Echidna's family tree varies by author.[4] The oldest genealogy relating to Echidna,Hesiod'sTheogony (c. 8th – 7th century BC), is unclear on several points. According to Hesiod, Echidna was born to a "she" who was probably meant by Hesiod to be the sea goddessCeto, making Echidna's likely father the sea godPhorcys; however the "she" might instead refer to theOceanidCallirhoe, which would makeMedusa's offspringChrysaor the father of Echidna.[5] The mythographerPherecydes of Athens (5th century BC) has Echidna as the daughter ofPhorcys, without naming a mother.[6]
Other authors give Echidna other parents. According to the geographerPausanias (2nd century AD),Epimenides (7th or 6th century BC) had Echidna as the daughter of the OceanidStyx (goddess of the river Styx) and one Peiras (otherwise unknown to Pausanias),[7] while according to the mythographerApollodorus (1st or 2nd century AD), Echidna was the daughter ofTartarus andGaia.[8] In one account, from theOrphic tradition, Echidna was the daughter ofPhanes (the Orphic father of all gods).[9]
Hesiod's Echidna was half beautiful maiden and half fearsome snake. Hesiod described "the goddess fierce Echidna" as a flesh eating "monster, irresistible", who was like neither "mortal men" nor "the undying gods", but was "half a nymph with glancing eyes and fair cheeks, and half again a huge snake, great and awful, with speckled skin", who "dies not nor grows old all her days".[10] Hesiod's apparent association of the eating of raw flesh with Echidna's snake half suggests that he may have supposed that Echidna's snake half ended in a snake-head.[11]Aristophanes (late 5th century BC), who makes her a denizen of the underworld, gives Echidna a hundred heads (presumably snake heads), matching the hundred snake heads Hesiod says her mateTyphon had.[12]
In the Orphic account (mentioned above), Echidna is described as having the head of a beautiful woman with long hair and a serpent's body from the neck down.[13]Nonnus, in hisDionysiaca, describes Echidna as being "hideous" with "horrible poison".[14]
According toHesiod'sTheogony, the "terrible" and "lawless" Typhon "was joined in love to [Echidna], the maid with glancing eyes" and she bore "fierce offspring".[15] First there wasOrthrus,[16] the two-headed dog who guarded the Cattle ofGeryon, secondCerberus,[17] the multiheaded dog who guarded the gates ofHades, and third theLernaean Hydra,[18] the many-headed serpent who, when one of its heads was cut off, grew two back. TheTheogony mentions a second ambiguous "she" as the mother of theChimera (a fire-breathing beast that was part lion, part goat, and had a snake-headed tail) which may refer to Echidna, though possibly the Hydra or even Ceto was meant instead.[19] Hesiod next names two more descendants of Echidna, theSphinx, a monster with the head of a woman and the body of a winged lion, and theNemean lion, killed byHeracles as his first labor. According to Hesiod, these two were the offspring of Echidna's son Orthrus and another ambiguous "she", read variously as the Chimera, Echidna herself, or again even Ceto.[20] In any case, thelyric poetLasus of Hermione (6th century BC) has Echidna and Typhon as the parents of the Sphinx,[21] while the playwrightEuripides (5th century BC), has Echidna as her mother, without mentioning a father.[22] While mentioning Cerberus and "other monsters" as being the offspring of Echidna and Typhon, the mythographerAcusilaus (6th century BC) adds theCaucasian Eagle that ate the liver ofPrometheus.[23] Pherecydes also names Prometheus' eagle,[24] and addsLadon (though Pherecydes does not use this name), the dragon that guarded thegolden apples in theGarden of the Hesperides (according to Hesiod, the offspring of Ceto and Phorcys).[25]
Later authors mostly retain these offspring of Echidna and Typhon while adding others.Apollodorus, in addition to naming as their offspring Orthrus, the Chimera (citing Hesiod as his source), the Sphinx, the Caucasian Eagle, Ladon, and probably the Nemean lion (only Typhon is named), also adds theCrommyonian Sow, killed by the heroTheseus (unmentioned by Hesiod).[26]Hyginus[27] in his list of offspring of Echidna (all by Typhon), retains from the above Cerberus, the Chimera, the Sphinx, the Hydra and Ladon, and adds "Gorgon" (by which Hyginus means the mother ofMedusa, whereas Hesiod's threeGorgons, of which Medusa was one, were the daughters of Ceto and Phorcys), theColchian dragon that guarded theGolden Fleece[28] andScylla.[29]
Nonnus makes Echidna the mother of an unnamed, venom-spitting, "huge" son, with "snaky" feet, an ally ofCronus in his war withZeus, who was killed byAres.[30] TheHarpies, in Hesiod the daughters ofThaumas and theOceanidElectra,[31] in one source, are said to be the daughters of Typhon,[32] and so perhaps were also considered to be the daughters of Echidna. Likewise, the sea serpents which attacked the Trojan priestLaocoön during theTrojan War, which are called byQuintus Smyrnaeus "fearful monsters of the deadly brood of Typhon", may also have been considered Echidna's offspring.[33] Echidna is sometimes identified with the Viper who was the mother byHeracles ofScythes, an eponymous king of theScythians, along with his brothersAgathyrsus ("much raging")[34] andGelonus (see below).
