great Seljuq Sultane of Western Persia and Iraq was in full decay and unable to prevent the growth of virtually independent powers in the province", pp 199-200: "Eldiguz (Arabic-Persian sources write 'y.l.d.k.z) was originally a Qipchaq military slave", pp199-200: "The historical significance of these Atabegs thus lies in their firm control over most of north-western Persia during the later Seljuq period and also their role in Transcaucasia as champions of Islamagainst the resurgent Bagtarid Kings". pp 199: "In their last phase, the Eldiguzids were once more local rulers in Azerbaijan and eastern Transcaucasia, hard pressed by the aggressive Georgians, and they did not survive the troubled decades of the thirteenth century".
  7. ^Hodgson, Marshall G.S. (1977).The expansion of Islam in the middle periods Volume 1. University of Chicago Press. p. 262.ISBN 0-226-34684-6.
  8. ^abcdeLuther, K.A. (December 15, 1987)."Atabakan-e Ādarbayjan".Encyclopedia Iranica. RetrievedOctober 28, 2010.
  9. ^abcdeBritannica. Article:Eldegüzid dynasty:

    Eldegüzid dynasty, also spelled Ildigüzid, Ildegüzid, Ildegizid, or Ildenizid, (1137–1225), Iranian atabeg dynasty of Turkish origin that ruled in Azerbaijan and Arrān (areas now in Iran and Azerbaijan).

  10. ^abcHodgson, Marshall G.S.The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, University of Chicago Press, 1974,ISBN 0-226-47693-6, p. 260
  11. ^Note: Ganja suffered a severe earthquake on 11 October 1138. Earthquakes between 1137 and 1139 in the region left an estimated 230,00 dead.Kehew, Alan E. (2021). "Table 8.4 Deadliest Earthquakes".Geology for Engineers and Environmental Scientists (Fourth ed.). Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press. p. 303.ISBN 978-1-4786-3765-3.
  12. ^Blair, Sheila (1992).The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana. Volume 5 of Studies in Islamic art and architecture. Leiden: Brill. p. 133.ISBN 978-90-04-09367-6.
  13. ^Mikaberidze, Alexander (2019). "Georgia". In Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (eds.).Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An encyclopedia and document collection. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 935.ISBN 978-1-4408-5355-5.
  14. ^Dédéyan, G.; Zekiyan, Boghos Levon; Arslan, Antonia (2002).Storia Degli Armeni (in Italian). Milan: Guerini e Associati. pp. 235–268.ISBN 978 88-8335-281-2.
  15. ^Antoine Constant.L'Azerbaïdjan, Karthala Editions, 2002,ISBN 2-84586-144-3, p. 96
  16. ^Houtsma, M. T.E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, BRILL, 1987,ISBN 90-04-08265-4, p. 1053
  17. ^Suny 1994, p. 39.
  18. ^Luther, Kenneth Allin. "Atābākan-e Adārbāyĵān", in:Encyclopædia Iranica (Online edition). Retrieved on 2006-06-26.
  19. ^Lordkipanidze & Hewitt 1987, p. 148.
  20. ^abLordkipanidze & Hewitt 1987, p. 154.
  21. ^Robert H. Hewsen. The Geography of Ananias of Širak: Ašxarhacʻoycʻ, the Long and the Short Recensions. – Reichert, 1992. – P. 194.

Sources

[edit]

External links

[edit]
Turkic topics
Languages
Alphabets
Peoples
Extinct Turkic groups
Politics
Origins
Locations
Sovereign states
Autonomous areas
Studies
Religions
Traditional sports
Organizations
1These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.
2State with limited international recognition.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eldiguzids&oldid=1322301989"
Categories:
Hidden categories:
[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp