Edward Bates
Portrait byMathew Bradyc. 1861–1864
26thUnited States Attorney General
In office March 5, 1861 – November 24, 1864
President	Abraham Lincoln
Preceded by	Edwin Stanton
Succeeded by	James Speed
Member of theMissouri House of Representatives
In office 1835–1836
Member of theMissouri Senate
In office 1831–1835
Member of theU.S. House of Representatives fromMissouri'sat-large district
In office March 4, 1827 – March 3, 1829
Preceded by	John Scott
Succeeded by	Spencer Darwin Pettis
Member of theMissouri House of Representatives
In office 1822–1823
1stAttorney General of Missouri
In office September 18, 1820 – November 8, 1821
Governor	Alexander McNair
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Rufus Easton
Personal details
Born	(1793-09-04)September 4, 1793 Goochland County, Virginia, U.S.
Died	March 25, 1869(1869-03-25) (aged 75) St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Resting place	Bellefontaine Cemetery
Political party	Democratic-Republican (Before 1825) National Republican (1825–1834) Whig (1834–1854) American (1854–1860) Republican (1860–1869)
Relatives	Bates family
Signature
Military service
Branch/service	United States Army
Rank	Sergeant
Unit	United States Volunteers
Battles/wars	War of 1812

Edward Bates (September 4, 1793 – March 25, 1869) was an American lawyer, politician and judge. He representedMissouri in theUS House of Representatives and served as theU.S. Attorney General under PresidentAbraham Lincoln. A member of the influentialBates family, he was the firstUS Cabinet appointee from a state west of theMississippi River.

Born inGoochland County, Virginia, in 1793, Bates moved toSt. Louis, where he established a legal practice. He was appointed as the firstattorney general of the state of Missouri in 1820. Over the next 30 years, he won election to a single term in Congress and served in both theMissouri House of Representatives and theMissouri Senate, becoming a prominent member of theWhig Party. He also representedLucy Delaney in a successfulfreedom suit.

After the breakup of the Whig Party in the early 1850s, he briefly joined theAmerican Party before he became a member of theRepublican Party. He was a candidate for president at the1860 Republican National Convention, but Lincoln won the party's nomination. Bates was appointed as attorney general in 1861, at the start of theAmerican Civil War. He successfully carried out some of the administration's early war policies, but he disagreed with Lincoln on the issue of theEmancipation Proclamation. He did not support full civil and political equality for Blacks. Bates resigned from the Cabinet in 1864 after he had been passed over for aUS Supreme Court appointment. After leaving office, he unsuccessfully opposed the adoption of a new state constitution in Missouri.

Bates was born inGoochland County, Virginia, to Thomas Fleming Bates and his wife, the former Caroline Matilda Woodson (1749–1845). His father was a Goochland County native, having been born onhis family's Belmontplantation, and served in the local militia, including at theSiege of Yorktown at the end of theAmerican Revolutionary War.^[1] Like his siblings and others of the planter class, Bates was tutored at home as a boy. When older, he attendedCharlotte Hall Military Academy inMaryland.

Edward Bates served in theWar of 1812 before moving toSt. Louis,Missouri Territory, in 1814 with his older brother James, who started working as an attorney. Their eldest brotherFrederick Bates was already in St. Louis by that time, where he had served as Secretary of theLouisiana Territory and Secretary of the Missouri Territory.

Edward Bates studied the law withRufus Easton and boarded with his family. Easton was Judge of the Louisiana Territory, the largest jurisdiction in U.S. history since theLouisiana Purchase. After being admitted to the bar, Bates worked as a partner with Easton.^[2]

In 1817, the two organized the James Ferry, which ran fromSt. Charles, Missouri toAlton, Illinois. Easton had founded the latter town, naming it after his first son Alton.^[2]

Bates's private practice partner wasJoshua Barton, who was appointed as the firstMissouri Secretary of State. Barton became infamous for fightingduels onBloody Island. In 1816 Bates was the second to Barton in a duel with Thomas Hempstead, brother ofEdward Hempstead, the Missouri Territory's first Congressional representative. The fight ended without bloodshed. Barton was killed in a duel on the island in 1823.

Bates's first foray into politics came in 1820, with election as a member of the state's constitutional convention. He wrote the preamble to the state constitution. He was appointed as the new state'sAttorney General.

In 1822, Bates was elected to theMissouri House of Representatives. He was elected to theUnited States House of Representatives for a single term (1827–1829). Next, he was elected to the State Senate from 1831 to 1835, then to the Missouri House from 1835. He ran for theU.S. Senate, but lost toDemocratThomas Hart Benton.

Bates became a prominent member of theWhig Party during the 1840s, where his political philosophy closely resembled that ofHenry Clay. While a slaveholder, during this time Bates became interested in the freedom suit ofPolly Berry, an enslaved woman who in 1843 gained her freedom decades after having been held illegally for several months in the free state of Illinois.^[3] After she gained her freedom, Berry enlisted Bates's support as her attorney in the separatefreedom suit she filed for her daughterLucy Ann Berry, then about age 14. According to the principle ofpartus sequitur ventrem, since the mother had been proved a free woman at the time of her daughter's birth, the court ruled that Lucy was also legally free.^[3] During this time,Orion Clemens, brother ofMark Twain, studied law under Bates.

While Bates is considered by some modern scholars as "generally unsympathetic to the cause of African American freedom," he emancipated all of his slaves and had paid for his last former slave's passage to Liberia by 1851.^[4]

In 1850, PresidentMillard Fillmore asked Bates to serve asU.S. Secretary of War, but he declined.Charles Magill Conrad accepted the position. At the Whig National Convention in1852, Bates was considered for nomination asvice president on the party ticket, and he led on the first ballot before losing on the second ballot toWilliam Alexander Graham. After the breakup of the Whig Party in the 1850s, Bates briefly joined theKnow-Nothing Party but then joined theRepublican Party.

Bates was one of the four main candidates for the Republican Party's1860 presidential nomination. Bates initially received support fromHorace Greeley, who later switched to supportAbraham Lincoln.^[5] The next year, after winning the election, Lincoln appointed BatesUnited States Attorney General, an office Bates held from 1861 until 1864. Bates was the firstCabinet member to be appointed from a state or territory west of theMississippi River.

There was noJustice Department until 1870. Bates had only a small operation, with a staff of six. The main function was to generate legal opinions at the request of Lincoln and cabinet members, and handle occasional cases before the Supreme Court. The cabinet was full of experienced lawyers who seldom felt the need to ask for his opinions. Bates had no authority over the US Attorneys around the country. The federal court system was handled by the Interior Department; the Treasury handled claims. Most of the opinions turned out by Bates's office were of minor importance. Lincoln gave him no special assignments and did not seek his advice on Supreme Court appointments. Bates did have a voice on general policy as a cabinet member with a strong political base, but he seldom spoke out. At age 68 he was the oldest high-level Lincoln appointee, and from late 1863 was in poor health.^[6]

One key Bates decision involved the question of Black citizenship. In the summer of 1862, a ship sailing out of New Jersey had been detained by customs because its captain was African American. Ship captains were required to be US citizens, and according to the Dred Scott decision Black Americans were not considered citizens. In an opinion published in mid-December, Bates recognized free African Americans as citizens of the United States, contradictingDred Scott v. Sandford. When pressed for clarification byRobert Charles Winthrop, Bates confirmed that citizenship rights were the same regardless of race, and that state laws limiting free Black migration and settlement were unconstitutional.^[7]

Bates's tenure as Attorney General generally met with mixed reviews. On the one hand, he was important in carrying out some of Lincoln's earlier war policies, including thearbitrary arrest of southern sympathizers and seditious northerners. On the other hand, as Lincoln's policies became more radical, Bates became increasingly irrelevant. Bates disagreed with Lincoln onemancipation and the recruitment of blacks into the Union Army. In 1864, Lincoln nominatedSalmon P. Chase to beChief Justice, an office Bates had wanted. Bates then resigned and was succeeded byJames Speed, a Kentucky lawyer withRadical Republican views.

