Eindhoven was originally located at theconfluence of theDommel and theGender.[10][11][12] A municipality since the 13th century, Eindhoven witnessed rapid growth starting in the 1900s by textile and tobacco industries. Two well-known companies,DAF Trucks andPhilips, were founded in the city; Philips would go on to become a major multinational conglomerate while based in Eindhoven.[13] Apart from Philips, Eindhoven also contains the globally famousDesign Academy Eindhoven.[14]
The name may derive[15] from the contraction of the regional wordseind (meaning "last" or "end") andhove (orhoeve, a section of some 14hectares of land).Toponymically,eind occurs commonly as a prefix and postfix in local place- and street names. A "hove" comprised a parcel of land which a local lord mightlease to private persons (such asfarmers). Given that a string of such parcels existed aroundWoensel, the nameEindhoven may have originated with the meaning literally "lasthoves on the land of Woensel" inDutch language.
Another explanation is that the Gender, one of the streams that flowed near Eindhoven, was once known as "Einde" or "Ende" and the name therefore could have come from "hove," with a similar meaning as above, on the stream "Einde." By this reasoning the city's name would mean something like "farmstead on the river Einde."[16]
Thewritten history of Eindhoven started in 1232, when DukeHendrik I of Brabant grantedcity rights toEindhoven, then a small town right on the confluence of the Dommel and Gender streams. At the time of granting of itscharter, Eindhoven had approximately 170 houses enclosed by arampart. Just outside the city walls stood a small castle. The city was also granted the right to organize a weekly market and the farmers in nearby villages were obliged to come to Eindhoven to sell their produce. Another factor in its establishment was its location on thetrade route from Holland toLiège.
Around 1388, the city's fortifications were strengthened further. And between 1413 and 1420, a new castle was built within the city walls. In 1486, Eindhoven was plundered and burned by troops fromGuelders.
The reconstruction of Eindhoven was finished in 1502, with a stronger rampart and a new castle. However, in 1543 it fell again, its defense works having been neglected due to poverty.
A big fire in 1554 destroyed 75% of the houses but by 1560 these had been rebuilt with the help ofWilliam I of Orange. During theDutch Revolt, Eindhoven changed hands between the Dutch and the Spanish several times during which it was burned down by renegade Spanish soldiers, untilfinally in 1583 it was captured once more by Spanish troops and its city walls were demolished.
Eindhoven did not become part of the Netherlands until 1629. During the French occupation, Eindhoven suffered again with many of its houses destroyed by the invading forces. Eindhoven remained a minor city after that until the start of theIndustrial Revolution.
TheIndustrial Revolution of the 19th century provided a major growth impulse. Canals, roads and railroads were constructed. Eindhoven was connected to the majorZuid-Willemsvaart canal through theEindhovens Kanaal branch in 1843 and was connected by rail toTilburg,'s-Hertogenbosch,Venlo andBelgium between 1866 and 1870. Industrial activities initially centred around tobacco and textiles and boomed with the rise oflighting andelectronics giantPhilips, which was founded as alight bulb manufacturing company in Eindhoven in 1891.
Industrialisation brought population growth to Eindhoven. On the establishment of theKingdom of the Netherlands in 1815, Eindhoven had 2,310 inhabitants.
By 1920, the population was 47,946; by 1925 it was 63,870 and in 1935 that had ballooned to 103,030.[17] The explosive growth of industry in the region and the subsequent housing needs of workers called for radical changes in administration, as the City of Eindhoven was still confined to itsmedievalmoat city limits. In 1920, the five neighbouring municipalities ofWoensel (to the north),Tongelre (northeast and east),Stratum (southeast),Gestel en Blaarthem (southwest) andStrijp (west), which already bore the brunt of the housing needs and related problems, were incorporated into the new Groot-Eindhoven ("Greater Eindhoven") municipality. The prefix "Groot-" was later dropped.
After the incorporation of 1920, the five former municipalities became districts of the Municipality of Eindhoven, with Eindhoven-Centrum (the City proper) forming the sixth. Since then, an additional seventh district has been formed by dividing the largest district, that of Woensel, into Woensel-Zuid and Woensel-Noord.
The early 20th century saw additions in technical industry with the advent ofcar and truck manufacturing company Van Doorne's Aanhangwagenfabriek (Trailer factory) (DAF) which was later renamed toVan Doorne's Automobiel Fabriek and the subsequent shift towards electronics and engineering, with the traditional tobacco and textile industries waning and finally disappearing in the 1970s.
