Economy ofAssam

Guwahati, the capital of Assam as viewed from atop of Nilachal hill.
Currency	Indian rupee (INR, ₹)
Fiscal year	1 April – 31 March
Country group	Developing/Emerging[1] Lower-middle income economy[2]
Statistics
GDP	₹7.41 lakh crore (US$88 billion) (2025–26 est.)[3] (US$362 billion) (ppp, 2025-26 est.)
GDP rank	17th
GDP growth	15% (2025-26 est.)[4]
GDP per capita	₹203,251 (US$2,400) (2025-26 est.) (US$9,837) (ppp, 2025-26 est.)[3]
GDP per capita rank	28th
GDP by sector	Agriculture 25% Industry 30% Services 45% (2021-22)[4]
Population belowpoverty line	14.47% in poverty (2022–23)[5]
Human Development Index	0.684medium (2023) (26th)
Unemployment	4.0% (Nov 2020)[6]
Public finances
Government debt	25.74% of GSDP (2022-23 est.)[4]
Budget balance	₹−15,354 crore (US$−1.8 billion) (3.19% of GSDP) (2022-23 est.)
Revenues	₹119,244 crore (US$14 billion) (2024-25 est.)[4]
Expenses	₹1.46 lakh crore (US$17 billion) (2024-25 est.)[4]
All values, unless otherwise stated, are inUS dollars.

TheEconomy ofAssam is largelyagrarian, with a majority of the population engaged inagriculture.^[7] TherealGSDP increased approximately 6.1 percent annually between 2002 and 2012,^[8][9] and increased approximately 7.2 percent annually between 2012 to 2025.^[10]

Assam is endowed with rich natural resources, and once had a higher than average per capita income than the national average.^[11] However, the state subsequently registered a lower than average per capita income and economic growth. In 1950-51, the per capita income was 4 percent above the national average, but in 1998-99, per capita income had dropped 41 percent below the national average at current prices and 45 percent below the national average in constant 1980-81 prices.^[11] This decrease could be attributed to a number of reasons, including the1962 Sino-Indian War and the1971 Indo-Pakistani War, both fought primarily in the eastern front of India.^[11] Assam also had to take in a large number of refugees from erstwhileEast Pakistan after1947 and in1970-1971, a development exacerbated by the arrival of refugees and migrants from newly independentBangladesh after 1971.^[11] Economic performance was affected adversely also by political and social processes within the state, including theinsurgency in Northeast India, and theAssam Movement of the late 1970s and early 1980s.^[11]

Assam had a lower incidence of poverty at 51 percent in 1973-74 compared to the national average of 55 percent, but the decrease in the poverty ratio has lagged behind the national average.^[11] Aftereconomic liberation in the 1990s, economic performance initially remained below the national average, in part, due to migration from Bangladesh and the activities of insurgent groups such as theUnited Liberation Front of Assam.^[8][11] The state reduced poverty 5 percent between 1993-94 and 1999-2000, compared to the 10 percent national decrease.^[11]

Between 1951 and 1979, Assam registered an average level ofreal gross domestic product growth compared to the national average.^[12] However, the state's real gdp growth lagged behind the national average after 1979 due to the "tensed socio-political environment".^[13] Between 1981 and 2001, Assam's GSDP increased 3.3 percent annually compared to the national average of 6 percent.^[12] Since the 2000s, Assam has registered higher levels of real gross domestic product growth.GSDP atconstant (1999-2000) prices increased 5.33 percent annually between 2002 and 2007.^[8][9] Real GSDP increased 6.78 percent annually between 2007 and 2012.^[9] Real GSDP at constant (2011-12) prices increased approximately 7.6 percent annually between 2012 and 2016.^[10][14][15] Real GSDP at constant (2011-12) prices increased approximately 7.0 percent annually between 2016 and 2025.^[10]

This is a chart of the trend in the gross state domestic product of Assam at market prices between 1980 and 2000, estimated by theMinistry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian Rupees.^[16]