Bates returned to Missouri after leaving the cabinet. He participated in the conservative struggle over ordinances related to the Missouri constitution of 1865. Bates particularly objected to the "ironclad oath" that was required as a proof of loyalty by residents. He also disapproved of the temporarydisfranchisement of rebel sympathizers. He wrote seven essays arguing against the constitution, but it was ratified. It abolished slavery in the state, passed three weeks before the US Congress proposed theThirteenth Amendment to abolish slavery in the US.^[8]

Bates retired from politics, although he commented on political events in the local newspapers. He died in St. Louis in 1869 and was buried atBellefontaine Cemetery.

Bates married Julia Coalter fromSouth Carolina. They had 17 children together.^[5] She had come to St. Louis to visit her brother David Coalter and her sister Caroline J. Coalter. Her sister Caroline marriedHamilton R. Gamble (another attorney and Unionist), who ultimately became chief justice of theMissouri Supreme Court.^[9]

Bates was, for the most part, happy with his large family. His four sons had various roles during the Civil War. His oldest son,Barton Bates, served on theSupreme Court of Missouri during the war.^[10] SonJohn C. Bates served in theUS Army and later becameArmy Chief of Staff. Son Fleming Bates fought with theConfederates, under the command of GeneralSterling Price. This caused tension between the father and this son, and Bates rarely mentioned Fleming in his war-time diary.^[5] The youngest son, Charles, was still attendingWest Point during the war.^[5]

Bates is portrayed byJohn Billingsley in the Apple TV miniseriesManhunt — an anachronism, since the story takes place in 1865 when Bates was no longer attorney general.

• Polly Berry, formerly enslaved woman who hired Bates to represent her in her daughter's freedom suit (1844)
• Lucy Berry, enslaved 14-year-old girl who gained freedom in a suit filed by her mother Polly Berry and argued by Bates

• Biographical Directory of the United States Congress: BATES, Edward
• Bates, Edward.The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866, ed. Howard K. Beale. New York: Da Capo Press, 1971.
• Cain, Marvin R.Lincoln's Attorney General: Edward Bates of Missouri. Columbia : University of Missouri Press, 1965.
• Frank, John P. "Edward Bates, Lincoln's Attorney General."American Journal of Legal History 10 (1966): 34–50.
• George-Nichol, Jesse. " 'Certain Ill-Considered Phrases': Edward Bates and the Disunionist Dangers of Radical Rhetoric," inNew Perspectives on the Union War edited by Gary W. Gallagher and Elizabeth R. Varon (Fordham UP, 2019) pp. 114–142)online
• Goodwin, Doris Kearns.Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. New York : Simon & Schuster, 2005.online
• Judah, Charles and George Winston Smith.The Unchosen. New York : Coward-McCann, 1962.
• Neels, Mark. "I Will Continue to Make the Best Defense I Can: Edward Bates and the Battle over the Missouri Constitution of 1865",The Confluence, Vol. 5, No. 1 (fall 2013).
• Shoemaker, Floyd C. "David Barton, John Rice Jones and Edward Bates: Three Missouri State and Statehood Founders."Missouri Historical Review 92.3 (1998): 254–270.
• Survived by family members who reside in Wilmington, NC.

Wikimedia Commons has media related toEdward Bates.

• Biography of Edward Bates, Lincoln Institute
• "Opinion of Attorney General Bates on Citizenship" (1862), via Archive.org

• 1793 births
• 1869 deaths
• People from Goochland County, Virginia
• American people of English descent
• Lincoln administration cabinet members
• Attorneys general of the United States
• Missouri Democratic-Republicans
• National Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri
• Missouri Whigs
• Missouri Know Nothings
• Missouri Republicans
• Candidates in the 1860 United States presidential election
• Missouri attorneys general
• Members of the Missouri House of Representatives
• Missouri state senators
• United States attorneys for the District of Missouri
• Missouri state court judges
• Missouri lawyers
• United States representatives who owned slaves
• 19th-century Missouri state court judges
• Charlotte Hall Military Academy alumni
• United States Army personnel of the War of 1812
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• Burials at Bellefontaine Cemetery
• 19th-century United States representatives
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• Abraham Lincoln

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