A firstair raid inWorld War II was flown by theRAF on 6 December 1942 targeting thePhilips factory downtown, in which 148 civilians died, even though the attack was carried out on a Sunday.[18][19] Large-scale air raids, including the bombing by the Luftwaffe on 19 September 1944 duringOperation Market Garden, destroyed large parts of the city and killed 227 civilians while leaving 800 wounded. The reconstruction that followed left very little historical remains and the postwar reconstruction period saw drastic renovation plans inhighrise style, some of which were implemented. At the time, there was little regard for historicalheritage. During the 1960s, a newcity hall was built and its Neo-gothic predecessor (1867) demolished to make way for a plannedarterial road that never materialised.
The 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s saw large-scalehousing developments in the districts of Woensel-Zuid and Woensel-Noord, making Eindhoven the fifth-largest city in the Netherlands.
At the start of the 21st century, a whole newhousing development calledMeerhoven was constructed at the site of the old airport of Welschap, west of Eindhoven. The airport itself, now calledEindhoven Airport, had moved earlier to a new location, paving the way for much-needed new houses. Meerhoven is part of the Strijp district and is partially built on lands annexed from the municipality ofVeldhoven.
The villages and city that make up modern Eindhoven were originally built on sandy elevations between the Dommel, Gender andTongelreep rivers. Beginning in the 19th century, thebasins of the rivers themselves have also been used as housing land, resulting in occasional flooding in the city centre. Partly to reduce flooding, the bed of the Gender stream, which flowed directly through the city centre, was dammed off and filled up after the War,[which?] and the course of the Dommel was regulated. New ecological and socio-historical insights have led to parts of the Dommel's course being restored to their original states, and plans to have the Gender flow through the centre once again.[20]
The large-scale housing developments of the 20th century saw residential areas being built on formeragricultural lands andwoods, formerheaths that had been turned into cultivable lands in the 19th century.
The city is currently divided into seven districts:
Eindhoven has anoceanic climate with slightly warmer summers and cooler winters than the coastal parts of the Netherlands. Its all-time record is 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) set on 25 July 2019 and −21.7 °C (−7.1 °F) set on 13 January 1968, while winter lows have dipped below −15 °C (5 °F) during extreme cold snaps. Although frosts are frequent in winter, there is no lasting snow cover in a normal winter due to the mild daytime temperatures.
Climate data for Eindhoven (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1951−present)
As of 2025[update], the population of Eindhoven consisted of 372,720 people (according to AlleCijfers.nl).[9] Of these, 43% or some 104,804 people were of (partial) foreign descent in 2023.[23]
People are classified as being of foreign descent when they were born outside of the Netherlands, or when at least one of their parents was born outside of the Netherlands.
Population in 2020 by country of birth of parent (mother, or—if mother is Dutch—father) (2020)[24]
The municipal agglomeration of Eindhoven (an administrative construct which includes only some of the surrounding towns and villages) has 327,245 inhabitants as of 1 January 2010.
The spoken language is a combination of Kempenlands (aDutch dialect spoken in a large area east and south east of the city, including Arendonk and Lommel in Belgium) and NorthMeierijs (between the south ofDen Bosch and into Eindhoven). Both dialects belong to theEast Brabantian dialect group), which is very similar to colloquialDutch).[25]
Of all Eindhoven districts, the historical centre is by far the smallest in size and population, numbering only 5,419 in 2006. Woensel-Noord is the largest, having been the city's main area of expansion for several decades.
Population figures for all districts, as of 1 January 2008, ranked by size:[27]
Eindhoven is located in the southeast of theprovince ofNorth Brabant. This area is historicallyCatholic and the population of Eindhoven was similarly mostly Catholic for a very long time until the late 1970s. However, the internationalizing influence of the university, Philips and other companies have created a more mixed population over the last few decades.
