Although the direction of language contact betweenRomanian andSlavic languages is overwhelmingly towards Romanian as well as its otherEastern Romance sister languages (Aromanian,Megleno-Romanian andIstro-Romanian), there is evidence of lesser influence in the opposite direction. Romanian and Eastern Romance influence on Slavic languages is generally limited to neighbouring languages, and of those to theSouth Slavic languages more than the northern counterparts.
Romanian influence is most visible onSouth Slavic languages, in particularBulgarian andMacedonian which goes back to the earliest centuries after the invasion of Slavic tribes in the south-Danubian territory. The lexical borrowings dominate in its shepherd and dairy-farming terminology, for example: fičor ‘young shepherd’ ← ficior, zira ‘whey’ ← zer.[1] Linguist Maria Osman-Zavera discusses more than 200 lexical units of Romanian provenience in Bulgarian dialects.[2] Of these words most refer to:[3]
Of various categories are:bezna, dižma, draptŭno, gluma, krecavo, maruncăkă, mut, pučos, vitrig, blănda, kaluš, kaprar, kičera, lauta, lingură, moš, mošija, nunko, pastrija, pomana, puškaria, rudžina, vataf.[4]
The discourse marker май (maĭ) in Bulgarian is unanimously accepted as a Romanian loan[5] whileAromanian seemed to have been the calque-source for the possessive perfect inMacedonian, as well as it could have calqued the l-perfect fromMacedonian.[6]
Examples of words that enteredSerbo-Croatian at wider level:brnduša <brândușă (crocus),burdelji <bordei (hut, cottage),kaš <caș (a type of cheese),čutura <ciutură (wooden vessel for wine or brandy),kustura <custură (a rocky promontory),mamaliga <mămăligă (polenta),pujka <puică (young little hen).[7]
Istro-Romanian contributed toCroatian andSlovene regional lexes inIstrian Peninsula:birikata, glindura (Ro.ghindură < Lat.glandula),degečkati in Croatian andgadȉčkati in Slovene,mugara, petrikati, puca, sugati, šurla, žinžire. Words likebata (Ro.baltă) andčuma (Ro.ciumă) are also considered loanwords from Istro-Romanian in the region, although their ultimate etymology is disputed.[8] OnKrk island in Croatia, where a community ofMorlachs was settled from the 15th century, further words such asšpilišôr (Romanian spinișor) orčȕra, čȕralo (ciur in Istro-Romanian - colander) entered the local language.[9]
Words entered the Serbo-Croatian vocabulary at the earlyCommon Romanian stage, as well.клùсура, meaning "mountain pass", is a loanword from Greek which in turn borrowed it from Proto-Romanian,[10] andantrešelj meaning "gap in the middle of a pack saddle", comes from a Proto-Romanian form of Vulgar Latin *intersellum.[11]
Czech,Polish, andSlovak languages have a few words in common from Romanian related to shepherd and farming terminology such as Slovak/Polishbryndza / Czech/Ukrainian brynza ‘sheep cheese’ ← Rom.brânză or Czech/Polish/Slovakkoliba / Ukrainian (dial.)kolyba ‘hut, shelter’ ← Rom.colibă, although it is not clear if they are direct borrowings in each of these languages or internally Slavic mediation of borrowings.[12] Other words of Romanian origin common among Slavic languages in the Carpathian region are:carek (țarc), čutura (ciutură), fujara (fluier), klaga or glaga (cheag), grapa or gropa (groapă), halbija (albie), komarnik (comarnic), kulastra or kurašva (colastră), laja (laie), merynda (merinde), murgana (murg), plekat' or plegat' (plecat), podišor (podișor), redykat (rădicat), rumigat' (rumegat), siuty, šuty, or čuty (ciută), strunga (strungă), urda (urdă).[13]
Of the West and East Slavic languages more words seem to have enteredUkrainian, mostly at a dialectal level, though theMoldavian dialect:fryka <frică (fear),pizma <pizmă (envy),korkobec’<curcubetă (pumpkin),part’ <parte (part), harmasar <armăsar (stallion),plačynda <plăcintă (pie), andtajstra < traistă (shoulder bag).[14] More words can be found in theHutsul dialect:blynda < blândă (mole, birthmark),cara < țară (country),flekew < flăcău (boy, young man),geuzura< gaură (hole),kapestra < căpăstru (halter, bridle),malaj < mălai (corn, old meaning millet),pomana < pomană (dole, alms),tjar < chiar (just, even),zgarda < zgardă (dog collar).[15]
Moravian Wallachia'sregional variety has a series of words from Romanian:arenda, bači, bir-bir (<bîr),čioara, geleta, groapa, grun, vakeška (oacheșă),kornuta orkurnuta, lak, mačiukca, magura, merinde, pastyr, redykat, klag orglag (cheag),frombia, dzer, fujara (fluier), bača, kolyba, pistrula, murgana, brynza, urda, strigoj, vatuj, strunga, vatra.[16]
Some words have been noted mostly inPolish and inSouth-Western Ukrainian dialects:kalarasz < călăraș, galbin < galben, koszary < coșar, chusta < fustă, hurm, hurma < urmă, dzama < zamă, kračun< Crăciun, praštiba < prăși, byšyha < bășică, caryna < țarină, falča < falce, gyrlyga < cârlig, žerep < jneapăn.[17]
Although there is a well-established opinion among the linguists around the world that the wordciumă ‘plague’ could not have come into the Slavic languages from Romanian, a couple of Romanian linguists believe otherwise.[18][19]
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