| Edmonton | |
|---|---|
 Tower blocks at Lower Edmonton | |
  Edmonton Location withinGreater London | |
| Population | 80,546 (2011 Census)[1] |
| OS grid reference | TQ335925 |
| London borough | |
| Ceremonial county | Greater London |
| Region | |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | LONDON |
| Postcode district | N9, N18 |
| Dialling code | 020 |
| Police | Metropolitan |
| Fire | London |
| Ambulance | London |
| UK Parliament | |
| London Assembly | |
| 51°36′55″N0°04′15″W / 51.6154°N 0.0708°W /51.6154; -0.0708 | |
Edmonton is a town innorth London, England within theLondon Borough of Enfield, alocal government district ofGreater London. The northern part of the town is known as Lower Edmonton or Edmonton Green, and the southern part asUpper Edmonton. Situated 8.4 miles (13.5 km) north-northeast ofCharing Cross, it bordersEnfield to the north,Chingford to the east, andTottenham to the south, withPalmers Green andWinchmore Hill to the west. The population of Edmonton was 82,472 as of 2011.
The town forms part of theceremonial county ofGreater London and until 1965 was in theancient county ofMiddlesex. Historically aparish in theEdmonton Hundred of Middlesex,Edmonton became anurban district in 1894, and amunicipal borough in 1937. Local government took place at the now-demolished Edmonton Town Hall in Fore Street between 1855 and 1965. In 1965, followingreform of local government in London, the municipal borough and former parish of Edmonton was abolished, merging with that ofEnfield andSouthgate to form the new local government district of Enfield, a borough of Greater London.
Once a rural village, the opening of the railway and tramway in the 19th century, especially the opening of thehigh-level station at Lower Edmonton, caused the area to expand rapidly, forming part of themetropolitan and urban area of London, similar to much of the county of Middlesex. The late 19th century saw the establishment of industry on formermarshland and movement of aworking-class population to the area, encouraging much of this development. By the 1930s, the area had become a popular north London shopping destination, and in the 1960s and 1970s, the area underwent major redevelopment, with the construction of anindoor market and shopping centre, as well as mass construction ofcouncil housing, includingtower blocks. In recent years, as a result of increased levels of immigration, the town has been transformed from a predominantlywhite area into one of the mostethnically diverse areas in England, with the majority of the population now belonging to an ethnic minority background, as first recorded in the2011 census.
In 1795,Fort Edmonton in Canada was named after the town in London. The fort evolved into the city ofEdmonton, the capital city ofAlberta, Canada.
Edmonton is 8.4 miles (13.5 km) north-northeast ofCharing Cross and stretches from just south of theNorth Circular Road, where it bordersTottenham, to its boundary withPonders End to the north.Bush Hill Park,Winchmore Hill andPalmers Green adjoin the western boundary along theGreat Cambridge Road, while theRiver Lee Diversion forms Edmonton's eastern boundary withChingford. The northern part of Edmonton, known as Lower Edmonton, corresponds to the N9 postcode area. Upper Edmonton, the southern part of the town, corresponds to the N18 postcode area. Edmonton lies about 52 feet (16 m) above sea level. The largest public parks arePymmes Park and Jubilee Park.
The mainRoman road,Ermine Street passed through what is today Edmonton. It ran from London toLincoln and on toYork.Edmonton appears in theDomesday Book of 1086, where it is recorded as Adelmetone—'a farmstead or estate of a man called Ēadhelm' from anOld English personal name andtūn.[2]
Edmonton Hundred was a division of the historic county ofMiddlesex fromSaxon times, an area of some 31,000 acres (130 km2) stretching up the west bank of theLea fromTottenham to the county boundary south ofWaltham Cross, and west into what is nowHertfordshire as far asSouth Mimms. Local government in the modern sense began in 1837 with the Edmonton Union, set up under thePoor Law Amendment Act 1834. This[specify] also covered a wide district of 47,102 acres (190.62 km2), including the modern boroughs ofHaringey and Enfield, plusCheshunt,Waltham Abbey andWaltham Cross. The town hall was built in 1884[3] and extended in 1903.[4] Thecrenelatedperpendicular Edmonton Town Hall was built in 1884 to the designs of George Eedes Eachus.[5] The building was enlarged in 1902–3 by W. Gilbee Scott, who added public swimming baths. The baths were replaced by the Edmonton Green Swimming Pool in 1970.[6] The Town Hall was demolished in 1989.[7]
The population of this area grew rapidly, reaching 445,875 by 1911 and would today be about 615,000. As the population mushroomed, smaller areas within Middlesex were used for local government, with alocal board being formed for the 3,894 acres (15.76 km2) parish of Edmonton in 1850, which eventually achieved the status ofmunicipal borough (main articleMunicipal Borough of Edmonton) in 1937. At the 1961 census the borough had a population of 91,956.[8] This was absorbed into theLondon Borough of Enfield in 1965, and the former town hall and civic buildings were controversially demolished by Enfield Council in 1989.[9]
Pymmes Park with its historic walled garden is Upper Edmonton's park. Pymmes Park originated as a private estate. In the late 16th century it was owned by the powerful Cecil family. In 1589Robert Cecil, later 1stEarl of Salisbury, spent his honeymoon at Pymmes. Cecil was a protege ofFrancis Walsingham,Elizabeth I's chief spymaster and he succeeded him as Secretary of State in 1590. The estate was eventually acquired by Edmonton Council and opened as a public park in 1906. Pymmes House was destroyed by fire during theSecond World War and the remains were demolished.