In research by the Dutch newspaperAlgemeen Dagblad based on the police'sstatistical data oncrime rates, Eindhoven was found to have the highest crime rate in the Netherlands for 2006, 2007, 2009, and 2010. In 2011, Eindhoven has slipped down the list to number six.[30]
In 2009, in the Eindhoven agglomeration, the following numbers of crimes were recorded:[31]
Eindhoven does not have its own, uniform dialect. Varieties of theBrabantian dialect used to be spoken in the former villages of Gestel, Woensel and Stratum, but are now almost extinct. The closest city to Eindhoven in which Brabantian is spoken isHelmond.[32]
Eindhoven has grown from a small town in 1232 to one of the biggest cities in theNetherlands with over 240,000 inhabitants in 2022. Much of its growth is due toPhilips,DAF Trucks andBrabantia. Among recent high-tech companies based in Eindhoven areNXP Semiconductors,Sendcloud, andSignify.
After the resurrection of the Netherlands in 1815 and the end of theBelgian Revolution, Eindhoven was a small village of some 1250 people in an economically backward and mostly agricultural area. Cheap land, cheap labor and the existence of pre-industrialhomesourcing (huisnijverheid in Dutch) made Eindhoven an attractive area for the developing industries which were being stimulated by the government ofKing William I. During the 19th century, Eindhoven grew into an industrial town with factories fortextile weaving, cigar manufacturing,match making and hat making. Most of these industries disappeared again afterWorld War II, though.
In 1891, brothersGerard andAnton Philips founded the small light bulb factory that would grow into one of the largest electronics firms in the world.Philips' presence is probably the largest single contributing factor to the major growth of Eindhoven in the 20th century. It attracted and spun off manyhi-tech companies, making Eindhoven a major technology and industrial hub. In 2005, a full third of the total amount of money spent on research in the Netherlands was spent in or around Eindhoven. A quarter of the jobs in the region are in technology and information technology, with companies such asFEI Company (once Philips Electron Optics),NXP Semiconductors (formerly Philips Semiconductors),ASML,ALTEN, Simac, Neways Electronics and the aforementioned Philips and DAF.
Eindhoven has long been a centre of cooperation between research institutes and industry. This tradition started with Philips (theNatLab was a physical expression of this) and has since expanded to large cooperative networks. TheEindhoven University of Technology hosts an incubator for technology startups and the NatLab has developed into theHigh Tech Campus Eindhoven. Also,TNO has opened a branch on the university campus. This tradition has also fostered inter-industry cooperation in the region; one example of this is the announcement in September 2010 of a new research lab for high-grade packaging materials, a cooperation ofIPS Packaging andThales Cryogenics.[33]
This cooperative tradition has also developed into a different direction than the traditional technology research done at the university. Starting in 2002, the university, the Catharina hospital, Philips Medical and theUniversity of Maastricht joined forces and started joint research intobiomedical science,technology andengineering. Within Eindhoven, this research has been concentrated in a new university faculty (BioMedical Technology or BMT). This development has also made Eindhoven a biomedical technology hub within the country and its (European) region.
Prime examples of industrial heritage in Eindhoven are the renovated Witte Dame ("White Lady") complex, a former Philips lamp factory; and the Admirant building (informally known as Bruine Heer or"Brown Gentleman" in reference to the Witte Dame across the street), the former Philips main offices. The Witte Dame currently houses the municipal library, theDesign Academy and a selection of shops. The Admirant has been renovated into an Office building for small companies. Across the street from the Witte Dame and next to the Admirant is Philips' first light bulb factory (nicknamed Roze Baby, or"Pink Baby", in reference to its pink colour and much smaller size when compared to the "White Lady" and "Brown Gentleman"). The small building now houses the "Centrum Kunstlicht in de Kunst" (centre artificial light in art)[34] and the "Philips Incandescent Lamp Factory of 1891" museum.[35]
Due to its high-tech environment, Eindhoven is part of several initiatives to develop, foster and increase aknowledge economy. Chief among these are:
Brainport Top Technology Region,[36] a cooperative initiative of local government, industry and theEindhoven University of Technology to develop the local knowledge economy of the Eindhoven region.
Brainport Development,[37] an extension of the Top Technology Region, Brainport Development serves as the Eindhoven's regional innovation agency to maintain its position as an innovation hub.[38]
Samenwerkingsverband Regio Eindhoven,[39] a cooperative agreement among the municipalities in the Eindhoven metropolitan area.
The Eindhoven-Leuven-Aachen triangle,[40] a cooperation agreement between the universities and surrounding regions of Eindhoven,Leuven (Belgium) andAachen (Germany).
