Eastern Turkic Khaganate | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 581–645 | |||||||||||||
Greatest extent of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate | |||||||||||||
| Status |
| ||||||||||||
| Capital | Ötüken | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | |||||||||||||
| Religion | Tengrism,Buddhism[2] | ||||||||||||
| Khagan | |||||||||||||
• 603–609 | Yami Qaghan | ||||||||||||
• 620–630 | Illig Qaghan | ||||||||||||
• 645–650 | Chebi Khan | ||||||||||||
| Establishment | |||||||||||||
| Historical era | Early Middle Ages | ||||||||||||
• Göktürk civil war, Eastern Khaganate founded | 581 | ||||||||||||
• East-West split | 603 | ||||||||||||
• Conquest byTang dynasty | 630 | ||||||||||||
• Empire reestablished | 639 | ||||||||||||
• Reconquest byTang dynasty | 645 | ||||||||||||
• Second Turkic Khaganate established | 682 | ||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||
| 624[3] | 4,000,000 km2 (1,500,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Today part of | China Kazakhstan Mongolia Russia | ||||||||||||
TheEastern Turkic Khaganate (Chinese:東突厥;pinyin:Dōng Tūjué or Dōng Tújué) was formed as a result of the destructive wars in the beginning of the 7th century (AD 581–603) after theFirst Turkic Khaganate (founded in the 6th century in theMongolian Plateau by theAshina clan) had splintered into two polities – one in the east, onein the west. The Eastern Turkic Khaganate was defeated and absorbed by theTang dynasty, andXueyantuo occupied the territory of the former Turkic Khaganate.
In 552–555 theGöktürks replaced theRouran Khaganate as the dominant power on theMongolian Plateau, forming theFirst Turkic Khaganate (552–630). They quickly spread west to the Caspian Sea. Between 581 and 603 theWestern Turkic Khaganate in Central Asia separated from the Eastern Khaganate in the Mongolian Plateau. In the early period theCentral Plain regimes were weak and paid tribute to the Göktürks at times. TheTang dynasty overthrew the Eastern Turkic Khaganate in 630.
The ethnonymTürk (pl.Türküt, >Middle Chinese as 突厥: early *dwət-kuɑt > late *tɦut-kyat >MandarinTūjué orTújué) is ultimately derived from theOld-Turkic migration-term[12][13][14] 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰Türük/Törük,[15] which means 'created, born',[16] from the Old Turkic word root*türi-/töri- 'tribal root, (mythic) ancestry; take shape, to be born, be created, arise, spring up' and derived with the Old Turkic suffix 𐰰 (-ik), perhaps fromProto-Turkic*türi-k 'lineage, ancestry',[15][17] (compare also the Proto-Turkic word root*töre- to be born, originate').[18] or 'strong',[19][20] or originally a noun and meant "'the culminating point of maturity' (of a fruit, human being, etc.), but more often used as an [adjective] meaning (of a fruit) 'just fully ripe'; (of a human being) 'in the prime of life, young, and vigorous'".[21]
The ChineseBook of Zhou (7th century) presents an etymology of the nameTurk as derived from 'helmet', explaining that this name comes from the shape of a mountain where they worked in theAltai Mountains.[22] Hungarian scholarAndrás Róna-Tas (1991) pointed to a Khotanese-Saka word,tturakä 'lid', semantically stretchable to 'helmet', as a possible source for this folk etymology, yet Golden thinks this connection requires more data.[23]
In 439 a man with the surname Ashina led 500 families west fromGansu toGaochang near Turfan.[24] In about 460 theRouran moved them east to theAltai, which was an important source of metalwork for Siberia and Mongolia. David Christian says that the first dated mention of 'Turk' appears in Chinese annals in 542 when they made annual raids across theYellow River when it froze over. In 545 the futureBumin Qaghan was negotiating directly with theWestern Wei (535–557) without regard to his Rouran overlords. Later the Turks were sent east to suppress a rebellion by the Kao-ch'e, but the Turks absorbed them into their own army. Bumin demanded a royal bride from the Rouran and was denounced as a 'blacksmith slave'. Bumin took a bride from the Western Wei, defeated theRouran ruler inJehol and took the royal title of Khagan (552).