In the 17th century the then rural Edmonton had a reputation forsupernatural activities. In approximately 1600, a play entitledThe Merry Devil of Edmonton was performed in London about awizard who lived there. In 1621 the villagers accused an old woman, Elizabeth Sawyer, ofwitchcraft and she was subsequently executed atTyburn; her story was told in a pamphlet byHenry Goodcole, and in a 1621 play entitledThe Witch of Edmonton.
The historicAll Saints' Church is situated in Church Street as is Lamb's Cottage, which was home to writersCharles Lamb andMary Lamb.
John Keats, the poet, was apprenticed to surgeon Dr. Hammond in Church Street between 1810 and 1816. The house was demolished in 1931 to be replaced by Keats Parade. An extant shop carries ablue plaque in commemoration.[10]
Edmonton was the home town of SirJames Winter Lake, director of theHudson's Bay Company. Thecompany's trading outpost named after Edmonton is nowthe capital of the Canadian province ofAlberta.
In his 1782 poem,The Diverting History of John Gilpin,William Cowper relates the comic tale ofJohn Gilpin a linendraper ofCheapside London, who was probably based on a Mr Beyer, a linen draper of the Cheapside corner ofPaternoster Row.[11]
Gilpin's spouse decides she and her husband should spend their twentieth wedding anniversary atThe Bell Inn, Fore Street, Edmonton. The journey is beset with misfortune from start to finish. Gilpin loses control of his horse which carries him on to the town ofWare ten miles (16 km) distant. On the return journey, Gilpin is still unable to handle his steed, as he once again he fails to stop atThe Bell. The horse gallops back to Cheapside much to the dismay of his concerned spouse.[12]
Gilpin is remembered in Edmonton by the statue at Fore Street, the ex-Wetherspoons outlet theGilpin's Bell public house opposite the site of the original inn and the 1950scouncil housing Gilpin House in Upper Fore Street.
Edmonton was home to many industries which included manufacturing of gas appliances,electrical components and furniture. Most of this was lost in the latter part of the twentieth century. Household names that produced goods here includedMK electric,Ever Ready batteries,British Oxygen,Glover and Main gas appliances.
Eley Industrial Estate was named afterEley Brothers thefirearms cartridge manufacturer. Itsshot tower was a distinctive landmark on the skyline until being demolished the late twentieth century. Due to its close proximity to theRiver Lee Navigation, timber was transported bybarge from theLondon Docks and stored in riverside wharves. As a result, many furniture makers including Nathans,Beautility and Homeworthy established factories.[13] Today,Parker-Knoll products are manufactured at the former B&I Nathan factory on the Eley Industrial Estate.[14] As of 2013, the area is dominated by the 100 metreEdmonton Incinerator chimney which was built in 1971. Other major employers includeCoca-Cola.[15]
The railway arrived in 1840 with the opening of the first section of the Lea Valley Line fromStratford toBroxbourne. A station was provided inWater Lane (Angel Road). As the station was badly sited and the trains were slow and expensive, few people used the railway in the early days, preferring the horse buses. In 1845 there were buses every 15 minutes along Fore Street, travelling alternately toBishopsgate andHolborn.
The single-track line from a junction just north ofAngel Road toEnfield Town opened on 1 March 1849, with an intermediate single-platform station atLower Edmonton, located at the edge of the village green. The service was infrequent and often required a change of train at the junction. This, coupled with the train taking the long way round through Stratford to get to the terminus at Bishopsgate, meant that the railway offered little competition to the existing horse coaches and buses.