The Intelligent Community Forum named the Eindhoven metro region the No. 21 intelligent community in 2008 and the No. 7 intelligent community in 2009 and 2010.[41][42] In 2011, the ICF named Eindhoven the Intelligent Community of the Year.[43] Since 2012, Eindhoven has vanished from the top 7 of intelligent communities.[44]
Eindhoven is one of the co-location centres of theEuropean Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT).[45] It hosts two Knowledge and Innovation Communities (KICs): Innoenergy (Sustainable Energy) and EIT ICT Labs (Information and Communication Technology). The co-locations are on theHigh Tech Campus Eindhoven.
Eindhoven, being a city with a 240,000+ population, is served by a large number of schools both at primary and secondary education levels. In addition, Eindhoven is a higher-education hub within the southern Netherlands, with several institutes of higher education that serve students from the extended region ofNorth Brabant,Zeeland,Limburg and parts of the surrounding provinces.
Eindhoven hosts four different public institutions for higher and adult education, as well as a number of private institutions offering courses and trainings. The public institutions hosted in Eindhoven are:
Themunicipal council is the legislative council at the municipal level in Eindhoven; its existence is mandated by theConstitution of the Netherlands. The Eindhoven city council consists of 45 elected representatives from the Eindhoven municipality. These are elected during municipal elections from candidates running in Eindhoven. Eindhoven politics consists of local branches of the national political parties and purely local parties with strictly local interests. The city council reflects this mix in its makeup.
Division of the municipal seats in the Eindhoven city council after the elections[46]
The executive council in Dutch municipalities is called theCollege of the Mayor and Aldermen (Dutch:College van Burgemeester en Wethouders orCollege van B&W for short). Themayor is appointed by themonarch, but the council ofaldermen is composed as a result of the formation of a localcoalition government. This coalition is formed in such a way as to be able to rely on a majority of the votes in the city council.
2014 – 2018
In May 2014, a coalition was formed betweenPvdA,D66,SP, andGreenLeft. Together they had 26 seats in the city council. The council of alder(wo)men consisted of the following people:[47]
Themayors of the Netherlands are not elected but appointed by thecrown. Nevertheless, there has been a movement over the last few years to give the municipalities more say in who will be their mayor, which has resulted inconsultative referendums being held in the larger cities to "suggest" a candidate for the post. This was also tried in Eindhoven.
On 23 January 2008, a referendum to elect a mayor was held in Eindhoven. This referendum, the second of its kind in the Netherlands, was attended by 24.6% of the inhabitants. This was less than the required 30% needed to make a referendum binding. Nevertheless, the city council would choose the winner of the referendum as the preferred candidate. The main reason for the low attendance was that the candidates,Leen Verbeek andRob van Gijzel, were from the same party (PvdA). Rob van Gijzel won the referendum with 61.8% of the votes and was appointed the city's new mayor.
The mayor is the chairman of the Council of B&W. He also has responsibility for a number of specific posts (like the aldermen). For example, in the executive council of 2014-2018 mayor Van Gijzel held responsibility for the post of communication.[47]
If unavailable, the mayor is temporarily replaced by one of the aldermen.
Culturally and recreationally, Eindhoven was formed by two forces:
Being a university city, Eindhoven has a large student population. The students from theEindhoven University of Technology and a number of undergraduate schools give Eindhoven a young population, whose recreational needs are catered to by several different festivals, clubs and such.
For a long time Eindhoven was the main location of Philips. The Philips company undertook a lot of effort in the "cultural formation" of its workforce and has given the city both cultural institutions (such as the formerPOC and theMuziekcentrum Frits Philips) and sporting institutions (notablyPSV).
Eindhoven is also known as the City of Light, due to Philips originating from there and because of several projects involving lighting up buildings of the city. DuringCarnival, Eindhoven is rechristenedLampegat (Hamlet of Lamps, although for the ironic purposes of carnival the translationHole in the ground with lamps is closer to the mark); this refers again to the important role ofPhilips in the Eindhoven community.
There are two museums dedicated to the major topics of the city's industrial heritage: theDAF Museum[51] has a collection of DAF cars and thePhilips Gloeilampenfabriekje anno 1891 (across the street from the Kempenland) documents the earlylightbulb industry.
The former district court house now houses theDesignhuis, a public podium and interaction area for modern design and innovation.
TheEindhoven Museum is anarchaeological open-air museum which focuses on the region'sIron Age andMiddle Ages. It merged in 2011 with Museum Kempenland which was a regional museum, which documents the history of theKempenland region in objects, documents, paintings and educational activities. Museum Kempenland's old location, the Steentjeskerk, is closed.