Strictly speaking, the politonymKök Tür(ü)k "Blue ~ Heavenly Turks", found on the Orkhon inscriptions, only denotes the Eastern Turks,[25] asOld Turkickök means "heaven, blue" andsignifies the cardinal direction east.[26] TheUyghurs, another people contemporary to Eastern Turks'Latter Göktürk successors, were also Turkic speakers yet usedTürük to denote Latter Göktürks, not themselves.[27] Chinese chroniclers used 突厥Tūjué orTújué to denoteFirst Turkic Khaganate, the Eastern Turks, as well as peoples politically associated with Eastern Turks such as: the "Wooden-Horse Tujue" (including theTuvans,[28] whomBook of Sui andHistory of the Northern Dynasties listed as aTiele tribe),[29][30] theTujue Sijie 突厥思結[31][32] (a tribe who were also members of theTiele and laterToquz Oghuz), as well as theShatuo Tujue 沙陀突厥 andKhazars (突厥曷薩 Tūjué Hésà or Tújué Hésà; 突厥可薩部 Tūjué Kěsà bù or Tújué Kěsà bù), as well as the Shatuo's and Khazars' predecessors, theWestern Turks 西突厥Xī Tūjué orXī Tújué, who were not named asTürük, butOn-Ok "Ten Arrows, Ten Tribes" in the Orkhon inscriptions.[33][34] Only later would Islamic chroniclers use Turks to denote Inner Asian nomadic peoples, and then modern historians would use Turks to refer to all peoples speakingTurkic languages, differentiated from non-Turkic speakers.[35][36]
The west was given to Bumin's younger brotherIstämi (552–575) and his sonTardu (575–603). Ishtami expanded the empire to the Caspian and theOxus river. The Göktürks gained theTarim Basin and thus the Silk Road trade and the Sogdian merchants that managed it. Bumin died in 552, the same year he rebelled, and was followed by three of his sons.Issik Qaghan (552–553) reigned briefly.Muqan Qaghan (553–572) finished off the remaining Rouran (who resisted until 555), pushed the Kitans east and controlled theYenisei Kyrgyz. He was followed byTaspar Qaghan (572–581). The Eastern Turks extracted a large amount of booty and tribute from theWestern Wei (535–557) andNorthern Zhou (557–581) dynasties, including 100,000 rolls of silk annually, which they tried to sell inCentral Asia.[37]
In 581 theSui dynasty was founded and began to reunifyChina proper. The Sui began pushing back, generally by supporting or bribing one faction against the other. Taspar died the same year the Sui dynasty was founded. The three claimants were the sons of the three previous rulers. Taspar chose Muqan's sonApa Qaghan, but the elders rejected this and chose Taspar's sonAnluo (581). Anluo soon yielded to Issik's sonIshbara Qaghan (581–87). Anluo became insignificant and Apa and Ishbara fought it out. In 584 Ishbara attacked Apa and drove him west to Tardu, who ruled what was becoming the Western Khaganate. Apa and Tardu then drove Ishbara east. He submitted to the Sui and with Sui support drove Apa west into Tardu's territory. In 587 both Apa and Ishbara died during theGöktürk civil war. Ishbara was followed east by his brotherBagha Qaghan (587–588) who was followed by Ishbara's sonTulan Qaghan (588–599). In 587 Tulan stopped paying tribute to the Sui and two years later was assassinated. Tardu moved from the west and briefly reunified the Turkic empire (599–603). The Sui supported his rivals so he attacked the Sui dynasty. The Sui poisoned the wells forcing him to retreat.
The empire was split again in 603. The east went toYami Qaghan (603–609) as a sort of Sui vassal. He admiredHan culture and had the Han people build him a house in the Ordos country.
As the Sui dynasty's power waned, some individuals agreed to become vassals ofShibi Qaghan (609–619) and adopted Turkic-style titles, as well as the Khaganate's wolf's-head banners.[38] In 615, the Sui lured his Sogdian advisor into a trap and killed him. He stopped paying tribute and briefly besiegedEmperor Yang of Sui inShanxi.
In 615 Emperor Yang assigned Li Yuan, who would later become thefirst emperor of the Tang dynasty, the seemingly impossible task of protecting the Sui dynasty's northern border. In 617, when tens of thousands of Turks reachedTaiyuan, they found the gates open and the city suspiciously quiet. Fearing an ambush, the Turk's retreated. Li Yuan's deception had been successful and he quickly pressed his advantage offering the Turks "prisoners of war, women,jade andsilks" in return for their friendship. The Turks declined, demanding instead that Li Yuan become a "Son of Heaven" and accept a Turkic title and banner.[38]
Early Turkic Khaganates
|
Shibi's younger brotherChuluo (619–620) ruled for only 18 months. The next brother,Illig Qaghan (620–630), was the last independent ruler. He led yearly raids against the new Tang dynasty (618–907). In 626 he reached the gates of Chang'an.Emperor Taizong of Tang, who had just overthrown his father, chose to pay an enormous ransom. Taizong waited and enlarged his cavalry. In 627–629 unusual cold led to mass livestock deaths and famine. Instead of lowering taxes, Illig raised them. TheXueyantuo, Uyghurs, Bayegu and some of Illig's people rebelled and in 629 were joined by the Khitans and Taizong. Six Tang armies attacked on a 1,200 km (750 mi) front in theTang campaign against the Eastern Turks. Illig was captured in 630.
After the fall of the KhaganateZhenzhu Khan (629–645) of the Xueyantuo ruled much of the north. Taizong made the Ashina live inside theOrdos Loop. In 639, afterAshina Jiesheshuai attempted to assassinate Emperor Taizong, Taizong made them live between the Yellow River and Gobi underQilibi Khan (639–643) as a buffer state between China and the Xueyantuo. In 642 the Xueyantuo drove them south of the river. Zhenzhu's sonDuomi Khan (645–646) planned to attack China. Taizong allied with the Uyghurs and broke up the Xueyantuo clan. The AshinaChebi Khan (646–650) tried to revive the Khaganate but was captured by the Chinese and Uyghurs. Two more attempts byAshina Nishufu (679–680) andAshina Funian (680–681) failed. Turkic power was restored by theSecond Turkic Khaganate (682–744), and then by theUyghur Khaganate (744–840).
| History of the Turkic peoplespre–14th century | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Turkic topics | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Languages |
|  | |||
| Peoples |
| ||||
| Politics | |||||
| Origins | |||||
| Locations |
| ||||
| Studies | |||||
| Religions | |||||
| Traditional sports | |||||
| Organizations | |||||
1These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas. 2State with limited international recognition. | |||||
.png)
.jpg)