^Quintus Smyrnaeus has Echidna and Typhon as Cerberus' parents with Orthrus as his brother.
^It is unclear whom Hesiod meant as the mother of the Chimera: Echidna, the Hydra, or Ceto. See Clay,p. 159, with n. 34; Gantz, p. 22.
^Apollodorus, cites Hesiod as his source for the Chimera being the offspring of Typhon and Echidna.
^abHesiod gives the Sphinx and the Nemean lion as the offspring of Echidna's son Orthrus and an ambiguous "she", in line326 of theTheogony, read variously as the Chimera, Echidna herself, or even Ceto. See Clay,p. 159, with n. 34; Most 2018a,p. 29 n. 20; Gantz, p. 23; Caldwell, p. 47 lines 326; West 1966, p. 356 line 326ἡ δ' ἄρα.
^Hyginus says thatLuna ("Moon") raised the Nemean Lion in a two-mouthed cave.
^Hyginus gives three possible parentages for the Caucasian Eagle: Typhon and Echidna, Terra and Tartarus, or that it was fashioned by Vulcan and given life by Jove.
^Hesiod (though he does not name it Ladon) gives the dragon's parents as Ceto and Phorcys.
^abHesiod and Apollodorus have the three Gorgons,Stheno,Euryale and Medusa as the daughters of Ceto and Phorcys
According to Hesiod, Echidna was born in a cave and apparently lived alone (in that same cave, or perhaps another), as Hesiod describes it, "beneath the secret parts of the holy earth ... deep down under a hollow rock far from the deathless gods and mortal men", a place appointed by the gods, where she "keeps guard in Arima".[35] (Though Hesiod here may possibly be referring to Echidna's mother Ceto's home cave instead.)[36] It was perhaps from this same cave that Echidna used to "carry off passersby".[37]
Hesiod locates Echidna's cave in Arima (εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν). Presumably, this is the same place where, inHomer'sIliad, Zeus, with his thunderbolts, lashes the land about Echidna's mate Typhon, described as the land of theArimoi (εἰν Ἀρίμοις), "where men say is the couch [bed] of Typhoeus", Typhoeus being another name for Typhon.[38] But neither Homer nor Hesiod say anything more about where this Arima might be. The question of whether an historical place was meant, and its possible location, has been since ancient times the subject of speculation and debate.[39]
The geographerStrabo (c. 20 AD) discusses the question in some detail.[40] Several locales,Cilicia,Syria,Lydia, and the Island of Pithecussae (modernIschia), each associated with Typhon in various ways, are given by Strabo as possible locations for Hesiod's "Arima" (or Homer's "Arimoi").