TheInkijkmuseum (theLook-In museum; housed in an oldlinen factory in the Dommelstraat) is a small but special museum: it offers ever-changing exhibits, which are to be viewed through the building's windows.
The Eindhovenpublic space contains many forms of artistic expression (a book published by the Eindhoven tourist board records 550 as of 2001[update] and more have been added since), with high "concentrations" of them in theparks. TheStadswandelpark for instance, contains over 30 works ofmodern art. There are also several other works of art on permanent display throughout the city, such asFlying Pins (byClaes Oldenburg andCoosje van Bruggen, who considered the location on the southern stretch of the John F. Kennedylaan to be like abowling alley) andSwing (a construct on the Karel de Grotelaan, which morphs into different geometric shapes as you move around it). There are also a number of statues of famous city inhabitants, such asJan van Hooff (byAuke Hettema, 1992) andFrits Philips (byKees Verkade) on the Market Square. There is a statue ofAnton Philips in front of the central railway station.
Piazza Centre as seen from Demer
Eindhoven is also, to some degree, open to forms of impromptu and alternative art. For example, theBerenkuil is a freezone forgraffiti artists in the city.
Strijp-S is a place for experimentation withLED lighting, which keeps the historic connection with Philips' past.[52] Somelight art includes the projectFakkel by Har Hollands. In the underground passage to NatLab artistDaan Roosegaarde installed his projectCrystal.
Strijp-S is a regular location for the light festivalGLOW.[53][54]
TheEffenaar is apopular music venue and cultural center in Eindhoven, and is located at the Dommelstraat.[55]
In 1992, theMuziekcentrum Frits Philips was opened as a stage for classical and popular music in Eindhoven, reviewed by critics as a concert hall with acoustics that rival the best halls in Europe. Before that, Philips sponsored thePOC.
Parktheater Eindhoven is Eindhoven's stage for opera, cabaret, ballet etc. Opened in 1964, it has received over 250,000 visitors every year. With its 1,000 m2 it has one of the largest stages in the Netherlands. With a major renovation ending in 2007, the new Parktheater will receive an estimated 300,000 visitors a year.
Eindhoven's Plaza Futura is now a cinema featuring cultural movies, lectures and special cultural events.
Especially for students,Studium Generale Eindhoven organizes "socially, culturally and intellectually formative events".[56] From within the student body, twoTunas provide entertainment from time to time at university and city events:Tuna Ciudad de Luz (Tuna of the City of Light) and the ladies tunaLa Tuniña.[57][58]
The general music and theatre scene in Eindhoven (in the broadest sense) is supported by a foundation called PopEi.[59] The purpose of this foundation is to support artistic groups with facilities, especially rehearsal stages and areas (housed in the old Philips location ofStrijp-S) but also storage facilities. PopEi also provides a working environment for groups (through cafeteria facilities inStrijp-S, so groups can have real working days) and provides some logistical support for organizing events.
Eindhoven has a lively recreational scene. For going out, there are numerous bars on theMarket square, Stratumseind (Stratum's End) which is the largest pub-street in the Netherlands, Dommelstraat, Wilhelmina square and throughout the rest of the city. In addition to the more culturally oriented Plaza Futura, there are threecinemas in the centre of town ("Servicebioscoop Zien", "Vue" andPathé Eindhoven, which offers THX sound, IMAX screens and 3D movie viewing).
Eindhoven also hosts a large number of cultural and entertainment-oriented festivals. The biggest festivals in Eindhoven are:
Eindhoven contains several parks and a lot of open, green space. Of the five largest cities in the Netherlands, it has the highest percentage of green area (encompassing about ⅓ of all public space). It is also the greenest of the five largest cities inNorth Brabant. The green area per house is about 100 square metres (1,100 square feet).[64]
HC Oranje-Rood is the biggest field hockey club in Eindhoven and in fact one of the biggest clubs in the Netherlands. It is a combination of former clubs Oranje Zwart and EMHC. Oranje Zwart's men's team was the reigning Dutch champion for the past 3 years (14/15/16).[66] They also won theEHL in 2015.[67]
Eindhoven Shamrocks Gaelic Football Club are an amateur sports team. The club was founded in 2013 and is based at Oude Bosschebaan 32, 5624 AA in Eindhoven.[68] The club is affiliated to the European County Board of theGaelic Athletic Association. The Shamrocks have won the Benelux Shield Competition in 2017.[69]
Eindhoven has abaseball club called PSV, which plays at the stadium which co-hosted the 2005 IBAFBaseball World Cup.