This is a chart ofrealGSDP growth between 1980 to 2001, including theprimary sector,secondary sector, andtertiary sector.^[17][18]

This is a chart of Assam state GDP at industry of origin (factor cost) inconstant (1980-81) prices from 1981-82 to 1990-91, and from 1990-91 to 1999-00.^[17][18]

Agriculture accounts for more than a third of Assam's income^[19] and employs 69 percent of total workforce.^[20] Assam's biggest contribution to the world is itstea. Assam produces some of the finest and most expensive teas in the world. Other than the Chinese tea varietyCamellia sinensis, Assam is the only region in the world that has its own variety of tea, calledCamellia assamica. Assam tea is grown at elevations near sea level, giving it a malty sweetness and an earthy flavor, as opposed to the more floral aroma of highland (e.g.Darjeeling,Taiwanese) teas. Assam also accounts for fair share of India's production ofrice,rapeseed,mustard,jute,potato,sweet potato,banana,papaya,areca nut andturmeric. Assam is also a home of large varieties ofcitrus fruits,leaf vegetables,vegetables, useful grasses,herbs,spices, etc. which are mostly subsistence crops.

Given below is a table of 2015 national output share of select agricultural crops and allied segments in Assam based on 2011 prices^[21]

Assam's agriculture has yet to experience modernisation in a real sense and is lagging behind.^[19] With implications to food security, per capita food grain production has declined in past five decades.^[22] On the other hand, although productivity of crops increased marginally, still these are much lower in comparison to highly productive regions. For instance, yield of rice, which is staple food of Assam, was just 1531 kg per hectare against India's 1927 kg per hectare in 2000-2001^[22] (which itself is much lower thanEgypt’s 9283, United States's 7279,South Korea’s 6838, Japan's 6635 and China's 6131 kg per hectare in 2001^[23]). On the other hand, although having a strong domestic demand, 1.5 million hectares of inland water bodies and numerous rivers and streams and 165 varieties of fishes,^[24]fishing is still in its traditional form and production is not self-sufficient.^[25]

Assam is a major producer ofcrude oil andnatural gas in India.^[19] It was placed as the second in the world, (afterTitusville in the United States) wherepetroleum was discovered. Asia's first successful mechanically drilled oil well was drilled inMakum (Assam) way back in 1867. The second oldest oil well in the world still produces crudes oil. Most of the oilfields of Assam are located in the Upper Assam region of theBrahmaputra Valley. Assam has four oil refineries located atGuwahati,Digboi,Numaligarh andBongaigaon with a total capacity of 7 milliontonnes per year. TheBongaigaon Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (BRPL) is the onlyS&P CNX 500 conglomerate with a corporate office in Assam.^[26]One of the biggest public sector oil company of the country,Oil India Ltd., has its plant and headquarters inDuliajan.^[27]

Apart from tea and petroleum refineries,^[19] Assam has few industries of significance. Industrial development is inhibited by its physical and political isolation from neighbouring countries such asMyanmar,China andThailand and from the other growingSouth East Asian economies. The region is landlocked and situated in the easternmost periphery of India and is linked to the central India by aflood andcyclone prone narrow corridor with weak transportation infrastructure. Theinternational airport in Guwahati finds airlines providing better direct international flights. TheBrahmaputra suitable fornavigation does not have sufficient infrastructure forinternational trade and success of such a navigable trade route will be dependent on proper channel maintenance, and diplomatic and trade relationships with Bangladesh.

Although having a poor overall industrial performance, there are several other industries, including a chemicalfertiliser plant atNamrup,petrochemical industries at Namrup andBongaigaon, paper mills atJagiroad, Panchgram andJogighopa, sugar mills at Barua Bamun Gaon, Chargola, Kampur, cement plant atBokajan, cosmetics plant ofHindustan Unilever(HUL) atDoom Dooma, etc. Moreover, there are other industries such as jute mill, textile and yarn mills, silk mill, etc. Many of these industries are facing loss and closer due to lack of infrastructure and improper management practices.

• Economy of Assam

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