The region in the vicinity of the ancient Cilician coastal city ofCorycus (modernKızkalesi, Turkey) is often associated with Typhon's birth. The poetPindar (c. 470 BC), who has Typhon born in Cilicia, and nurtured in "the famous Cilician cave"[41] an apparent allusion to theCorycian cave,[42] also has Zeus slaying Typhon "among the Arimoi".[43] The fourth-century BC historianCallisthenes, located the Arimoi and the Arima mountains in Cilicia, near theCalycadnus river, the Corycian cave and the Sarpedon promontory.[44] The b scholia toIliad 2.783, preserving a possible Orphic tradition, has Typhon born "under Arimon in Cilicia",[45] andNonnus mentions Typhon's "bloodstained cave of Arima" in Cilicia.[46]
Just across theGulf of Issus fromCorycus, in ancient Syria, was Mount Kasios (modernJebel Aqra in Turkey) and theOrontes River, said to be the site of the battle of Typhon and Zeus.[47] According to Strabo, the historianPosidonius identified the Arimoi with theAramaeans of Syria.[48]
According to some, Arima was instead located in a volcanic plain on the upperGediz River called theCatacecaumene ("Burnt Land"), situated between the ancient kingdoms of Lydia,Mysia andPhrygia, nearMount Tmolus (modern Bozdağ) andSardis, the ancient capital of Lydia.[49] According to Strabo, some placed the Arimoi and the battle between Typhon and Zeus at Catacecaumene,[50] whileXanthus of Lydia added that "a certain Arimus" ruled there.[51] Strabo also tells us that, according to "some", Homer's "couch of Typhon" (and hence the Arimoi) was located "in a wooded place, in the fertile land of Hyde", with Hyde being another name for Sardis (or its acropolis), and thatDemetrius of Scepsis thought that the Arimoi were most plausibly located "in the Catacecaumene country in Mysia".[52] The third-century BC poetLycophron placed Echidna's lair in this region.[53]
Another place mentioned by Strabo as being associated with Arima is the volcanic island of Pithecussae, off the coast of ancientCumae in Italy. According toPherecydes of Athens, Typhon fled to Pithecussae during his battle with Zeus[54] and, according to Pindar, Typhon lay buried beneath the island.[55] Strabo reports the "myth" that when Typhon "turns his body the flames and the waters, and sometimes even small islands containing boiling water, spout forth".[56] The connection to Arima comes from the island's Greek name Pithecussae, which derives from the Greek word for monkey, and, according to Strabo, residents of the island said that "arimoi" was also the Etruscan word for monkeys.[57]
Quintus Smyrnaeus locates her cave "close on the borders of Eternal Night".[58]
Although for Hesiod Echidna was immortal and ageless,[59] according toApollodorus Echidna continued to prey on the unfortunate "passers-by" until she was finally killed, while she slept, byArgus Panoptes, the hundred-eyed giant who servedHera.[60]
From the fifth century BC historianHerodotus, we learn of a creature who, though Herodotus does not name as Echidna, is called anechidna ("she-viper") and resembles the Hesiodic Echidna in several respects. She was half woman half snake, lived in a cave, and was known as a mother figure, in this case, as the progenitor of the Scythians (rather than of monsters).[61]
According to Herodotus, Greeks living inPontus, a region on the southern coast of theBlack Sea, told a story of an encounter betweenHeracles and this snaky creature. Heracles was driving the cattle ofGeryones through what would later becomeScythia, when one morning he awoke and discovered that his horses had disappeared. While searching for them, he "found in a cave a creature of double form that was half maiden and half serpent; above the buttocks she was a woman, below them a snake". She had the horses and promised to return them if Heracles would have sex with her. Heracles agreed and she had three sons by him:Agathyrsus,Gelonus and Scythes. She asked Heracles what she should do with his sons: "shall I keep them here (since I am queen of this country), or shall I send them away to you?". And Heracles gave her a bow and belt, and told her, that when the boys were grown, whichever would draw the bow and wear the belt, keep him and banish the others. The youngest son Scythes fulfilled the requirements and became the founder and eponym of the Scythians.
A possibly related creature to the Hesiodic Echidna is the "Viper" (Echidna) cast into an abyss, byPhilip the Apostle, in the apocryphalActs of Philip.[62] Called a "she dragon" (drakaina) and "the mother of the serpents",[63] this Echidna ruled over many other monstrous dragons and snakes, and lived in a gated temple atHierapolis,[64] where she was worshipped by the people of that land. She, along with her temple and priests, was swallowed up by a hole in the ground that opened beneath her, as the result of Philip's curse.[65]
Echidna was perhaps associated with the monster killed byApollo atDelphi. Though that monster is usually said to be the male serpentPython, in the oldest account of this story, theHomeric Hymn to Apollo, the god kills a nameless she-serpent (drakaina), subsequently calledDelphyne, who had been Typhon's foster-mother.[66] Echidna and Delphyne share several similarities.[67] Both were half-maid and half-snake,[68] and both were a "plague" (πῆμα) to men.[69] And both were intimately connected to Typhon, and associated with the Corycian cave.[70]
No certain ancient depictions of Echidna survive.[71] According to Pausanias, Echidna was depicted, along with Typhon, on the sixth century BC Doric-Ionic temple complex atAmyclae known as the throne of Apollo, designed byBathycles of Magnesia.[72] Pausanias identifies two standing figures on the left as Echidna and Typhon, withTritons standing on the right, with no other details concerning these figures given.