Eindhoven has an American Football team,Eindhoven Raptors [nl], which plays at the 1st division in the Dutch American Football League.
Strijp-S is a magnet for urban sports like skateboarding,BMX andbouldering as well as bootcamp classes.
The old Philips factory complex has been transformed into a multi-purpose cultural and residential complex calledStrijp-S. This includes conference and event space, space for concerts and events, art of lighting, space for sports such as BMX, bouldering, and more, a walking promenade, etc.
Eindhoven features several print media. The local newspaper, called theEindhovens Dagblad, is a daily newspaper with over 110,000 subscribers in theSamenwerkingsverband Regio Eindhoven region.[70] It has a national and international section, as well as a section dedicated to regional news; the editorial department is located in Eindhoven.
In addition to the newspaper, Eindhoven is served by a number of weekly door-to-door publications. Chief among these isGroot Eindhoven (which carries publications of the city council, as well as other articles and advertisements). Other than that there arede Trompetter,de Weekendkrant and theZondagsNieuws. The first two are delivered midweek, the last two are weekend publications.
There are several regional and municipal radio stations. The local radio station isStudio040, whereasOmroep Brabant andRoyaalFM provide regional radio.
Local television is provided byStudio040.Omroep Brabant broadcasts regionally from its television studio in Son.
Internet, television and telephone connectivity is available via cable television,optic fiber andADSL.
Eindhoven Airport is the closest airport, located approximately 8 kilometres (5 miles) from the town centre. The airport serves as a military air base and a civilian commercial airport. Eindhoven Airport is the second-busiest in the Netherlands (afterSchiphol).
This article needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(November 2021)
Eindhoven Centraal is served by both intercity and local services while the smaller station,Eindhoven Strijp-S is only served by local trains. Towards 's-Hertogenbosch, Utrecht and Amsterdam trains run every ten minutes, on every day of the week.Eindhoven Stadion is a small station that servesPhilips Stadion in the event of football matches or other special events at the stadium. It is located 900m west of themain station.
Up untilWorld War II, a train service connected Amsterdam toLiège via Eindhoven andValkenswaard, but the service was discontinued and the line broken up. Recently,[when?] talks have resumed to have a service toNeerpelt,Belgium viaWeert.
TheA2/E25 motorway fromAmsterdam toLuxembourg passes Eindhoven to the west and south of the city. The A2 connects to the highwayA58 toTilburg andBreda just north of the city. Just south of Eindhoven, the A2 connects to theA67 /E34 betweenAntwerp andDuisburg. In 2006, theA50 was completed connecting Eindhoven toNijmegen andZwolle.
The public transport of Eindhoven consists of more than 20city bus lines, which also serve neighbouring villages such asVeldhoven,Geldrop andNuenen. Nine of these buslines (400–408) are marketed ashigh quality public transport and run with 43 electric articulated buses. Three specially built separated busways (HOV1, HOV2 & HOV3) are used by lines 400 to 408 as well as other city and regional lines. Line 401 to the airport runs almost completely on separated busways. Apart from the city lines there are some 30 regional andrush-hour lines.
Eindhoven has two hospitals in three locations: theCatharina Hospital and theMáxima Medisch Centrum, which has a branch in Woensel-Zuid (the old Diaconessenhuis) and one inVeldhoven (the old Sint Joseph Hospital). These three have an extensive cooperation and have divided specialties among each other. Emergency medicine, for example, is concentrated in the MMC Veldhoven branch and the Catharina Hospital, the MMC Eindhoven branch has no emergency department. Cardiac procedures are done in the Catharina.
^"Postcodetool for 5611EM".Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Archived fromthe original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved15 April 2014.
^Schippers, Hans (2009), "Stadsrechten en een stadswapen, 1232: het vroege Eindhoven", in Lintsen, Harry; et al. (eds.),De canon van Eindhoven (in Dutch), 's-Hertogenbosch: Heijnen, pp. 29–34,ISBN9789086801275
^The Gender was dammed short of the city centre in the 1950s, but the Dommel still runs through the city.
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