Edmonton's population grew with the opening of the high level railway atEdmonton Green station in 1872. The traffic produced by the railway and by a tramway opened by theNorth London Tramways Company in 1881, brought a working class population toLower Edmonton and encouraged housing development and the development of Edmonton Green's outdoor market. This had always been the major centre for the village, but by the early 20th century its character had changed to a busy, raucousCockney centre, alive withcostermongers barrows and food stalls, the venue for travelling circuses and fairs. On several occasions the local council tried unsuccessfully to close down the market.[16]
The direct line from London to Enfield Town was opened in four stages, fromBethnal Green toStoke Newington on 27 May 1872; from Stoke Newington through to Lower Edmonton High Level on 22 July 1872, with stations in Edmonton atSilver Street and a new High Level station at Lower Edmonton, which was renamedEdmonton Green in 1992; the short section from Lower Edmonton High Level to Edmonton Junction (where the new line met the originalEastern Counties Railway route from Angel Road to Enfield Town via Lower Edmonton Low Level) on 1 August 1872; and the suburban platforms on the west side ofLiverpool Street station on 2 February 1874.
The stations were well sited and offered exceptionally cheap workmen's fares of just 2d on trains arriving at Liverpool Street prior to 07:00, 3d on those arriving between 07:00 and 07:30, and half-price returns on those arriving between 07:30 and 08:00. A horse tramway along Fore Street opened in 1881. The tramway was re-constructed and electrified during 1905, lasting until 1938 when trolley buses took over.
By the 1930s, the area had become a major shopping destination drawing visitors from a wide catchment area. The early post war years saw much of the area in a run down state. There was also an acute housing shortage. Comprehensive redevelopment of the area was agreed in 1960, to a plan byFrederick Gibberd & Partners for a radically transformed urban centre with a pedestrian shopping area, car parking for 3000, 750 flats including three 25 storytower blocks (Grampian House, Mendip House and Pennine House) and new civic and amenity buildings to replace the oldtown hall andbaths. When Edmonton was incorporated within the newLondon Borough of Enfield (1965) plans for the civic buildings were abandoned. Only the leisure centre (demolished 2007) set in a car park was completed. Building began on the redevelopment in 1965 and completed in 1974.[7]
In recent years, Edmonton has been transformed from a predominantly white area into one of the mostethnically diverse areas in England as a result of increased immigration.[17][18] At the 2001 census, 66.1% of the population of theEdmonton constituency was white, whereas at the 2011 census, between 36 and 38 per cent of the town's three electoral wards was white.[19][20][21]
On 10 February 2005, retailerIKEA opened its Tottenham store on Meridian Way, Edmonton.[22]
The Edmonton Green area is currently being redeveloped bySt. Modwen Properties. The £100 million project will include new housing, bus station, clinic and refurbishment of the shopping centre.[23] In addition, a 73-roomTravelodge hotel will be opened on the development.[24] Edmonton Green area is currently being regenerated bySt. Modwen Properties, who bought the property from the London Borough of Enfield in 1999.[25] Phase 1 was completed in 2007 and includes aPrimary health care centre, 176 affordable residential units, bus station, hotel, leisure centre,[26] new retail outlets and the refurbishment of the existingmulti-storey car park. Demolition of the original 1970's leisure centre has been completed, that enabled construction to commence of a newAsda supermarket which opened in November 2008.