Echidna – amonotreme mammal of Australia and New Guinea named after the mythological monster
Nāgas – a race of water-dwelling beings ofHindu mythology who are also half-serpent
Nüwa – a goddess in ancientChinese mythology best known for creating mankind and repairing the wall ofheaven, often depicted as having the body of a snake, or the lower part of her body being that of a snake
^For a discussion of Echidna's varying genealogy see Ogden 2013a,pp. 148–150.
^Hesiod,Theogony270-300. ThoughHerbert Jennings Rose says simply that it is "not clear which parents are meant",Athanassakis,p. 44, says that Phorcys and Ceto are the "more likely candidates for parents of this hideous creature who proceeded to give birth to a series of monsters and scourges". The problem arises from the ambiguous referent of the pronoun "she" inTheogony295. While some have read this "she" as referring to Callirhoe (e.g. Smiths.v. Echidna; Morford, p. 162), according to Clay,p. 159 n. 32, "the modern scholarly consensus" reads Ceto, see for example Most 2018a,p. 27 n. 16 ("Probably Ceto"); Gantz, p. 22 ("Phorkys and Keto produce Echidna"); Caldwell, pp. 7, 46 lines 295–303 ("presumably Keto"); West 1966, p. 249 line 295 ("probably Keto"); Grimal, s.v. Echidna ("Phorcys and Ceto").
^Apollodorus,Library2.1.2. According to the sixth century ADneoplatonistOlympiodorus, Typhon, Echidna, and Python were all the progeny of Tartarus and Gaia, with each being a cause of a specific kind of disorder, in Echidna's case, "a cause revenging and punishing rational souls; and hence the upper arts of her are those of a virgin, but the lower those of a serpent", see Taylor 1824,pp. 76–77 n. 63.
^Hyginus,FabulaePreface,30 (only Typhon is mentioned),151 also has the Hydra and as the offspring of Echidna and Typhon.
^The referent of "she" inTheogony319 is uncertain, see Clay,p. 159, with n. 34; Gantz, p. 22 ("Echidna ... the Hydra ... or even less probably Keto"); Most 2018a,p. 29 n. 18 ("probably Echidna"); Caldwell, p. 47 lines 319–325 ("probably Echidna, not Hydra"); West, pp. 254–255 line 319ἡ δὲ ("Echidna or Hydra?").
^The referent of "she" inTheogony326 is uncertain, see Clay,p. 159, with n. 34; Most 2018a,p. 29 n. 20 ("Probably Chimaera"); Gantz, p. 23 ("[Chimera] ... or just possibly Echidna"); Caldwell, p. 47 lines 326 ("either Echidna or Chimaira"); West 1966, p. 356 line 326ἡ δ' ἄρα ("much more likely ... Chimaera" than Echidna).
^See alsoVirgil,Ciris 67; Lyne,pp. 130–131. Others give other parents for Scylla. Several authors nameCrataeis as the mother of Scylla, seeHomer,Odyssey12.124–125;Ovid,Metamorphoses13.749;Apollodorus,E7.20;Servius onVirgilAeneid 3.420; and schol. onPlato,Republic 9.588c. Neither Homer nor Ovid mention a father, but Apollodorus says that the father was Trienus (orTriton?) or Phorcus, similarly the Plato scholiast, perhaps following Apollodorus, gives the father as Tyrrhenus or Phorcus, whileEustathius on Homer,Odyssey 12.85 gives the father as Triton. The HesiodicMegalai Ehoiai (fr. 262 MW = Most200) gives Hecate andPhorbas as the parents of Scylla, whileAcusilaus, fr. 42 Fowler (Fowler 2013,p. 32) says that Scylla's parents wereHekate andPhorkys (so also schol.Odyssey 12.85).Apollonius of Rhodes,Argonautica4. 828–829 (pp. 350–351) says that "Hecate who is called Crataeis," and Phorcys were the parents of Scylla. Semos of Delos (FGrHist 396 F 22) says that Crataeis was the daughter of Hekate and Triton, and mother of Scylla by Deimos.Stesichorus,F220PMG (Campbell, pp. 132–133) has Lamia as the mother of Scylla, possibly theLamia who was the daughter ofPoseidon. For discussions of the parentage of Scylla, see Fowler 2013,p. 32, Ogden 2013a,p. 134; Gantz, pp. 731–732; and Frazer's note to Apollodorus,E7.20.