The thenMayor of London,Boris Johnson, visited Edmonton in November 2008 to release his Time For Action plan. He claimed his proposals would help stop young people becoming repeat offenders.[27]
Edmonton currently has some of the highest levels of unemployment in Britain, with therecession of the late 2000s pushing unemployment to nearly 14% by 2009.[28]
On 18 June 2011 over 400 people marched through Edmonton to make a stand againstgun andknife crime.[29]
As part of the2012 Summer Olympics preparations, theOlympic torch relay passed through Edmonton on 25 July 2012 at Fore Streeten route toHaringey.[30]
Up to 5000 new homes and 3000 new jobs will be created by the £1.5 billionMeridian Water redevelopment on former industrial land by 2026.[31]
TheEdmonton constituency had a population of 96,493 in the 2001 census.[17]
The white groups made up 66.1% of the population and thirteen other ethnic groups the remainder.[17]
The most spoken foreign language in all three wards isTurkish.[19][20][21]
The median house price as of 2014 in the Edmonton Green ward was £210,000. This is the 15th lowest out of the 628 wards of Greater London.[32]
All Saints' Church
The mostly 15th-century church is located in Church Street. It is the oldest building in Edmonton.[citation needed]
A circa 1730 terrace of linked Grade II*Listed Buildings which were altered in the middle of the 19th century. 185, 187 and 189 were extensively restored in the 1980s to include the formation of an arch at 187 Angel Place with prize-winning[33] gardens behind. Set back from Fore Street, theA1010 road, and standing close to the junction with theA406 road, the buildings were adjacent to The Angel public house demolished to widen the North Circular Road.[34]
The Grade II listed building is located in Church Street. Designed by J. S. Alder and opened in 1908. The building today is used as a church.[10]
The former public library (closed 1991) opened in 1897 at Fore Street. Designed byMaurice Bingham Adams withbequests provided by theJohn Passmore Edwards foundation. Today the Grade II listed building is used as a religious and community centre. (Inside the library by the main entrance were two portrait plaques of Charles Lamb and John Keats byGeorge Frampton, 1908. The plaques can be viewed at (Community House, 313 Fore Street, Edmonton).[35]
The roughly triangular shaped Jewish cemetery was founded in 1889 with land given bySamuel Montagu.[36] The walled cemetery is bordered bySalmons Brook which forms part of thePymmes Brook Trail and a footpath which follows the course of the disusedLower Edmonton low level railway.[37]RabbiEliezer Gordon is buried here. The cemetery contains the war graves of 7 Commonwealth service personnel of theFirst World War and 23 of theSecond World War.[38] The entrance is in Montagu RoadB137 road. The site also incorporates the Western Synagogue Cemetery[36] founded in 1884 (containing 3 Commonwealth service war graves of World War II[39]) and adjoins theTottenham Park Cemetery.[40][41]
The simple yellow brick structure with red brick dressings is located on the south side of Church Street. Initially the school, founded in 1784, had been on a different site. However, the benefactor, Obadiah Legrew, grew tired of the children close to his home. He had the original school demolished, drew £170 from the trust, and purchased another plot of land. In 1793 the new school was built afresh, away from his delicate ears. Pupils aged between 7 and 14 were clothed and educated, although the main purpose was to fit them for domestic service. The facade carries a figure of a charity girl and the wordsA structure of Hope founded in Faith on the basis of Charity. The school closed in 1904.[42][43]
Formerly known as Bay Cottage. The cottage is believed to have been built in the 1680s and is located in the Church Street conservation area.[34] WritersCharles andMary Lamb occupied the house from 1833 to 1834, when Charles Lamb died there.[44] The cottage was sold to its new owners in June 2008.[45]
Millfield House is late-18th-century house used as aworkhouse school, hospital and arefugee centre before closing in 1971. The house re-opened as anarts centre in 1979 in a complex which encompasses the Millfield Theatre,Millfield Arts Centre and the former Weir Hall Library (closed 2008).[46]
North Middlesex Hospital is located inSterling Way,Upper Edmonton. Built in 1842 by the Edmonton Board of Guardians as the Edmonton Union Workhouse. A separate infirmary block was opened in 1910. Much of the building was taken over for use as a military hospital in 1915, during theFirst World War, was returned to civilian use in 1920 and renamed the North Middlesex Hospital.[47]
Salisbury House dates to the late 16th/early 17th century, and is the oldest building in Edmonton apart from All Saints' Church. The house which is located in Bury Street West, Lower Edmonton has been a private residence and a school before it was bought by Edmonton council in 1936. The building was established as an arts centre in 1957 (the first to be provided by a local authority in London).[48] In 1992 it underwent a major restoration. The house is Grade II listed along with some of the surrounding walls.[49]
A terrace of twenty-fiveGeorgian houses, located in theHertford Road, built between 1826 and 1851 by a London solicitor. By the late 19th century the properties in the Crescent had been largely split into flats.[50][51]
The main retail centre of Edmonton is theEdmonton Green Shopping Centre which has amarket, and the other retail centre is at the "Angel" Edmonton which is ahigh street containing a wide range of retail outlets.
The Member of Parliament forEdmonton and Winchmore Hill isKate Osamor,Labour Co-op who was elected to the Edmonton constituency at the2015 general election.
Edmonton is the home of theMillfield Arts Centre and Face Front Inclusive Theatre Company.[73]
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Other | |