^Homer,Iliad2.783; Fontenrose,p. 72; West 1966, p. 251 line 304εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν; Lane Fox, p. 288; Ogden 2013a,p. 76; Fowler 2013,p. 28. West, notes that Typhon's "couch" appears to be "not just 'where he lies', but also where he keeps his spouse"; compare withQuintus Smyrnaeus,8.97–98 (pp. 354–355).
^For an extensive discussion see Lane Fox, especially pp.39,107,283–301;317–318. See also West 1966, pp. 250–251 line 304εἰν Ἀρίμοισιν; Ogden 2013a,p. 76; Fowler 2013,pp. 28–30.
^Strabo,16.4.27. According to West 1966, p. 251, "This identification [Arimoi as Aramaeans] has been repeated in modern times." For example for Fontenrose,p. 71, the "Arimoi, it seems fairly certain, are the Aramaeans, and the country is either Syria or Cilicia, most likely the latter, since in later sources that is usually Typhon's land." See also West (1997), p. 301 n. 70. But Lane Fox, pp.107,291–298, rejects this identification, instead arguing for the derivation of "Arima" from theHittite place names "Erimma" and "Arimmatta".
^Lane Fox,pp. 289–291, rejects Catacecaumene as the site of Homer's "Arimoi".
^Pherecydes, fr. 54 Fowler (Fowler 2000, p. 307); Fowler 2013,p. 29; Gantz, p. 50.
^So Strabo,5.4.9,13.4.6; Lane Fox, p. 299, Ogden 2013a,p. 76. Pindar,Pythian1.15–20, has Typhon buried under a much vaster region than just Pithecussae, though he doesn't mention the island by name, stretching from Mount Etna in Sicily, to the "sea-girt cliffs above Cumae" (Lane Fox, p. 299, argues that the "cliffs" mentioned by Pindar refer to the island cliffs of Ischia). Compare with Pindar,Olympian4.6–7, which also has Typhon under Etna.
^Apollodorus,Library2.1.2. Gantz, pp. 201–202 finds "no trace" of such a tale in Archaic literature.
^Herodotus,4.8–10; Gantz, p. 409; Ogden 2013b,pp. 16–17; Ogden 2013a,p. 81 with n. 71; Fontenrose,pp. 97–100. While the Scythianechidna is sometimes identified with the Hesiodic Echidna (e.g. Grimal, s.vv. Echidna, Scythes, Ogden 2013b describes the Scythian as "seemingly calqued upon" the Hesiodic (p. 13), and asserts that "there is no particular reason to infer" that the two are "fully identifiable" (p. 17). Compare withDiodorus Siculus,2.43.3.
^For an English translation of theActs of Philip, see Buvon; for an English translation of selected passages (relating to dragons) see also Ogden 2013b pp. 207–215. For the possible relationship between the "Viper" and the Hesiodic Echidna, see Ogden 2013a,pp. 81–82, 422–425; Ogden 2013b,p. 16,p. 216; Fontenrose,pp. 95–96.
^Acts of Philip, 8.17 (V); Bovon, p. 79; Ogden 2013b, p. 208.
^Acts of Philip,Martyrdom 19 (V); Bovon, p. 99; Ogden 2013b, pp. 213–214.
^Acts of Philip,Martyrdom 26–27 (V); Bovon, pp. 101–102; Ogden 2013b, pp. 214–215.
^According toApollodorus,1.6.3, Typhon set Delphyne as guard over Zeus' severed sinews in the Corycian cave; see Ogden, 2013a,p. 42; Fontenrose,p. 94.
^Hošek, p. 679; Ogden 2013a,pp. 80–81 n. 37. The identification of Echidna fighting Heracles on a restoration of a pediment from the Athenian Acropolis, (see for example Gardner,p. 159) is now rejected.
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